SEDE VACANTE 1689

(August 12, 1689—October 6, 1689)

PALUZZO CARDINAL PALUZZI ALTIERI DEGLI ALBERTONI (1623-1698). Paluzzo Paluzzi was a member of one of Rome's distinguished families. He obtained a doctorate in law at the University of Perugia. He joined the Apostolic Chamber under Urban VIII Barberini, and became Auditor General under Alexander VII Chigi. His family was joined with the Altieri when his nephew, Gaspare Albertoni, married the niece and sole heiress of the family of Emilio Cardinal Altieri. In 1664 he was named Cardinal Priest and received the titulus of SS. Apostoli (which he exchanged for S. Crisogono and then S. Maria in Trastevere). He was elected Bishop of Montefiascone and Corneto in 1666.

In 1670, his relative Emilio Cardinal Altieri, was elected Pope Clement X, and on the day of the election the new pope adopted Paluzzo Paluzzi and named him Cardinal Nephew. He received a number of important benefices as a result: Archbishop of Ravenna (1670-1674?), Legate in Avignon (1670), Legate in Urbino (1673-1677), Governor of Tivoli. He became Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church on August 4, 1671, a post which he held until his death on June 29, 1698. In 1691 he was promoted to Cardinal Bishop of Sabina, then Palestrina, and then to Porto and Santa Rufina in 1698. He was Archpriest of the Lateran from 1693-1698.

He participated in the Conclaves of 1667 and 1669-70 and presided at the Conclaves of 1676, 1689, and 1691.

The Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals was Cardinal Alderano Cibò.

The Secretary of the Sacred College was Abbot Guido Passionei of Fossombrone

The Marshal of the Conclave was Prince Giulio Savelli (1626-1712), the second son of Prince Bernardino Savelli, Prince of Albano (1606-1658) and Felice Peretti, the heiress of Pope Sixtus V. He married Caterina Aldobrandini, daughter of Pietro Aldobrandini, Duke of Carpentino, and then Caterina Giustiniani. The family were perpetually in financial difficulties: in 1596 they sold Castel Gandolfo to the pope, and in 1650 the duchy of Albano. He succeeded his father as Marshal of the Holy Roman Church in 1658. He had one son, who predeceased him. On his death in 1712, the office of Marshal of the Roman Church was conferred on the Chigi Family. Prince Giulio Savellio left a manuscript Conclave Diary; it is in the Chigi archives.

The Governor of the Conclave was Msgr.Girolamo Cusani.

The Masters of Ceremonies at the Conclave of 1689 were: Carlo Vincenzo Carcarasio, Domenico Cappello, Pietro Santi di Fontibus, Candido Cassina, and Giustiniano Chiapponi de Rossena (Bullarium Romanum 20, p. 2)—Capello and Cassina left Diaries.

The Captain General of the Holy Roman Church (Papal Army) was Livio Odescalchi , the only son. of the late Pope's brother Carlo (Moroni, Vol. 36, 25)

	Baroque shield with Arms of Ludovico Odescalchi, surmounted by coronet, with drapery behind, flanked by two keys and the Ombrellone over all..
	LIVIVS | ODESCALCVS | CAPIT:GEN: | S(anctae) R(omanae) E(cclesiae) | SEDE VACAN |. 1689 A wreath surrounds the inscriptiomn   Mazio —.

Death of the Pope

Pope Innocent XI (Odescalchi) died on August 12, 1689. He had reigned for thirteen years. The papal throne was vacant for one month and twenty-three days. Fifty-two cardinals participated in the conclave.

Political Situation: The Aggression of Louis XIV

The Conclave of 1689 was a notably difficult one. The dead pope, Innocent XI Odescalchi, had pursued a series of policies which conflicted with the ambitions of King Louis XIV of France in both international politics (where the Pope favored a rapprochement with the Emperor Leopold I and an alliance with King John Sobieski of Poland in the interest of a crusade against the Turks, who were at the gates of Vienna) and in internal French affairs (where the king's hostility toward the Jansenists and his absolutist royalist pretensions to regalian rights had led to the Four Gallican Articles of 1682). Relations with Louis XIV could not have been worse; Avignon and the Venaissin had been confiscated, and, for a time, a French army occupied one quarter of the city of Rome. King Louis and his ministers were excommunicated in January, 1688. To bring the Pope to his knees, Louis ordered his representative in Rome to make it known that the Papal States were going to be invaded by a French Army. To emphasize the seriousness of the rupture, on April 14, 1689, Louis recalled his representative, the Marquis de Lavardan, and revoked the powers he had given Cardinal d' Estrées to conduct French business in Rome (Gérin 137-138). Cardinal d' Estrées had been working, at the King's command, to bring together the factions led by Cardinals Chigi, Rospigliosi and Altieri (Hanotaux, Recueil, 356). But it was a pointless exercise. France and the Papacy were completely at odds. At the Pope's death, there were thirty-five vacant bishoprics in France.

