SEDE VACANTE

January 10, 1276—January 21, 1276

Pope Gregory X's Return to Italy and his Death

In 1276 and 1277 there were four popes and three conclaves. In 1275 Pope Gregory X (Tedaldo/Teobaldo Visconti) was in the process of returning to Italy from the Council of Lyon. Of this particular autumn and winter Fra Salimbene reports unusual weather [Chronica, p. 264-265 ed. Parma 1857]:

Item eodem anno MCCLXXV incoepit pluvia venire in temporalibus nundinarum sancti Mauricii, et ante Nativitatem Domini venit diluvium maximum aquarum et duravit per plures dies: et inundationes aquarum magnae fuerunt, et flumina sparserunt et exiverunt de locis suis, et sparserunt per episcopatum reginum; et hyems tota fuit pluviosa. Et eo anno et sequenti fuerunt pluviae et diluvia magna, in planitie: et eodem anno in montanis partibus fuerunt nives magnae ultra modum, et fuerunt ultra modum in quibusdam locis per montaneas partes altae nives per v brachia; et in quibusdam majores, per vi brachia: et duravit praedicta nix per plures menses per praedictum annum et sequentem. Et fuit maxima mortalitas porcorum, et aliarum bestiarum in praedictis partibus montaneae propter famem; quia non habebant aliquid, quod darent praedictis bestiis ad manducandum, et coquebunt eis foenum, et pistabant pro porcis pascendis. Et eodem anno venit Gregorius decimus cum curia sua ete cardinalibus suis a civitate lugdunensi in civitatem reginam, id est Regium, die v. decembris in festo sancti Nicolai; et hospitatus fuit in palatio episcopi regini, et sequenti die recessit, quia ibat Romam: et infirmatus fuit in civitate Aretii, et stetit ibi infirmus multis diebus. Anno Domini MCCLXXVI, Indictione IV, obiit supradictus Papa Gregorius decimus in civitate Aretii, quae est civitas Tusciae, decimo die ianuarii....

The Pope departed Vienne shortly after September 30, 1275, and arrived in Lausanne on October 6 [Potthast, p. 1700]. There he met with the Emperor-elect Rudolph, King of the Romans, and on October 20 received his oath of fealty [Campi, Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza II, p. 483]. There were seven cardinals with the Pope at the time [Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Regesta Imperii (1844) p. 73, quite unaccountably says there were six cardinals], and their names are mentioned in the record of the oath-taking: Petrus Ostiensis, Ancherus Pantaleone of S. Prassede, Guglelmus de Bray of S. Marco, Ottobono Fieschi of S. Adriano, Giacomo Savelli of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Gottifridus de Alatri of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and Mattheus Rosso Orsini of S. Maria in Porticu.

Pope Gregory was in Milan on Tuesday, November 12, 1275 [Annales Placentini Ghibellini, in MGH 18, 562], at Reggio Aemilia on December 5, and in Bologna on December 11 [Potthast 21092]. On December 18, he arrived at Florence, but stayed there only one day. He was unwilling to enter the city because the Florentines were still under interdict and excommunicated. But the Arno was in flood, and so technically he had to enter the city and cross by means of the Ponte Rubaconte [Ricordano Malespini, Istoria Fiorentina, cap. ccii, in Muratori, RIS VIII, 1021; admittedly, a later compilation based on Giovanni Villani Cronica VII. 50]. He celebrated Christmas in Arezzo, and died there on January 10, 1276. At the moment of his death there were only three cardinals in Arezzo, the three cardinal-bishops Peter of Tarantaise, Peter Juliani and Bertrand de St. Martin; the rest were in Rome or elsewhere [Sternfeld, 239]. King Charles of Anjou, Senator of Rome, was in Rome as well, engaging in business. He heard of the Pope's death by January 15th [Sternfeld, 243 n. 16]. The Conclave opened (and ended) on January 21. The vacancy in the Holy See lasted eleven days. The late pope's regulations for the conduct of a conclave Ubi Periculum, promulgated at the Second Council of Lyons, worked successfully. Eleven of the cardinals who had elected Gregory were still alive and very experienced at lengthy proceedings. That fact no doubt played a part as well in the single day conclave.

