This
proseminar will introduce students to an advanced area of
public policy and administration. Specifically, we will
examine the difficulty presented by highly technical policy
questions. Many observers note that it is quite
difficult to integrate science and policy. This because
science is inherently empirical, and policy in a democratic
environment is inherently normative. There are, however,
several processes that have developed which help to mitigate
this tension.
We
will examine several approaches, including rulemaking,
negotiated rulemaking and other stakeholder processes, policy
analysis (aka Bardach) and strategic regulatory planning (aka
Cohen and Kamieniecki). We will use an emerging policy
area to illustrate these tensions. Coastal Marine
Management is currently ground zero for such debates,
particularly as they relate to MPAs (Marine Protected Areas or
marine reserves).
In
addition to the policy literature, we will review the role of Marine
Protected Areas (MPAs) as marine management tools,
in federal, state, and local contexts. Both
theoretical and applied issues of marine reserve
policy will be examined, including ecological
efficacy, reserve design, siting and size, and
implementation issues. As a policy course,
special attention will be paid to the process of
establishing marine reserves, and to the role of
negotiated rulemaking in that
process.
Topics will include:
MPA Theory -- is it an
effective tool
MPA Design -- Siting and Size issues and criteria
MPA Case Studies -- Implementation of MPAs around
the nation
MPA in Marine Policy --
Local Process (Channel Islands)
State Process (state initiative to create overall
management of MPAs
Federal Process (from Magnusen-Stevens to
Clinton's Ex Order)
Class Links:
Class Syllabus
Marine Protected Areas
of the United States
Course Reading Online
Marine Protected
Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystem
(National Academy Press, 2000)
The impact of
marine reserves: do reserves work and does
reserve size matter? Benjamin Halpern (Ecological
Applications, In Press)
Mangel, M. 2000.
On the fraction of habitat allocated to
marine reserves. Ecology Letters
3:15-22
Linking Science to
Decision Making in Environmental Policy:
Bridging the Disciplinary Gap Matthew Cahn
(MIT forthcoming)
Improving California's
System of Marine Managed Areas: Final Report
of the State Interagency Marine Managed Areas
Workgroup (California State Resources Agency,
2000)
National Marine
Sanctuaries Processes: Tortugas
2000
National Marine
Sanctuaries Processes: Channel Islands
Process
Marine Protected Areas of the
United States
Audio
Visual Supplements
Power
Point Presentation for Linking Science to Decision Making
(Cahn)
PISCO Video on
MPAs (Windows Media Player .wmv):
Segment
1
Segment 2
Segment 3
Segment 4
Segment 5
Segment 6
Segment 7
Segment 8
PISCO
Booklet on MPAs (PDF)
Policy Analysis Links:
Bardach's Eight-Fold
Path
Policy Brief Format (6-8 pages)
Policy Analysis Format (20-25 pages)
CBO
Sample Analysis Paper "Trends in Public
Infrastructure Spending"
Kennedy School PAE "Liability
Barriers to Brownfield
Development"
Environmental Policy
Links:
Environmental Education
Resources on the Internet
North American Association for Environmental
Education
Environmental Directory (Commercial)
EnviroLink Network: The Online
Environmental Community
Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC)
EnviroWeb Support
Information Center for the Environment (UC
Davis)
US EPA
CEQ NEPANET
US Council on Environmental Quality
(CEQ)
International Environmental Directories
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT
PROGRAMME (UNEP)
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