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Ashwani Vasishth
ashwani@csun.edu
Department of Urban Studies and Planning
California State University, Northridge
Bascom, William. 1955.
ÒUrbanization Among the Yoruba,Ó
American Journal of Sociology, v60 (1955): 446-454. [Reprinted in Press & Smith
1980: 48-60.]
Fox, Richard G.
1977 (1980). ÒCultural
Roles and Primary Urban Types,Ó
32-36 in Richard G. Fox, Urban Anthropology: Cities in Their Cultural
Settings. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[Reprinted in Irwin Press
& M. Estellie Smith, Urban Place and Process: Readings in the
Anthropology of Cities. New
York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980: 205-209.]
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1973. ÒUrban Anthropology,Ó
979-1029 in John J. Honigmann (ed.), Handbook of Social and Cultural
Anthropology. Chicago, IL:
Rand McNally. [Excerpted in
Press & Smith 1980: 61-78.]
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as a Natural Phenomenon,Ó 118-127
in Robert E. Park, Human Communities: The City and Human Ecology. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
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53-73. [Reprinted in Irwin
Press & M. Estellie Smith, Urban Place and Process: Readings in the
Anthropology of Cities. New
York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980: 183-205.]
Toynbee, Arnold. 1970. ÒThe
Traditional City and the Present Urban Explosion,Ó 1-39 in Arnold Toynbee, Cities on the Move. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press.
Wheatley, Paul.
1972. ÒThe Concept of
Urbanism,Ó 601-637 in Peter J.
Ucko & Ruth Tringham & G.W. Dimbely, Man, Settlement and Urbanism.
(Proceedings of a Meeting of the Research Seminar in Archeology and Related
Subjects, London University, 1970.)
London: Duckworth.
Williams, Raymond. 1973. ÒThe New
Metropolis,Ó 279-288 in Raymond
Williams, The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press. [An account of the way ideas of country as hinterland
were projected out to other countries, the Òcolonies.Ó The rise of Imperialism as a continuum
of the process of dichotomizing city and country.]
Wirth, Louis.
1938. ÒUrbanism as a Way of
Life,Ó American Journal of
Sociology, v44 (1938): 1-24.
Abu-Lughod, Janet Lippman. 1987. ÒThe
Islamic City: Historic Myth, Islamic Essence and Contemporary Relevance,Ó International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, v19 (1987):
155-176.
Adams, Robert M. 1960. ÒThe
Origin of Cities,Ó Scientific
American, v203n3 (Sep 1960): 153 (11). [Agriculture as prerequisite to cities, which were
necessary settings for storage, exchange and redistribution. Describes what was known about ancient
cities at the time of writing.]
Amin, Samir.
1991. ÒThe Ancient
World-Systems Versus the Modern Capitalist World-System,Ó Review, v14n3 (Summer 1991):
349-385. (Reprinted in Frank &
Gills, 1993, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?
London, New York: Routledge.)
[Surveys the structure of proto-capitalist exchange, and estimates flows
of trade and trade surpluses between 300BC and 1500AD. Makes two time-lines: 3000BC-200BC and
300BC-1500AD. Critique of
capitalism at the world-system level, in that, since capital and goods are free
to move, but not labor, prices tend to even out but not wages. Shows systemic constraints of certain
forms of capitalism.]
Carter, Harold.
1977. ÒUrban Origins: A
Review,Ó Progress in Human
Geography, v1n1 (Mar 1977): 12-32.
Connah, Graham.
1987. ÒConcepts and
Questions,Ó in Graham Connah, African
Civilizations. Precolonial Cities and States in Tropical Africa: An
Archeological Perspective.
London, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Davis, Kingsley. 1955. ÒThe
Origin and Growth of Urbanization in the World,Ó American Journal of Sociology, v60n5 (Mar 1955):
429-437.
Davis, Kingsley. 1973. ÒThe
First Cities: How and Why Did They Arise?Ó 9-17 in Cities: Their Origin, Growth, and Human Impact.
(Readings from Scientific American.)
San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman & Co. [Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 133-143.]