The Cardinals

At the opening ceremonies of the Council of Lyons in 1274, the following fifteen Cardinals were present [Carini, Brevis Historia Concilii Lugdunensis, pp. 250-251, no doubt written by a ceremoniere]:

Simon Paltanieri, of the titulus of S. Martino
Ottobono Fieschi, of the titulus of S. Adriano
Jacobus Savelli, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin
Gotifredo da Alatri, Cardinal Deacon of S. Georgio in Velabro
Uberto de Cocconato, Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachio
Matheo Orsini, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu
Ioannes de Toledo, Episcopus Portuensis et S. Rufinae
Petrus Julianus, Episcopus Tusculanus
Vicedominus, Episcopus Praenestinus
Bonaventura, Episcopus Albanensis
Petrus de Tarantaise, Episcopus Ostiensis et Velletrensis
Bertrandus de Saint Martin, Episcopus Sabiniensis.
Ancerus Pantaleoni, of the titulus of S. Praxedis
Guillelmus de Bray, of the titulus of S. Marco
Simon de Brie, of the titulus of S. Caecilia

Gregory X had created five cardinals: (Giovanni) Pietro Giuliani, Vicedomino de Vicedomini, Bonaventura, Peter of Tarantaise, and Bertrand de Saint-Martin.

On June 6, 1274, a Consistory was held in Lyons [AugustinusTheiner, Codex diplomaticus dominii temporis Sanctis Sedis 1 (Romae 1861), p. 186], and the following thirteen cardinals were present:

Iohanne Portuensi
Petro Tusculano,
Vicedomino Penestrino
Bonaventura Albanensi, Petro Ostiensi, Ep(iscop)is,
Symone sancti Martini in Montibus,
Anchero sancte Praxedis,
Guillelmo sancti Marci,
Symone tit. sancte Cecilie, Presbiteris,
Ottobono sancti Adriani,
Iacobo sancte marie in Cosmedin,
Gottifrido sancti Georgii ad Velum aureum,
Uberto sancti Eustachii, et
Matheo sancte Marie in Porticu, diaconis Cardinalibus

Cardinal Giovanni Orsini of S. Niccolo in Carcere was not present. Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi was not present. Cardinal Bertrand de Saint Martin Bishop of Sabina was not present. Cardinal Bonaventura died on July 15, 1274. Cardinal John of Toledo died in on July 13, 1275 [Annales of Furness sub anno 1275, in MGH SS 28, 558; Annales de Wintonia, in Annales monastici II (London 1865), p. 121 ed. Luard].

At the time of Gregory's death, there were fourteen cardinals.