Representatives of the Crowns

Both the Empire and France sent Ambassadors Extraordinary to the Conclave. Louis XIV dispatched the Duc de Chaulnes, who arrived on September 23, along with Cardinal Bonzi and Cardinal de Bouillon. Cardinal Le Camus had been ordered by the King not to attend. Chaulnes had been instructed to obstruct an election by forming a group of (eighteen) cardinals to prevent 2/3 of them from carrying out a canonical election ('virtual exclusion'); Chaulnes was not to present an actual veto (exclusiva). Louis finally reconciled himself to the election of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni, as he stated in a dispatch to Chaulnes on October 16 (Gérin, 139), but it was too late. The election had already been accomplished.

Cardinal Medici.                                          Cardinal d' Estrées                                           Cardinal Pignatelli

The Cardinals

There were sixty cardinals at the death of Innocent XI, though only two of them came from the Austrian Empire, Graf Leopold Kollonitz (Wiener-Neustadt-Györ) and Johannes von Goëss (Gurk)—the latter of whom did not reach the Conclave in time to participate (Bischoffshausen, 9). There were three Spanish cardinals, Luis Portocarrero (Toledo), Pedro de Salazar (Cordoba), and José de Aguirre, OSB, two of whom did not attend. Alexander VIII's motu proprio granting graces and privileges to the Conclavistae [Bullarium Romanum (Turin edition) 20, pp. 2-5] and to the Dapiferi [Bullarium Romanum (Turin edition) 20, pp. 5-7], provides two authoritative lists of the Cardinals who were present at the Conclave.

A list of participants in the Conclave of 1689 is also given in the contemporary pamphlet, Sincero racconto, p. 3; and a list of the Cardinals who participated in the Coronation in Esattissima descricione, p. 7. Guarnacci provides a list of the fifty-two cardinals at columns 303-304.

1. Alderano Cibò (aged 76) [Genoa], of the family of the Principi di Massa di Carrara, Bishop of Ostia and Velletri [Cappelletti, Chiese d' Italia I (Venezia 1844), 479-480, 487], Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. (died July 22, 1700)
2. Pietro Ottoboni (aged 79) [Venice], Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1687-1689) Secretary of the Inquisition (died February 1, 1691) Pope Alexander VIII.
3. Flavio Chigi (aged 58) [Siena], Bishop of Bishop of Albano (1686–1689). Prefect of the Signature of Justice (died September 13, 1693). Nephew of Pope Alexander VII
4. Antonio Bichi (aged 51) [Siena], Bishop of Palestrina (1687-1691). (died February 21, 1691) Bishop of Osimo. Nephew of Pope Alexander VII.
5. Giacomo Franzoni (aged 77) [of Genoa], Bishop of Frascati (1687–1693) [Cappelletti, Chiese d' Italia I (Venezia 1844), 644, 651]. Later Bishop of Porto (1693-1697). (died December 19, 1697).
6. Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni (aged 66) [Romanus], Bishop of Sabina (February 2, 1689-August 8, 1691), subsequently Bishop of Palestrina and then Bishop of Porto. Prefect of the S.C. de Propaganda Fide. Doctorate in law (Perugia). Camerlengo
   
