| This
                  proseminar will introduce students to an advanced area of
                  public policy and administration.  Specifically, we will
                  examine the difficulty presented by highly technical policy
                  questions.  Many observers note that it is quite
                  difficult to integrate science and policy.  This because
                  science is inherently empirical, and policy in a democratic
                  environment is inherently normative.  There are, however,
                  several processes that have developed which help to mitigate
                  this tension. We
                  will examine several approaches, including rulemaking,
                  negotiated rulemaking and other stakeholder processes, policy
                  analysis (aka Bardach) and strategic regulatory planning (aka
                  Cohen and Kamieniecki).  We will use an emerging policy
                  area to illustrate these tensions.  Coastal Marine
                  Management is currently ground zero for such debates,
                  particularly as they relate to MPAs (Marine Protected Areas or
                  marine reserves). In
                  addition to the policy literature, we will review the role of Marine
                Protected Areas (MPAs) as marine management tools,
                in federal, state, and local contexts.  Both
                theoretical and applied issues of marine reserve
                policy will be examined, including ecological
                efficacy, reserve design, siting and size, and
                implementation issues.  As a policy course,
                special attention will be paid to the process of
                establishing marine reserves, and to the role of
                negotiated  rulemaking in that
                process.    Topics will include:   MPA Theory -- is it an
                effective toolMPA Design -- Siting and Size issues and criteria
 MPA Case Studies -- Implementation of MPAs around
                the nation
 MPA in Marine Policy --
 Local Process (Channel Islands)
 State Process (state initiative to create overall
                management of MPAs
 Federal Process (from Magnusen-Stevens to
                Clinton's Ex Order)
 Class Links: 
                    Class Syllabus                    Marine Protected Areas
                    of the United States
 
 Course Reading Online 
                    Marine Protected
                    Areas: Tools for Sustaining Ocean Ecosystem (National Academy Press, 2000)
 The impact of
                    marine reserves: do reserves work and does
                    reserve size matter?  Benjamin Halpern (Ecological
                    Applications, In Press)  Mangel, M. 2000.
                    On the fraction of habitat allocated to
                    marine reserves. Ecology Letters
                    3:15-22  Linking Science to
                    Decision Making in Environmental Policy:
                    Bridging the Disciplinary Gap Matthew Cahn
                    (MIT forthcoming)  Improving California's
                    System of Marine Managed Areas: Final Report
                    of the State Interagency Marine Managed Areas
                    Workgroup (California State Resources Agency,
                    2000) National Marine
                    Sanctuaries Processes:  Tortugas
                    2000  National Marine
                    Sanctuaries Processes: Channel Islands
                    Process Marine Protected Areas of the
                    United States
 Audio
                Visual Supplements 
                    Power
                    Point Presentation for Linking Science to Decision Making
                    (Cahn) PISCO Video on
                MPAs (Windows Media Player .wmv): 
                Segment
                1Segment 2
 Segment 3
 Segment 4
 Segment 5
 Segment 6
 Segment 7
 Segment 8
 PISCO
                Booklet on MPAs (PDF)  Policy Analysis Links: 
                    Bardach's Eight-Fold
                    PathPolicy Brief Format (6-8 pages)
 Policy Analysis Format (20-25 pages)
 CBO
                    Sample Analysis Paper "Trends in Public
                    Infrastructure Spending"
 Kennedy School PAE "Liability
                    Barriers to Brownfield
                    Development"
 Environmental Policy
                Links: 
                    Environmental Education
                    Resources on the InternetNorth American Association for Environmental
                    Education
 Environmental Directory (Commercial)
 EnviroLink Network: The Online
                    Environmental Community
 Natural Resources Defense
                    Council (NRDC)
 EnviroWeb Support
 Information Center for the Environment (UC
                    Davis)
 US EPA
 CEQ NEPANET
 US Council on Environmental Quality
                    (CEQ)
 International Environmental Directories
 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT
                    PROGRAMME (UNEP)
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