Bernard Ayglier, OSB, former abbot of Lerins and current Abbot of Monte Cassino (1263-1282), the only (alleged) creation of Clement IV, was not present at any of the conclaves of 1276. He is addressed only once in a letter from Pope Clement IV ( #531, July 28, 1268), but, unlike all the other cardinals, who received numerous letters from that Pope, he does not appear in connection with Curial business or papal diplomacy. Clement does remark to Cardinal Raoul Grosparamy, however, that he has summoned the Abbot of Montecassino, the brother of the Archbishop of Naples, to the Curia, bringing with him the 200 soldiers whom he has who are in the papal pay [Clemens IV, Epistulae 312 (ed. Thumser), February 15, 1267]. He is mentioned by Pope Clement in another letter to Cardinal Raoul on April 12, 1268 [Epistles 478 (ed. Thumser)]: Quod si militiam Campanorum, de qua tibi scripsimus, non vidisti, non miretur tua fraternitas. Nam excogitata fraude impedimentum eiusdem extitit in Campania procuratum, prout dilectus filius abbas monasterii Casinensis tibi plenius enarrabit. Bernard is consistently addressed only as the Abbot of Montecassino (cf. Winkelmann, p. 22-23, for the proper formulary for a cardinal or for an abbot). Cristofori (p. 39) provides a list of cardinals who subscribed to papal bulls under Clement IV; every cardinal who was present at the election of Clement IV signed at some time or another; Bernard Ayglier's name is not on that list. His alleged cardinalatial titulus and rank, if any, is unknown.
A possible explanation for the awarding of the title Cardinal to Abbot Bernard may lie in the fact that Montecassino was directly dependent upon the Pope, without any intermediaries, in other words "cardinalatial". But that does not make Abbot Bernard a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church.
He was a strong partisan of King Charles of Anjou, and his brother was Archbishop of Naples. In 1269, Bernard acted as Charles' ambassador to Venice (Tosti, 15), and then in 1270 worked to arrange the marriage of King Charles to the sister of the King of Hungary, Ladislaus V (Tosti, 16-17; 67-68); on December 27, 1270 he was back in his monastery at Montecassino (Tosti, 80). He did finally arrive in Viterbo in November of 1271, but it was two months after the election of Gregory X (Tosti, 18; 69). He is not on the list of the cardinals (above) who attended the Consistory of June 6, 1274, during the Council of Lyons, though after the reunion of the eastern and western churches at the Lateran Council, he was sent by Gregory X as legate to the Emperor Michael Paleologus (Tosti, 30-31). Pope Gregory's letters to Bernard (Martène, p. 236 and p. 244) refer to him as Abbot of Monte Cassino, not as cardinal of some titulus. He died on April 3, 1282 (Tosti, 32). Neither Tosti himself, nor the documents written by Bernard which he cites, ever refer to Bernard as a cardinal; indeed the letter of Clement IV from Viterbo says, "Sani sumus per Dei gratiam, et opera nostra in oculis Domini papae sunt et omnium dominorum nostrorum cardinalium gratiosa, bene procedunt, scilicet negotia, et procedent." It seems very strange, moreover, that King Charles, who had a great interest in the outcome of the Conclave at Viterbo (1268-1271), did not send one of his most loyal supporters there to vote. Abbot Bernard did not participate among the Cardinals at the Council of Lyon (1274). There is good reason to doubt that Bernard was a cardinal at all.
Simon Mompitié de Brie, Cardinal (1262-1281) priest of Santa Cecilia, future Pope Martin IV (1281-1285), did not attend the Conclave of 1276. He was appointed Papal Legate in France on August 1, 1274 [Baronius-Theiner 22, p. 334 no. 35-36; Sternfeld, 241; Ciaconius says he was present at the Conclave]. In September 1274, his mission to organize the crusade had been expanded to solicit aid in every country for the Holy Land; the Pope was asking for a tenth of ecclesiastical revenues for a term of six years (O. Posse, Analecta Vaticana p. 64, # 795, 806; 65, #808.). He was still in France in 1276, and presided over a synod at Bourges (Cardella, 304). It is reasonable to think, however, that the swiftness of the election of Peter of Tarantaise did not allow him time to hear of, let alone attend, the Conclave.
Ioannes (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini), son of Matteo Rosso Orsini "Il Grande" and Perna, daughter of Giovanni di Crescenzio Caetani. Cardinal (1244-1277) Deacon of S. Niccolo in Carcere. Governor of Sabina and Campania (1266). Future Pope Nicholas III (1277-1280), did not attend. He was a supporter of Rudolf of Austria (Redlich, Eine Wiener Briefsammlung nr. 48). Nothing is known of his activities in the first six months of 1276.