   
7. Carlo Barberini (aged 59) {Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina (1685-1704). (died October 2, 1704). Grand-nephew of Urban VIII. Archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. Representative of the Kings of Portugal and of Poland.
8. Gregorio Barbarigo (aged 64) [Venice], Cardinal Priest of S. Marco (died June 18, 1697). Bishop of Padua (1664-1697). Doctor in utroque iure (Padua)
9. Giannicolò Conti di Poli (aged 72) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Maria Traspontinae (1666-1691) (died January 20, 1698) Bishop of Ancona.
10. Giulio Spinola.(aged 77) [Genoa], Cardinal Priest of San Martino ai Monti (died March 11, 1691). Bishop of Nepi and Sutri. [left the Conclave on September 24, 1689, due to illness].
11. Giovanni Delfino (aged 72) [Venice], Cardinal Priest of SS. Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia (died July 19, 1699). Patriarch of Aquileia.
12. Emmanuel de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon (aged 46) [France], Cardinal Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli, subsequently Bishop of Albano (1689-1698). Succeeded Cardinal Cibò as Bishop of Ostia in 1700 [Cappelletti, Chiese d' Italia I (Venezia 1844), 480-481, 487]. (died March 2, 1715)
13. Carlo Cerri (aged 79) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Adriano al Foro (1670-1690). (died May 14, 1690). Bishop of Ferrara (1670-1690). [In the privilegium of the conclavists (Bullarium Romanum 20, p. 3 column 2) and in the motu proprio of the dapiferi (Bullarium Romanum 20, 6, column 1, Cerri is listed as tituli S. Adriani S.R.E. presbyter Cardinalis; S. Adriano must have been raised to a titulus for him]
14. Gasparo Carpegna (aged 64) [Romanus], Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere (1689–1698) Subsequently Bishop of Sabina (died April 6, 1714). Vicar General of Rome
15. César d'Estrées (aged 58) [France] Cardinal Priest of Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio (1675–1698). Subsequently Bishop of Albano (died December 18, 1714). Former Bishop of Laon .
16. Pierre de Bonzi (aged 59) [Florence], Cardinal Priest of S. Onofrio (1676.–1689). Archbishop of Narbonne (died July 11, 1703)
17. Vincenzo Maria Orsini de Gravina, OP (aged 40) [Neapoolitanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Sisto (died February 21, 1730). Archbishop of Benevento. Subsequently Bishop of Frascati, then Porto, and then Rome.
18. Federico Baldeschi Colonna (aged 63) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia (1685–1691) (died October 4,1691) [Left the Conclave on June 29]
19. Francesco Nerli (aged 53) [Florence], Cardinal Priest of S. Matteo in Merulana (1673–1704). (died April 8, 1708). Former Archbishop of Florence, and Former Bishop of Assisi. Secretary of State of Clement X . Doctor in utroque iure (Pisa).
20. Girolamo Casanate (aged 69) [Naples], Cardinal Priest of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo (1686–1689) (died March 3, 1700). Doctor in utroque iure (Naples).
21. Galeazzo Marescotti (aged 61) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of SS. Quirico e Giulitta (1681–1700). Former Bishop of Tivoli (died July 3, 1726). Doctor in utroque iure.
22. Fabrizio Spada (aged 46) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Crisogono (1689–1708). Subsequently Bishop of Palestrina (died June 15, 1717). Doctor in utroque iure (Perugia).
23. Philip Thomas Howard of Norfolk, OP (aged 59) [England], Cardinal Priest of S. Maria sopra Minerva (1679–1694). (died June 17, 1694). Archpriest of the Liberian Basilica (S. Maria Maggiore)
24. Giovanni Battista Spinola (aged 76) [Genoa], Cardinal Priest of S. Cecilia (1681–1696). Former Archbishop of Genoa. Doctor in utroque iure.
25. Antonio Pignatelli del Rastrello (aged 74) [Naples], Cardinal Priest of S. Pancrazio (1681–1691) Archbishop of Naples. Doctor in utroque iure (Rome)
26. Savo Millini (aged 45) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Maria del Popolo (1686–1689) Bishop of Orvieto. (died February 10, 1701). Doctor in utroque iure (Rome, Sapienza)
27. Federico Visconti (aged 72) [Milan], Priest of SS. Bonifacio ed Alessio (1681–1693). Archbishop of Milan Doctor in utroque iure (Pavia)
28. Raimondo Capizucchi, OP (aged 74) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Maria degli Angeli (1687–1691). (died on April 22, 1691)
29. Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria, OFM Conv. (aged 77) [Siena], Cardinal Priest of Ss. XII Apostoli (1681–1693). (died November 30, 1693). S.R.E. Bibliothecarius. Professor of philosophy, lecturer in Theology.
30. Giacomo de Angelis (aged 78) [Pisa}. Cardinal Priest of S. Maria in Ara Coeli (1686–1695) (died September 15, 1695) Doctor in utroque iure (Pisa)
31. Opizio Pallavicino (aged 57) [Genoa], Cardinal Priest without title. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Martino ai Monti (1689–1700). (Died February 11, 1700). Bishop of Spoleto. Doctor in utroque iure.
32. Marcantonio Barbarigo (aged 49) [Venice], Cardinal Priest of S. Susanna (1686–1697). (died May 26, 1706) Bishop of Montefiascone e Corneto. Doctor in utroque iure (Padua).
33. Carlo Stefano Ciceri (aged 72) [Como], Cardinal Priest of S. Agostino (1687–1694). (died June 24, 1694). Bishop of Como. Doctor in utroque iure (Bologna).
34. Leopold Karl von Kollonitz (Lipot Kollonics) (aged 58) [German], Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of of S. Girolamo dei Schiavoni/Croati (1689–1707). (died January 20, 1707). Bishop of Györ.
35. Pier Matteo Petrucci, Orat. (aged 52) [Jesi] Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello (died July 5, 1701). Doctor in utroque iure (Macerata).
36. Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg (aged 59), Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Onofrio (1689-1704). (died April 10, 1704). Former Bishop of Strasbourg
37. Jan Casimir Dönhoff (aged 40) [Poland], Priest of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina (1686–1697) (died June 20, 1697). Bishop of Cesena.
38. José Sáenz de Aguirre, OSB (aged 59) [Spanish], Cardinal Priest of S. Balbina (1687–1694) (died August 19, 1699). (Giuseppe d'Aghirro) (aged 61) [Spain] Doctor of Theology (Salamanca).
39. Leandro di Colloredo, Orat. (aged 50) [Friuli], Cardinal Priest Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio (1686-1689). (died January 11, 1709). Maior Penitentiarius. [Guarnacci I, columns 269-272; Cardella 7, 290-295].
40. Fortunato Caraffa della Spina (aged 58) [Naples], Cardinal Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo (1687–1697). (died January 16, 1697). Bishop of Aversa.
    
