HSCI 356A: Review Exams
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Eminent domain – Local government or communities have the right to make changes within their laws for the benefit of the people.
Nuisance laws - government may limit use of property to protect the public health.
Police power – Power awarded to the state, government must have power to enforce its own regulations.
Subpoena - court order for records or witnesses in court.
Litigation - to settle a dispute in a court of law.
Arbitration - to settle a dispute out of court in a binding settlement with the services of a disinterested person.
Negotiation - to settle a dispute out of court in a nonbinding settlement between the interested parties.
Malfeasance – unauthorized/unlawful act.
Misfeasance – authorized act in an unauthorized manner.
Nonfeasance – failure to perform duty.
Due process – no person shall be deprived of the rights that are guaranteed by the law.
Communicable disease is the transmission of diseases from reservoir to host.
Reservoir – a place where an infectious agent depends primarily for survival.
Host – any animal infected by an agent.
Giardiasis :
Agent : Giardia lamblia (protozoan)
Reservoir : human ; beaver
Transmission : fecal (water or food)
Symptoms : often asymptomatic; diarrhea, cramps, fatigue
Beef tapeworm – Taenia saginata
Pork tapeworm – Taenia solium
Fish tapeworm – Diphyllobothrium latum
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) – transmitted by infected female blackfly.
Diseases that produce Infection: -
Salmonellosis
Campylobacter
Listeriosis
Hepatitis
Brucellosis
Anisakiasis
Diseases that produce Intoxication: -
Staphyloccoccus
Botulism
Perfringens
3. Food control
Ultra pasteurization - >280 deg. F for >2 seconds
Ultra High Temperature - 191-212 deg. F for 1 to .01 seconds
High Temp. Short Time - 161 deg. F for 15 seconds
Holder pasteurizer - 145 deg. F for 30 minutes
Refreezing – frozen foods may not be thawed and refrozen, with the exception of when the food is cooked or processed after thawing.
Stem/probe thermometer is used for checking food temperature.
Maximum registering thermometer is used to check temperature in dishwashing machines.
The process of canning operations: -
Soaking and washing – to reduce spoilage bacteria.
Sorting and grading – for the consistent quality of product.
Blanching (par boil) – is the direct contact with hot water or steam
To destroys enzymes
To softens tissues to fit in the can
To washes away raw flavor
Exhausting – food is heated in cans prior to closing.
- and to produce partial vacuum.
Sealing – to secure lid on can
- hermetic double seam.
- lids pull in (concave) when can cools.
Retort processing – closed vessel for "sterilization" of food.
- 240 degrees for 30 minutes.
Cooling – quick cooling minimizes thermophilic bacteria.
The following are the proper method of sanitizing for manual dishwashing: -
Chlorine : 100 ppm for 30 seconds
Quaternary ammonia : 200 ppm for 1 minute
Iodine : 25 ppm for 1 minute
Hot water : 180 deg. F for 30 seconds
FDA banned Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in 1977. It is known to be a carcinogen and also a mutagen.
When sodium nitrite is added to meat (i.e. myoglobin), it forms met- myoglobin (which will not combined with oxygen). Met-myoglobin prevents the meat from turning brown.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer. Some of the symptoms include headache, nausea, diarrhea, burning sensation, and chest pain.
FDA banned the use of sulfites on raw fruits and vegetables. Labels are required when more than 10 ppm of sulfites is added to food. Some of the symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, low blood pressure, elevated pulse, light-headedness, chest tightness, asthma, and hives.
5. Vectors
Mechanical vectors: -
Cockroaches
Lice
Biological vectors: -
Fleas
Flies
Mosquitoes
Oriental Rat Flea: The agent is Xenopsylla cheopis.
Responsible for spreading the plague.
Ash whitefly is not a true fly. It is related to aphids. It has a waxy coating, which prevents the absorption of insecticide.
Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for human malaria.
Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for yellow fever and dengue fever.
Culex mosquitoes are responsible for arthropod-born viral encephalitis.
Filariasis: -
Agent – Wuchereria, Brugia (nematod)
Transmision – Aedes, Anopheles, Culex.
Symptoms – Asymptomatic
Fever, asthma
Elephantiasis (in chronic cases)
Leptospirosis is also known as the Weil’s disease, and it is transmitted by infected rat urine.
Endemic Typhus (Murine typhus fever) - flea-borne
Agent – Rickettsia mooseri
Epidemic Typhus – louse-borne
Agent- Rickettsia prowazeki
Scrub Typhus – mite-borne
Agent – Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever – tick-borne
Agent – Rickettsia rickettsii
6. Insecticides
Inorganic insecticides: -
Boric acid powder
Sodium fluoride
Paris Green
Silica gel
Botanical: -
Pyrethrum
Rotenone
Nicotine
Chlorinated hydrocarbons – low acute toxicity to human, but persistent in the environment.
Organophosphates – high toxicity, low persistence in the environment.
Rodenticides
1. Anticoagulants: requires multiple doses, kill by internal bleeding.
Ex. Warfarin, pival, fumarin, PMP, diphacinone.
2. Natural emetic: causes vomiting
- botanical
Ex. Red squill
3. Quick kill : very toxic
Ex. 1080, 1081
7. Solid waste
Solid waste is define as any discarded material, i.e. solids, liquids, contained gases.
(Excluding : agricultural wastes returned to soil, mining and milling wastes returned to mine, and domestic sewage.)
Incineration is the controlled combustion of waste.
The following elements must be provided for proper smokeless incineration:
Temperature : optimum temp. is 1400 – 1800 degrees F.
Time: need controlled and enough time to provide continuos combustion.
Turbulence: Proper mixing of combustible gases and oxygen must be maintained for even incineration.
Pyrolysis is the burning of waste without added oxygen. ("roasting")
Windrows are rows of compost piles allowing air to flow through the compost to promote aerobic decomposition.
Windrose is a graph of wind direction with details of magnitude and the directions.
Humus is from decomposed plant and animal matter, it is considered to be a good soil conditioner but a poor fertilizer.
Leachate is the liquid waste coming out of the ground water at refuse landfills, it is usually high in organic.
Solid waste classification for sanitary landfill:
Class I landfill – hazardous materials accepted for disposal.
Class II landfill – low level hazardous materials accepted for disposal.
Class III landfill – no hazardous waste accepted.
Cover material for sanitary landfill:
Daily cover : 6 inches
Intermediate cover : 12 inches
Final cover : 24 inches
Hazardous waste is defined as a waste that can be ignitable, reactive, corrosive and or toxic.
"D-Waste" are waste the exhibit at least one of the four characteristic:
Ignitibility : with a flash point of < 140 degree F.
Corrosivity : pH <2, > 12.5 or corrode steel at > ¼ inch per year.
Reactivity : explosiveness and toxic by-product from chemical reactions.
Toxicity : standard extraction procedure.