There were, therefore, twelve electors present in Arezzo (Eubel I, p. 9 n.4; Sternfeld, 241; Novaes, 258, says ten):

Pietro de Tarentaise, OP, of Savoy. Doctor of Theology (Paris) [Nicolas Trivet, Chronicon, sub anno 1276, in Luca d' Achery, Veterum aliquot scriptorum Spicilegium IX (Paris 1668), p. 638; Magister Theologiae: Brevis historia Ordinis Praedicatorum sub anno 1275, in Martène-Durand, Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum amplissima collectio VI (Paris 1729), p. 369]. Prior of the French Province of the Order of Preachers, then Superior General of the Order. Archbishop of Lyon (1267-1272), but he repeatedly refused the promotion [Gallia christiana 4 (1728), 149-150]; Ptolemy of Lucca (XXIII. 17) says that he was never consecrated. Cardinal Bishop of Ostia (June 3, 1273—January 21, 1276), Major Penitentiary of the Holy Roman Church. Fra Salimbene says "De collegio ergo cardinalium primus fuerat." Doctor in Sacred Scripture (or Theology) from Paris, where he taught for twelve years [Annales Basilienses, MGH 17, 200 ]. He wrote a commentary on the Epistles of Paul. Cardinal Peter himself states that Gregory X was accompanied in his journey back to Italy from Lyon, in continuatione laborum ... nobis, tunc Ostiensi episcopo ac aliis fratribus nostris, quos tam in Urbe quam circa eius finia [sic], iam diversa loca receperant, tribus tantum ex illis existentibus circa ipsum de ultramontana redeuntibus regione.... [Bullarium Romanum IV (Augustae Taurinorum 1853) p. 35; Sternfeld p. 239] He was elected pope by the Conclave, but died on June 22, 1276, after a reign of five months.
Peter Julian (Giampietro Giuliani, or di Giuliano), of a noble family of Lisbon. He studied in Paris, and was adept in Aristotelianism, Astronomy and Medicine. Several medical treatises, usually attributed to John XXII (Jacques Duèse), are perhaps actually the work of John XXI [V. Verlaque, Jean XXII, 18-22]. On his return to Portugal, he was presented to the church of S. Andrea de Mafora in the Diocese of Lisbon by the King of Portugal [Cristofori, Tombe, p. 338]. Made canon and then Dean of Lisbon. Archbishop of Braga (ca. 1272-1275); Gregory X made him Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum. He participated in the Second Council of Lyon. He was the future Pope John XXII (1276-1277).
Vicedomino de Vicedomini, of Piacenza, Archbishop of Aix, he was in the suite of Charles of Anjou when he first came to Italy. Gregory X made him Rector of the Patrimony of S. Peter [Potthast, no. 20563 (July 11, 1272)].He was the nephew of Pope Gregory X, who made him a Cardinal (December, 1273) and Bishop of Palestrina. He was present when Adrian V revoked the Constitution Ubi periculum of Gregory X. He died in Viterbo on September 6, 1276 (Cardella, 2-3; Cristofori, 201, from the Annales of Piacenza). His family had old connections with the Fieschi of Genoa, one of his ancestors having been Podestà of Genoa in 1144 (Muratori Annali 18, 119)
Bertrand de Saint Martin, born in Arles, Benedictine, Archbishop of Arles in 1266, Cardinal Bishop of Sabina in 1273. Legate in Lombardy, perhaps at the time of his creation on June 3, 1273 [Annales Veronenses, in Antiche croniche Veronesi I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 416]. He participated as cardinal in the Second Council of Lyons. On June 7, 1275, he was assigned the church of S. Marcello in commendam [Posse, Analecta Vaticana, no.848 (June 7, 1275, at Bellicadrum)]. Innocent V (Peter of Tarentaise) states that Gregory X was accompanied in his journey back to Italy from Lyon, in continuatione laborum ... nobis, tunc Ostiensi episcopo ac aliis fratribus nostris, quos tam in Urbe quam circa eius finia [sic], iam diversa loca receperant, tribus tantum ex illis existentibus circa ipsum de ultramontana redeuntibus regione.... [Bullarium Romanum IV (Augustae Taurinorum 1853) p. 35]; Sternfeld (p. 239) takes this to include Bertrand de Saint Martin, one of the three other cardinal-bishops. He is probably wrong. Cardinal Bertrand was later present at the Conclave of 1277 May 20—November 25 in Viterbo [Annales Placentini Ghibellini, in MGH SS XVIII, p. 569]: Episcopus vero Sabinensis cardinalis tenet mediam viam, nec declinat ad unam nec ad aliam. The date sometimes given for his death, March 28, 1277 at Avignon, is manifestly wrong. (Cardella, 8, says 1275, equally manifestly wrong). Bertrand is spoken of as deceased in a letter of Nicholas III of April 5, 1278 [Registres de Nicolas III, no. 51, p. 13].
Ancherus Pantaleoni, nephew of Pope Urban IV, Cardinal (1261) priest of Santa Prassede † November 1, 1286, according to his memorial inscription in Santa Prassede. below (P. Fedele, Archivio della Societa romanà di storia patria 27 (1904), 31).
