Ores - rocks from which metals can be extracted.

Industrial materials yield non-metallic resources like fluorite (glass making), sulfur (matches, drugs), road aggregate, building stone, abrasives, ceramics, cement, and fertilizer.

Fossil fuels (not true minerals) like oil, natural gas, and coal.

Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, and hydrologic processes concentrate elements and minerals, that are otherwise very rare, so that they can be profitably extracted.

Gems - have beauty, durability, and rarity.