Gray_Publications.html

**Publications (* student)**

* Conroy, L. P. & Gray, D. A. 2014. Forced copulation as a conditional alternative strategy in camel crickets. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68:1431-1439. pdf (532 K)
Dillman, A. R., Cronin, C. J., Tang, J., Gray, D. A., Sternberg, P. W. 2014. A modified mole cricket lure and description of Scapteriscus borellii (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) range expansion and calling song in California. Environmental Entomology 43: 146-156. pdf (2.2 MB)
Rodriguez, R. L., Boughman, J. W., Gray, D. A., Hebets, E. A., Hobel, G., Symes, L. B. 2013. Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences. Ecology Letters 16: 964-974. pdf (1.1 MB)
* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2013. Abdominal tubercles of adult male camel crickets, Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus Rehn (Orthoptera:Rhaphidophoridae), produce cues attractive to females. Journal of Insect Behavior 26: 804-811. pdf (258 K)
Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T., Tijssen, P. 2012. Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa 3504: 67-88. pdf upon request
* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2012. Mating behavior and dual-purpose armaments in a camel cricket. Ethology 118: 49-56. pdf (352 K)
Safran, R. J., et al. 2012. A robust new metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations. Current Zoology 58 (3): 426-439. pdf (2.5 MB)
Gray, D. A. 2011. Speciation, divergence, and the origin of Gryllus rubens: behavior, morphology, and molecules. Insects 2: 195-209. pdf (356 K)
* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Individual consistency, learning and memory in a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Animal Behaviour 82:825-830. pdf (221 K)
* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Seasonal dynamics and overwintering strategy of the tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae), Ormia ochracea (Bigot) in southern California. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4: 145-156. pdf (2242 K)
* Sakaguchi, K. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Host song selection by an acoustically-orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multi-species assemblage of cricket hosts. Animal Behaviour 81: 851-858. pdf (770 K)
* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Heterospecific courtship and sequential mate choice in sister species of field crickets. Animal Behaviour 81: 259-264. pdf (212 K)
Weissman, D. B., Walker, T. J., Gray, D. A. 2009. The field cricket Gryllus assimilis and two new sister species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102: 367-380. pdf (744 K)
Pellis, S. M., Gray, D. A., Cade, W. H. 2009. The judder of the cricket: the variance underlying the invariance in behaviour. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 22:188-205. pdf (148 K)
Gray, D. A., Huang, H., Knowles, L. L. 2008. Molecular evidence of a peripatric origin for two sympatric species of field cricket (Gryllus rubens and G. texensis) revealed from coalescent simulations and population genetic tests. Molecular Ecology 17: 3836-3855. pdf (308 K)
Gray, D. A., * Banuelos, C. M, Walker, S. E., Cade, W. H., Zuk, M. 2007. Behavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as hosts. Animal Behaviour 73: 99-104. pdf (404 K)
Gray, D. A., * Barnfield, P., * Seifried, M., & Richards, M.H. 2006. Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). The Canadian Entomologist 138: 305-313. pdf (164 K)
Gray, D. A. 2005. Does courtship behavior contribute to species-level reproductive isolation in field crickets? Behavioral Ecology 16: 201-206. pdf (100 K).
O'Hara, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Two new Orthopteran hosts of North American Polideini (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomological News 115: 177-178.
* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Cricket song in sympatry: examining reproductive character displacement and species specificity of song in Gryllus rubens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 831-837. pdf (136 K)
* Saidy, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Observations of the acoustic behavior of Hoplosphyrum boreale (Scudder) a common scaly cricket of Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 103: 34-43.
* Fitzpatrick, M. J. & Gray, D. A. 2001. Divergence between the courtship songs of the field crickets Gryllus texensis and G. rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Ethology 107: 1075-1085. pdf (336 K)
Gray, D. A. & *Eckhardt, G. 2001. Is cricket courtship song condition dependent? Animal Behaviour 62: 871-877. pdf (252 K)
Gray, D. A., Walker, T. J., *Conley, B. E. & Cade, W. H. 2001. A morphological means of distinguishing females of the cryptic field cricket species, Gryllus rubens and G. texensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist 84: 314-315. pdf (92 K)
Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:14449-14454. pdf (269 K)
Kiflawi, M. & Gray, D. A. 2000.Size-dependent response to conspecific mating calls by male crickets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 267: 2157-2161. pdf (198 K)
* Martin, S. D., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Fine-scale temperature effects on cricket calling song. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 706-712. pdf (87 K)
Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:140-143. pdf (61K )
Gray, D. A. 1999. Intrinsic factors affecting female choice in house crickets: time cost, female age, nutritional condition, body size, and size-relative reproductive investment. Journal of Insect Behavior 12: 691-700.
Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yield biased results. Animal Behaviour 58:1325-1327. pdf (65 K )
Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Evolution 53: 848-854. pdf (224 K)
Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Sex, death and genetic variation: natural and sexual selection on cricket song. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 266: 707-709. pdf (93 K)
* Tachon, G., Murray, A.-M., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Agonistic displays and the benefits of fighting in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of Insect Behavior12: 533-543.
Gray, D. A. 1998. Sex differences in susceptibility of house crickets, Acheta domesticus, to experimental infection with Serratia liquefaciens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 288-289. pdf (40 K)
Gray, D. A. 1997. Female house crickets, Acheta domesticus, prefer the chirps of large males. Animal Behaviour 54: 1553-1562. pdf (153 K )
Gray, D. A. 1996. Carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in North American passerine birds. American Naturalist 148: 453-480. pdf (2.3 MB !!)
Gray, D. A. & Hagelin, J. H. 1996. Song repertoires and sensory exploitation: reconsidering the case of the common grackle. Animal Behaviour 52: 795-800. pdf (161 K)