Guilelmus (Guillaume) de Bray (or Brie), diocese of Reims, Cardinal priest of S. Marco (1262-1282) Dean of Laon (ca. 1250-1262) [Fisquet, La France pontificale: La metropole de Reims: Reims (Paris: Etienne Repos, 1864), p. 314] †1282
Simon Paltanieri, from Monselice near Padua, Cardinal (1261-1276) Priest of S. Silvestro e S. Martino ai Monti † February, 1277.
? Ricardus Hannibaldi (Riccardo Annibaldi de Molaria, a Roman, Cardinal Deacon of Sancti Angeli in Pescheria (1237-1276). On November 29, 1273, Pope Gregory wrote to King Henry III of England about the capture of Guy de Montfort, remarking that he had given orders to Ricardus S. Angeli and Joannes S. Nicolai in Carcere Tulliano diacones cardinales in Urbe morantes to assign some secure place in the lands of the Roman church for him to be imprisoned [Potthast, no. 20767]. Neither he nor Giovanni Orsini was present at the opening ceremonies of the Second Ecumenical Council of Lyons! Leader of the Ghibelline party. Opponent of the Orsini. His death: Annales Veronenses, in Antiche croniche Veronesi I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 418, reported after the death of Adrian V and of Cardinal Peter Julian in 1276; his epitaph, as reported by Ciaconius-Olduin II, 89, is manifestly wrong: OBIIT LVGDVNI IN CONCILIO GENERALI ANNO MCCLXXIV. Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie. Dal 1227 al 1254 Volume I, p. 149, says that he died on September 4, 1276.
However, it is reported that Cardinal Annibaldus Annibaldi issued a document in Rome at the Papal Palace next to Santa Sabina on November 16, 1275. The text is printed in full in: E. Rodocanachi, Una Cronaca di Santa Sabina sull' Aventino (Roma 1898), pp. 3-4. Cardinal Annibaldus, though, is attested as having died in 1272. Is it possible that this is a mis-reading of "R", Cardinal Riccardus Annibaldi? If so, the text indicates either (1) that Cardinal Riccardus had not returned to Rome with the Papal suite (Pope Gregory was in Milan on the date); or (2) that Cardinal Riccardus had never left Rome and had not attended the Council of Lyon. In any event, if Cardinal Riccardo were in Rome, it would account for his absence from the Conclave of January 20-21 in Arezzo. The swiftness of the election could not have been anticipated. Eubel suggests, p. 9, n.4, that a third cardinal might not have attended the Conclave. He indicates it might have been Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.
Ottobonus (Ottobono, Ottoboni) Fieschi, of Genoa, Cardinal (1251-1276) deacon of S. Adriano, nephew of Innocent IV and future Pope Adrian V (1276). Legate in England under Clement IV. His cousin Tedisius de Camilla was Rector of Wingham and Terriges and Dean of Wolveramton in the Diocese of Canterbury [Bliss, Calendar of Papal Registers I, p. 450 and 451 (June 28, 1275; November 13, 1276)]. He was Pope Gregory's travelling companion on his way to Lyon in 1273 [Annales Placenti Ghibellini, in MGH XVIII, 558]. Strongly Guelf, in opposition to the Doria and Spinola. Acceptable to King Charles [cf. Potthast 21099].
Godefridus (Gottifridus, Geoffroy, Goffredo d' Alatri in Lazio), Cardinal Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro (1261-1287). Canon of the Cathedral of Alatri (by 1229). In 1251 he is mentioned as a chaplain of Cardinal Stefano de Normandis of the titulus of S. Maria in Trastevere, and granted the privilege of being Decanus Olensis and pastor of the church of S. Stefano in Alatri at the same time [Registres d' Innocent IV, Tome III, no. 5462, p. 5]. Chaplain of Alexander IV and judge in a case between the Bishop of Ascoli and a certain Rinaldo [G. Mazzatinti, Gli archivi della storia d' Italia III (Rocca S. Casciano 1900-1901), p. 96 (Ascoli, Archivio capitolare, 1257)].
Uberto (di Coccinato), Cardinal Deacon of S. Eustachius (1261-1276). A correspondent of King Rudolf (Redlich, Wiener Briefsammlung, nos. 37-39). He died on July 23, 1276 [Annales Veronenses, in Antiche croniche Veronesi I ed. C. Cipolla (Venezia 1890) p. 418] .
Iacobus (Giacomo Savelli), Cardinal (1261-1285) Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, future Pope Honorius IV (1285-1287)
Matteo Rosso Orsini, son of Gentile Orsini, Lord of Mugnano, Penna, Nettuno and Pitigliano; nephew of Nicholas III. Cardinal (1262-1305) Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico † at Perugia on September 4, 1305. The Orsini had turned to supporting the claims of Rudolf of Austria to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Sternfeld, 225-228; cf. Redlich, Wiener Briefsammlung, nr. 40).