    
41. Francesco Maidalchini (aged 68) {of Viterbo], nephew of Olimpia Maidalchini, wife of Innocent X's brother. Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (1666-1689). (died June, 1700). [At the Conclave of 1676 he had already been Cardinal Protodeacon]
42. Niccolò Acciaioli (aged 59) [Florence], Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Callisto (1689–1693) (died February 23, 1719) Doctorate in Law (Rome)
43. Urbano Sacchetti (aged 49) [Romanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere (1681–1689). (died April 6, 1705). Bishop of Viterbo and Toscanella.
44. Gianfrancesco Ginetti (aged 63) [Romanus, Velitrensis], Cardinal Deacon of of S. Angelo in Pescheria (1682–1689). (died September 18, 1691) Archbishop of Fermo. Former Treasurer General of the Apostolic Camera.
45. Benedetto Pamphili, O.S.Io.Hieros. (aged 36) [Romanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Agata alla Suburra (1688–1693) (died March 22, 1730). Legate in Bologna.
46. Domenico Maria Corsi (aged 51 or 56) [Florence], (died November 6, 1697). Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio (1686-1696). Bishop of Rimini, Legate in Romandiola.
47. Giovanni Francesco Negroni (aged 60) [Genoa], Cardinal Deacon of S. Cesareo in Palatio (1686–1696). (died January 1, 1713). Bishop of Faenza. [He left the Conclave because of illness on October 4, 1689]
48. Fulvio Astalli (aged 34) [Romanus]. Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin (died January 14, 1721) Nephew of Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini.
49. Gasparo Cavalieri (aged 41), Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro (1686-1689) Archbishop of Capua (1687-1690). (died August 17, 1690). [Both the privilegium for the conclavists and the motu proprio for the dapiferi gives him the Deaconry of S. Giorgio in Velabro]
50. Francesco Maria de' Medici (aged 29) [Florence], Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica (died February 3, 1711). Brother of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who was married to an Austrian Archduchess. Protector of Austria (Conjectures politiques, 49). Representative of the King of Spain
51. Rinaldo d'Este (aged 34) [Modena]. Son of Duke Francesco I and Lucrezia Barberini; his sister Mary of Modena was married to King James II of England. Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria della Scala (1688-1695). He resigned from the Cardinalate in 1695 in order to procreate another d'Este, which he succeeded in doing. He died in 1737.