**Publications (* student)**

* Conroy, L. P. & Gray, D. A. 2014. Forced copulation as a conditional alternative strategy in camel crickets. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68:1431-1439. pdf (532 K)

Dillman, A. R., Cronin, C. J., Tang, J., Gray, D. A., Sternberg, P. W. 2014. A modified mole cricket lure and description of Scapteriscus borellii (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) range expansion and calling song in California. Environmental Entomology 43: 146-156. pdf (2.2 MB)

Rodriguez, R. L., Boughman, J. W., Gray, D. A., Hebets, E. A., Hobel, G., Symes, L. B. 2013. Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences. Ecology Letters 16: 964-974. pdf (1.1 MB)

* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2013. Abdominal tubercles of adult male camel crickets, Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus Rehn (Orthoptera:Rhaphidophoridae), produce cues attractive to females. Journal of Insect Behavior 26: 804-811. pdf (258 K)

Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T., Tijssen, P. 2012. Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa 3504: 67-88. pdf upon request

* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2012. Mating behavior and dual-purpose armaments in a camel cricket. Ethology 118: 49-56. pdf (352 K)

Safran, R. J., et al. 2012. A robust new metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations. Current Zoology 58 (3): 426-439. pdf (2.5 MB)

Gray, D. A. 2011. Speciation, divergence, and the origin of Gryllus rubens: behavior, morphology, and molecules. Insects 2: 195-209. pdf (356 K)

* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Individual consistency, learning and memory in a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Animal Behaviour 82:825-830. pdf (221 K)

* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Seasonal dynamics and overwintering strategy of the tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae), Ormia ochracea (Bigot) in southern California. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4: 145-156. pdf (2242 K)

* Sakaguchi, K. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Host song selection by an acoustically-orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multi-species assemblage of cricket hosts. Animal Behaviour 81: 851-858. pdf (770 K)

* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Heterospecific courtship and sequential mate choice in sister species of field crickets. Animal Behaviour 81: 259-264. pdf (212 K)

Weissman, D. B., Walker, T. J., Gray, D. A. 2009. The field cricket Gryllus assimilis and two new sister species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102: 367-380. pdf (744 K)

Pellis, S. M., Gray, D. A., Cade, W. H. 2009. The judder of the cricket: the variance underlying the invariance in behaviour. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 22:188-205. pdf (148 K)

Gray, D. A., Huang, H., Knowles, L. L. 2008. Molecular evidence of a peripatric origin for two sympatric species of field cricket (Gryllus rubens and G. texensis) revealed from coalescent simulations and population genetic tests. Molecular Ecology 17: 3836-3855. pdf (308 K)

Gray, D. A., * Banuelos, C. M, Walker, S. E., Cade, W. H., Zuk, M. 2007. Behavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as hosts. Animal Behaviour 73: 99-104. pdf (404 K)

Gray, D. A., * Barnfield, P., * Seifried, M., & Richards, M.H. 2006. Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). The Canadian Entomologist 138: 305-313. pdf (164 K)

Gray, D. A. 2005. Does courtship behavior contribute to species-level reproductive isolation in field crickets? Behavioral Ecology 16: 201-206. pdf (100 K).

O'Hara, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Two new Orthopteran hosts of North American Polideini (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomological News 115: 177-178.

* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Cricket song in sympatry: examining reproductive character displacement and species specificity of song in Gryllus rubens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 831-837. pdf (136 K)

* Saidy, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Observations of the acoustic behavior of Hoplosphyrum boreale (Scudder) a common scaly cricket of Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 103: 34-43.