Marshal of the Holy Roman Church

At the II Council of Lyons, Gregory X had granted the privilege to the senior member of the Savelli family of being the Marshal of the Holy Roman Church and Custodian of the Conclave (Cancellieri, 6), though it seems that the family first exercised the privilege after the death of the Savelli pope, Giacomo Savelli, Pope Honorius IV, in April 1287.

The Conclave

The ten days having passed, which were required by the Constitution Ubi Periculum of Gregory X, the Cardinals assembled at Arrezzo on the Vigil of St. Agnes (January 20) and heard the Mass of the Holy Spirit.

si eumdem pontificem in civitate, in qua cum sua curia residebat, diem claudere contingat extremum, Cardinales qui fuerint in civitate ipsa praesentes, absentes expectare decem diebus tantummodo teneantur. Quibus elapsis sive, absentes venerint, sive non, extunc omnes conveniant in palatio in quo idem pontifex habitabat, contenti singuli singulis tantummodo servientibus clericis vel laicis, prout duxerint eligendum.

The conclave lasted a single day. On Tuesday, January 21, 1276, the unanimous choice of the cardinals on the first scrutiny was Peter of Tarantaise in Savoy, OP, who took the name Innocent V (Novaes, III, 258). The new pope himself describes the events in his Electoral Manifesto Nuper Sanctae [Tomassetti, Bullarium Romanum Turin edition IV, pp. 35-36]:

Nuper sanctae ac venerandae memoriae Gregorio Papa patre ac praedecessore nostro, in continuatione laborum, quos ad Dei prosequenda servitia solers et devotus assumpserat, nobsisque, tunc Ostiensi episcopo ac aliis nostris fratribus, quos tam in Urbe, quam cirac eius confinia, iam diversa loca receperat, tribus tantum ex illis existentibus circa ipsum, de ultramontana redeuntibus regione, ac eodem praedecessore apud Aretium civitatem Tusciae in infirmitate diebus aliquibus deductis de hoc saeculo nequam, quod eo dignum forte non erat, ereopt, et ipsius corpore cum exequiarum solemnitate debita tumulato; licet in pastoris substituendi processu eorumdem fratrum absentia, satisque longa distantia, difficultatem non modicam communi hominum indicio iuvaret; Illo tamen, ut firmiter credimus, eorumdem fratrum corda tangente, cui facile est distincta coniungere, ac etiam inter se distantia insimul adunare, nos, fratres iidem omnes, quibus id personarum suarum status indulsit, sponte ac celeriter convenimus in civitate praedicta: et in omni mansuetudine spontanea palatium, in quo idem praedecessor habitarat, pridie ante festum beatae Agnetis intrantes, in ipso festo summo mane missarum solemniis in honorem Sancti Spiritus celebratis ex more, ipsiusque gratia votis invocata supplicibus, concorditer ad celebrandam electionem instantem scrutinii viam elegimus; et assistente ipso benigno sapientiae Spiritu, qui devote se invocantibus, Ecce adsum, solet dicere invocatus, cuius gratia molimina tarditatis ignorat; primo celebrato et publicato scrutinio (quod tamen nequaquam aliud, sicut nec oportuit, est secutum), in humilitatem nostram, Dei providentia, seu permissione mirabilii, nobisque nimium terribili et stupenda, iidem fratres nullo discordante unanimiter concordarunt: nobis ad summi apostolatus evocatis apicem, et ipsius onus giganteis etiam tremendum humeris nostris debilibus imponentes.