Cardinals not attending:

1. Francesco Buonvisi (aged 60) [Lucca], Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio (1689–1700) Titular Bishop of Thessalonike. Nuncio in Poland, then in Austria. Doctor in utroque iure (Rome, Sapienza)
2. Ludovicus (Luis) de Portocarrero (aged 55), Cardinal-Priest of S. Sabina (1670–1698) Later Suburbicarian Bishop of Palestrina (died September 14, 1709) Archbishop of Toledo. Spanish Minister of State.
3. Verissimo de Alencastro [Lencastre] (aged 73) [Lisbon, Portugal]. Cardinal Priest without titulus. (died December 12, 1692). Doctor in utroque iure (Coimbra). Inquisitor General of Portugal and the Azores (1679-1692).
4. Marcello Durazzo (aged 54) [Genoa], Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Prisca (1689–1701). (died April 27, 1710). Bishop of Carpentras (1687-1690). Doctor in utroque iure (Perugia). [omitted in both the privilegium for the conclavists and the motu proprio for dapiferi]
5. Angelo Maria Ranuzzi (aged 63), Cardinal Priest without titulus (died September 27, 1689) Archbishop of Bologna (1688-1689) [died during the Conclave] [omitted in both the privilegium for the conclavists and the motu proprio for dapiferi]
6. Augustyn Michal Stefan Radziejowski (aged 43), Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Maria della Pace (1689–1705). (died October 11, 1705). Archbishop of Gniezno. Nephew of King Jan III Sobieski of Poland. Regent of Poland 1703-1704.
7. Etienne Le Camus (aged 49) [France], Cardinal Priest without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio (1689–1696). (died October 19, 1696). Bishop of Grenoble, France. Doctor of Theology (Sorbonne)
8. Johannes von Goes [Goessen] (aged 77) [Bruxelles, Flandre], Cardinal Priest (1686) without titulus. Later Cardinal Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio (1689-1696), Bishop of Gurk. (died October 19, 1696). [arrived too late to participate]
9. Pedro de Salazar (aged 59) [Spain], Cardinal Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme (1689-1706). (died August 15, 1706). Bishop of Córdoba
   

Conclave

The Hapsburg interest was much diminished by the tiny number of cardinals and the absence of one of them; fact the Emperor was being represented inside the Conclave by Francesco Maria Cardinal de' Medici, the younger brother of Duke Cosimo III of Tuscany and Protector of Austria and Spain. The Emperor Leopold provided him with a list of twenty-one acceptable soggetti (Bischoffshausen, 16-17). As Ambassador Extraordinary, the Emperor Leopold appointed Prince Anton Florian von Lichtenstein (Bischoffshausen, 13-14), whose mission extended beyond the conclave to the obtaining of additional subsidies for the war against the Turks.

On September 27, Chaulnes' associate, the Marquis de Torny, wrote to his father, who was a secretary of state for foreign affairs, that Cardinal Ottoboni had quite a wide base of support, the Zelanti, Cardinal Delfino, and Cardinal Chigi; the creatures of Innocent XI were not hostile, and it was only the Altieri faction that was in doubt.

Although the minds of the cardinal electors were already fixed on Pietro Ottoboni of Venice (subsequently Alexander VIII), it was not until both the candidate and his nephew gave undertakings that they would seek reconciliation with the French government that an election could proceed.

Election

Cardinal Ottoboni was elected unanimously on October 6, 1689. He took the name Alexander in honor of Alexander VII (Chigi), whose nephew had been instrumental in securing his election. He was crowned on October 16 and on October 28 took possession of the Lateran Basilica, his cathedral seat [Cancellieri, pp.303-312].

His nephew, Giambattista Rubini, Bishop of Vicenza, was made a cardinal (February 13, 1690). Another nephew, Pietro Ottoboni, was also made a Cardinal. His brother, Marco Ottoboni, married a niece of Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri in 1690. One of his sisters, Cornelia Zeno Ottoboni, was married to Prince Urbano Barberini third Prince of Palastrina. Cardinal Albani was named Secretary of Briefs. and Cardinal Panciatici became Datary.

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