* Fitzpatrick, M. J. & Gray, D. A. 2001. Divergence between the courtship songs of the field crickets Gryllus texensis and G. rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Ethology 107: 1075-1085. pdf (336 K)

Gray, D. A. & *Eckhardt, G. 2001. Is cricket courtship song condition dependent? Animal Behaviour 62: 871-877. pdf (252 K)

Gray, D. A., Walker, T. J., Conley, B. E. & Cade, W. H. 2001. A morphological means of distinguishing females of the cryptic field cricket species, Gryllus rubens* and G. texensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist 84: 314-315. pdf (92 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:14449-14454. pdf (269 K)

Kiflawi, M. & Gray, D. A. 2000.Size-dependent response to conspecific mating calls by male crickets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 267: 2157-2161. pdf (198 K)

* Martin, S. D., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Fine-scale temperature effects on cricket calling song. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 706-712. pdf (87 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:140-143. pdf (61K )

Gray, D. A. 1999. Intrinsic factors affecting female choice in house crickets: time cost, female age, nutritional condition, body size, and size-relative reproductive investment. Journal of Insect Behavior 12: 691-700.

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yield biased results. Animal Behaviour 58:1325-1327. pdf (65 K )

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Evolution 53: 848-854. pdf (224 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Sex, death and genetic variation: natural and sexual selection on cricket song. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 266: 707-709. pdf (93 K)

* Tachon, G., Murray, A.-M., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Agonistic displays and the benefits of fighting in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of Insect Behavior12: 533-543.

Gray, D. A. 1998. Sex differences in susceptibility of house crickets, Acheta domesticus, to experimental infection with Serratia liquefaciens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 288-289. pdf (40 K)

Gray, D. A. 1997. Female house crickets, Acheta domesticus, prefer the chirps of large males. Animal Behaviour 54: 1553-1562. pdf (153 K )

Gray, D. A. 1996. Carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in North American passerine birds. American Naturalist 148: 453-480. pdf (2.3 MB !!)

Gray, D. A. & Hagelin, J. H. 1996. Song repertoires and sensory exploitation: reconsidering the case of the common grackle. Animal Behaviour 52: 795-800. pdf (161 K)

Publications (* student)

* Conroy, L. P. & Gray, D. A. 2014. Forced copulation as a conditional alternative strategy in camel crickets. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68:1431-1439. pdf (532 K)

Dillman, A. R., Cronin, C. J., Tang, J., Gray, D. A., Sternberg, P. W. 2014. A modified mole cricket lure and description of Scapteriscus borellii (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) range expansion and calling song in California. Environmental Entomology 43: 146-156. pdf (2.2 MB)

Rodriguez, R. L., Boughman, J. W., Gray, D. A., Hebets, E. A., Hobel, G., Symes, L. B. 2013. Diversification under sexual selection: the relative roles of mate preference strength and the degree of divergence in mate preferences. Ecology Letters 16: 964-974. pdf (1.1 MB)

* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2013. Abdominal tubercles of adult male camel crickets, Pristoceuthophilus marmoratus Rehn (Orthoptera:Rhaphidophoridae), produce cues attractive to females. Journal of Insect Behavior 26: 804-811. pdf (258 K)

Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T., Tijssen, P. 2012. Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster. Zootaxa 3504: 67-88. pdf upon request

* Haley, E. L. & Gray, D. A. 2012. Mating behavior and dual-purpose armaments in a camel cricket. Ethology 118: 49-56. pdf (352 K)

Safran, R. J., et al. 2012. A robust new metric of phenotypic distance to estimate and compare multiple trait differences among populations. Current Zoology 58 (3): 426-439. pdf (2.5 MB)

Gray, D. A. 2011. Speciation, divergence, and the origin of Gryllus rubens: behavior, morphology, and molecules. Insects 2: 195-209. pdf (356 K)

* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Individual consistency, learning and memory in a parasitoid fly, Ormia ochracea. Animal Behaviour 82:825-830. pdf (221 K)

* Paur, J. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Seasonal dynamics and overwintering strategy of the tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae), Ormia ochracea (Bigot) in southern California. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4: 145-156. pdf (2242 K)

* Sakaguchi, K. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Host song selection by an acoustically-orienting parasitoid fly exploiting a multi-species assemblage of cricket hosts. Animal Behaviour 81: 851-858. pdf (770 K)

* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2011. Heterospecific courtship and sequential mate choice in sister species of field crickets. Animal Behaviour 81: 259-264. pdf (212 K)

Weissman, D. B., Walker, T. J., Gray, D. A. 2009. The field cricket Gryllus assimilis and two new sister species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 102: 367-380. pdf (744 K)