This was another victory for the French and King Charles of Sicily. Innocent V was the first Dominican to become pope. He had been Provincial of his order in France until he was elected Archbishop of Lyons in 1273 (though he was never installed). He took part in the Second Council of Lyons as Bishop of Ostia (created on June 2, 1273). He was charged (along with St. Bonaventura) by the Pope with the real detail work of bringing about the agreement of the Eastern Church to the demands of the Western, in particular to the filioque issue and to papal supremacy. He gave the keynote speech at the opening of the Third Session of the Council. Though the cardinals objected to Pope Gregory's ideas about the regulation of the election of a pope, Peter supported the Pope and brought the majority of the Council around to the papal position. (One of his successor's first acts was to suspend these electoral ordinances, the bull Ubi Periculum.)

King Charles I of Sicily was in Rome, however, from January 8, 1276 (two days before Pope Gregory died) through July 20 (after the election of Adrian V–who was never crowned), except for a brief visit to Viterbo on February 9, and to Macerata on June 5 (Durrieu, 179-180). He was not at Arezzo at all, though he could easily have been, had he chosen to influence the Conclave. Innocent V was crowned in Rome on February 22, 1276, the Feast of St. Peter's Chair, and took up residence at the Lateran Palace [Bernardus Guidonis, in Muratori, RIS III.1, column 605]. The Annales de Wintonia states [Annales monastici II (London 1865), pp. 121-122 ed. Luard]:

Hoc anno [1275/76] obiit dominus Johannes Anglicus de ordine Cysterciensi, cardinalis Portuensis. Item obiit Papa Gregorius decimus mense Januarii, scilicet infra octabas Epiphaniae; cui successit Petrus Tarentacensis, Cardinalis Hostiensis de ordine praedicatorum, consecratus in Papam vii. kal. Martii in urbe, et vocatus est Innocentius quintus. Quo quidem defuncto xi kal. Julii, ut dicitur, successit ei Octobonus diaconus cardinalis....

On February 25, for the first time in thirty years, a Pope celebrated Mass at the High Altar in the Lateran Basilica [Potthast, II, p. 1705; Annales Sancti Rudberti Salisburgensis, in MGH IX, 801, though the date may be questioned; and see the same statements in MGH IX, 706]. On March 2, Pope Innocent V confirmed King Charles I of Sicily as Senator of Rome and as papal Vicar of Tuscany [Potthast 21103]. King Charles appointed Msgr. Pierre de Latyera as his Procurator at the Roman Curia. Innocent V's Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church was Magister Raymondus Marci [Letter of King Charles I of Sicily (May 25, 1276), in Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini, p. 349].

He attempted to pursue a policy balanced between Guelph and Ghibbeline, hoping (in vain) to avoid more civil war. Innocent was able, however, to arrange a reconciliation between the party of Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, which favored King Charles of Sicily, and the exiles from Genoa. [Muratori, 361; Potthast 21099]. The peace which he had arranged was confirmed by Adrian V (still calling himself Episcopus electus] on July 23, 1276 {Potthast 21149]. He ruled the Church from January 21 to June 22, 1276. (Novaes, 259), and was buried in the Lateran Basilica.