Fritz, John M. & George Michell. 1987. ÒInterpreting the Plan of a Medieval Hindu Capital,
Vijayanagara,Ó World Archeology, v19n1 (Jun 1987): 105-129.
Goodfriend, Marvin & John McDermott. 1995. ÒEarly Development,Ó
American Economic Review, v85n1 (Mar 1995): 116-133. [A study integrated the four
fundamental process of long-term economic development--the exploitation of
increasing returns to specialization, the transition from household to market
production, knowledge and human-capital accumulation and
industrialization--into a coherent framework for examining economic history.]
Jacobs, Jane M.
1969. ÒCities First--Rural
Development Later,Ó 3-48 in Jane
Jacobs, The Economy of Cities.
New York: Random House.
[Evocative description of the rise and role of industry as an engine of
economic growth. That cities would
have to have arisen before agriculture, or that agriculture would not have
arisen without the forces that generated cities in the first place.]
Landes, David S. 1994. ÒWhat
Room for Accident in History?: Explaining Big Changes by Small Events,Ó Economic History Review, v47n4
(Nov 1994): 637-656.
Millon, Rene. 1967 (1973).
ÒTeotihuacan,Ó Scientific
American, (Jun 1967). [Reprinted in Cities: Their Origin,
Growth and Human Impact. (Readings from Scientific American, with an
introduction by Kingsley Davis.)
San Francisco: W.H. Freeman & Company: 82-92.]
Ray, Himanshu Prabha. 1987. ÒEarly
Historical Urbanization: The Case of the Western Deccan,Ó World Archeology, v19n1 (Jun
1987): 94-104.
Scargill, David Ian. 1979. ÒThe
Pre-Industrial City,Ó 182-203 in
David I. Scargill, The Form of Cities. New York, NY: St. MartinÕs Press.
Sjoberg, Gideon. 1955. ÒThe
Preindustrial City,Ó American
Journal of Sociology, v60n5 (Mar 1955): 438-445.
Sjoberg, Gideon. 1960. The
Pre-Industrial City. New York,
NY: The Free Press. [See pp.
321-344, ÒThe Pre-Industrial City: A Backward Glance, a Forward Look.Ó Excerpt reprinted in Press & Smith
1980: 167-182.]
Sjoberg, Gideon. 1973. ÒThe
Origin and Evolution of Cities,Ó
19-27 in Cities: Their Origin, Growth, and Human Impact.
(Readings from Scientific American.)
San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman & Co.
Trigger, Bruce G. 1972.
ÒDeterminants of Urban Growth in Pre-Industrial Societies,Ó 575-599 in Peter J. Ucko & Ruth
Tringham & G.W. Dimbley (eds.), Man, Settlement, and Urbanism. Cambridge, MA: Schenckman Publishing
Co. [Reprinted in Press
& Smith 1980: 143-167.
Proceedings of a meeting of the Research Seminar in Archaeology and
Related Subjects, London University, 1970.]
Abu-Lughod, Janet. 1989. Before
European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press. [Challenging WallersteinÕs
singularized world system hypothsis.]
Ahmad, Nesar.
1988. ÒOrigins of
Hindu-Muslim Conflict: Impact of the World Economic Crisis (1873-96),Ó 139-148 in Francisco O. Ramirez (ed.), Rethinking
the Nineteenth Century: Contradictions and Movements, (Studies in the
Political Economyof the World System: Contributions in Economics and Economic
History, No. 76.) New York:
Greenwood Press. [Britain
needed India to export capital to help it ease its balance of payment deficits
with Europe and North America.
Quotes Tomlinson, Ò...India formed the vital third leg in a triangular
pattern of settlements between Britain and the rest of the world, financing
over two-fifths of BritainÕs balance of payments deficit...Ó Quotes Bagchi, Ò...the systematic
manner in which Britain was investing capital in the white colonies by
generating export surplus out of the nonwhite colonies...Ó The shift from a dual silver/gold-based
currency system to a purely gold-based one, inherently disadvantaged the
silver-based countries (India and China).