Pellis, S. M., Gray, D. A., Cade, W. H. 2009. The judder of the cricket: the variance underlying the invariance in behaviour. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 22:188-205. pdf (148 K)

Gray, D. A., Huang, H., Knowles, L. L. 2008. Molecular evidence of a peripatric origin for two sympatric species of field cricket (Gryllus rubens and G. texensis) revealed from coalescent simulations and population genetic tests. Molecular Ecology 17: 3836-3855. pdf (308 K)

Gray, D. A., * Banuelos, C. M, Walker, S. E., Cade, W. H., Zuk, M. 2007. Behavioural specialization among populations of the acoustically orienting parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea utilizing different cricket species as hosts. Animal Behaviour 73: 99-104. pdf (404 K)

Gray, D. A., * Barnfield, P., * Seifried, M., & Richards, M.H. 2006. Molecular divergence between Gryllus rubens and Gryllus texensis, sister species of field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). The Canadian Entomologist 138: 305-313. pdf (164 K)

Gray, D. A. 2005. Does courtship behavior contribute to species-level reproductive isolation in field crickets? Behavioral Ecology 16: 201-206. pdf (100 K).

O'Hara, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Two new Orthopteran hosts of North American Polideini (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomological News 115: 177-178.

* Izzo, A. S. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Cricket song in sympatry: examining reproductive character displacement and species specificity of song in Gryllus rubens. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97: 831-837. pdf (136 K)

* Saidy, J. & Gray, D. A. 2004. Observations of the acoustic behavior of Hoplosphyrum boreale (Scudder) a common scaly cricket of Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 103: 34-43.

* Fitzpatrick, M. J. & Gray, D. A. 2001. Divergence between the courtship songs of the field crickets Gryllus texensis and G. rubens (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Ethology 107: 1075-1085. pdf (336 K)

Gray, D. A. & *Eckhardt, G. 2001. Is cricket courtship song condition dependent? Animal Behaviour 62: 871-877. pdf (252 K)

Gray, D. A., Walker, T. J., *Conley, B. E. & Cade, W. H. 2001. A morphological means of distinguishing females of the cryptic field cricket species, Gryllus rubens and G. texensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist 84: 314-315. pdf (92 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Sexual selection and speciation in field crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:14449-14454. pdf (269 K)

Kiflawi, M. & Gray, D. A. 2000.Size-dependent response to conspecific mating calls by male crickets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 267: 2157-2161. pdf (198 K)

* Martin, S. D., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Fine-scale temperature effects on cricket calling song. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 706-712. pdf (87 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:140-143. pdf (61K)

Gray, D. A. 1999. Intrinsic factors affecting female choice in house crickets: time cost, female age, nutritional condition, body size, and size-relative reproductive investment. Journal of Insect Behavior 12: 691-700.

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yield biased results. Animal Behaviour 58:1325-1327. pdf (65 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Quantitative genetics of sexual selection in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. Evolution 53: 848-854. pdf (224 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Sex, death and genetic variation: natural and sexual selection on cricket song. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 266: 707-709. pdf (93 K)

* Tachon, G., Murray, A.-M., Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Agonistic displays and the benefits of fighting in the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of Insect Behavior12: 533-543.

Gray, D. A. 1998. Sex differences in susceptibility of house crickets, Acheta domesticus, to experimental infection with Serratia liquefaciens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71: 288-289. pdf (40 K)

Gray, D. A. 1997. Female house crickets, Acheta domesticus, prefer the chirps of large males. Animal Behaviour 54: 1553-1562. pdf (153 K)

Gray, D. A. 1996. Carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in North American passerine birds. American Naturalist 148: 453-480. pdf (2.3 MB !!)

Gray, D. A. & Hagelin, J. H. 1996. Song repertoires and sensory exploitation: reconsidering the case of the common grackle. Animal Behaviour 52: 795-800. pdf (161 K)

**Publications (* student)**

Gray, D. A., Walker, T. J., Conley, B. E. & Cade, W. H. 2001. A morphological means of distinguishing females of the cryptic field cricket species, Gryllus rubens* and G. texensis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Florida Entomologist 84: 314-315. pdf (92 K)

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 2000. Senescence in field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): examining the effects of sex and a sex-biased parasitoid. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:140-143. pdf (61K )

Gray, D. A. & Cade, W. H. 1999. Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yield biased results. Animal Behaviour 58:1325-1327. pdf (65 K )

Gray, D. A. 1997. Female house crickets, Acheta domesticus, prefer the chirps of large males. Animal Behaviour 54: 1553-1562. pdf (153 K )