Tomb of Cardinal Ancher Pantaleone in S. Prassede

Tomb of Cardinal Pantaleone in Santa Prassede (died November 1, 1286)

Bibliography

The Brother of Mateo de Romano: Monumenti storici publicati dalla R. Deputazione Veneta di storia patria. Serie terza. Cronache e diarii, Vol. II. Antiche Cronache Veronesi (Venezia 1890), pp. 409-469. "Annales Veronenses"

Brevis Historia Concilii Lugdunensis: edited by Isidoro Carini, in Specilegio Vaticano di documenti inediti e rari estratti dagli Archivi e dalla Biblioteca della Sede Apostolica Volume I (Roma: Ermanno Loescher 1890), 241-258.

Monumenta historica ad provincias Parmensem et Placentinam pertinentia. Chronica Fr. Salimbene Parmensis, Ordinis Minorum (Parmae: Petrus Fiaccadori 1857).

J. Guiraud and L. Cadier (editors), Les registres de Grégoire X et de Jean XXI (1271-1277) (Paris, 1892-1898) [BEFAR 2 série, 12].

Redlich, Wiener Briefsammlung: Oswald Redlich, Eine Wiener Briefsammlung zur Geschichte des deutschen Reiches .... (Wien 1894) [Mittheilungen aus dem Vaticanischen Archive, II. Band]. E. Martene-U. Durand Thesaurus novus anecdotorum II (Paris 1717).

Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa Tomo primo, parte secondo (Roma: Pagliarini 1792). Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Annali d' Italia Volume 18 (Firenze 1827). Giuseppe de Novaes, Elementi per la storia de' Sommi Pontefici terza edizione Volume III (Roma 1821). G. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica Volume 32 (Venezia 1845) 264-278. Pietro Maria Campi, "Apologio dell innocente e s. vita del gran pontefice Gregorio il Decimo," in Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza parte seconda (Piacenza 1651), pp. 315-339; "Vita Gregorii Papae Decimi patria Placentini," pp. 343-349.

Paul Durrieu, Étude sur les registres angevines du Roi Charles Ier Tome second (Paris 1888), 179-180. Fritz Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X (Berlin 1894), 8-32. Augustin Demski, Papst Nikolaus III, Eine Monographie (Münster 1903) 34-37. R. Sternfeld , Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277 (Berlin 1905) 238-244. Francesco Cancellieri, Notizie istoriche delle stagioni e de' siti diversi in cui sono stati tenuti i conclavi... (Roma 1823) 5-6. J. Mothon, Vie du Bienheureux Innocent V (Rome 1896). F.Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume V.2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1906) 473-474. H. D. Sedgwick, Italy in the Thirteenth Century Volume II (Boston-New York 1912) 71-80. Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, Ciro Giannelli and Louis Bertrant Gillon, Le Bienheureux Innocent V (Pierre de Tarentaise) et son temps [Studi e testi, 29] (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana 1947).

On Bernard Ayglier, OSB, abbot of Montecassino, see: Luigi Tosti, OSB, Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino Tomo III (Napoli 1843) 6-32; 65-89

On Vicedomino de' Vicedomini, and the myth of his one-day papacy, see: F. Cristofori, Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo (Siena 1887), 185-202. Novaes, 262. Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico ecclesiastica 32, 279-280.

On Cardinal Orsini: Augustin Demski, Papst Nikolaus III, Eine Monographie (Münster 1903) 34-37. Richard Sternfeld, Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III.) 1244-1277 (Berlin: E. Ebering 1905).

Suspension of Gregory X's constitution on papal elections: Adrian V (Ottobono Fieschi) suspended the arrangements of Pope Gregory orally in a consistory: Giordano, quoted in Reynaldi, Annales Ecclesiasticae sub anno 1276. They were officially cancelled by the Bull Licet of Pope John XXI on September 30, 1276. A. Ceccaroni Il conclave (Roma 1901) 57.