Suggests that the crisis (the ÒGreat DepressionÓ) created economic
policies within colonial India that favored the Hindu commercial elite over the
Muslim landowning-elite.]
Celik, Zeynep.
1996. ÒColonialism,
Orientalism, and the Canon,Ó Art
Bulletin, v78n2 (Jun 1996): 202-205. [Colonialism and Orientalism as newcomers to the
discourse of "rethinking the canon." An 1830s urban design intervention in Algiers Algeria and
the thematic repertory of Ottoman artist Osman Hamdi are discussed.]
Davison, Graeme. 1983. ÒThe City
as a Natural System: Theories of Urban Society in Early Nineteenth-Century
Britain,Ó 349-394 in Derek Fraser
& Anthony Sutcliffe (eds.), The Pursuit of Urban History, London:
Edward Arnold. [A history of
natural history approaches to the study of urban society--organic metaphors and
ecological analogies. Role of
health care and sanitation in directing urbanization.]
Drakakis-Smith, David. 1987. ÒThe
Historical Perspective: The Changing Nature of Colonial and Post-Colonial
Urbanization,Ó 11-28 in David
Drakakis-Smith, The Third World City. London, New York: Methuen.
Hamlin, Christopher. 1995. "Could
You Starve to Death in England in 1839?
The Chadwick-Farr Controversy and the Loss of the "Social" in
Public Health,Ó American
Journal of Public Health, v85n6 (Jun 1995): 856-866. [Hamlin explores an 1839
controversy between the statistician William Farr and the pioneering sanitary
reformer Edwin Chadwick on the role of starvation as a cause of death. The controversy is considered in
relation to the social implications of "constitutional" medicine.
Hasan, Farhat.
1992. ÒIndigenous
Cooperation and the Birth of a Colonial City: Calcutta, c. 1698-1750,Ó Modern Asian Studies, v26 (Pt.
1) (Feb 1992): 65-82. [Early
trade in Calcutta was accompanied by English soldiers, resulting in a
reputation for security and an atmosphere that encouraged investments.]
McGee, Terence G. 1967. ÒThe
Emergence of the Colonial City,Ó
52-75 in Terence G. McGee, The Southeast Asian City: A Social
Geography of the Primate Cities of Southeast Asia. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd.
McGee, Terence G. 1967. ÒThe
Impact of the West and the Beginnings of the Colonial City,Ó 42-51 in Terence G. McGee, The
Southeast Asian City: A Social Geography of the Primate Cities of Southeast
Asia. London: G. Bell and
Sons, Ltd.
Polanyi, Karl.
(1944) 1957. The Great
Transformation. Boston: Beacon
Press.
Scargill, David I. 1979. ÒThe
Colonial City,Ó 204-212 in David
I. Scargill, The Form of Cities.
New York: St. MartinÕs Press.
Simon, Julian L. 1994.
ÒDemographic Causes and Consequences of the Industrial Revolution,Ó Journal of European Economic
History, v23n1 (Spring 1994): 141-158
Thomas, Alan et al. 1994. Third
World Atlas. 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Turner, B. L. II. & Karl W. Butzer. 1992. ÒThe Columbian Encounter and Land-Use Change,Ó Environment, v34n8 (Oct 1992):
16-20+. [The 1492
"Columbian encounter" set in motion the most dramatic changes in land
use and land cover induced by human action up to that time. A historical narrative of the changes
that took place around the world is given.]
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1989. "The
French Revolution as a World-Historical Event,Ó Social Research, v56n1 (Spring 1989): 33-52.
Wallis, Helen.
1992. ÒWhat Columbus
Knew,Ó History Today, v42
(May 1992): 17-23. [The question
of whether Christopher Columbus was a master mariner or merely a dedicated
amateur is addressed. The state of
geographical knowledge at the time Columbus set sail and the use he made of it
are discussed.]
Bose, Nirmal Kumar. 1965 (1973).
ÒCalcutta: A Premature Metropolis,Ó Scientific American, (Sep 1965).
[Reprinted in Cities: Their Origin, Growth and Human Impact.
(Readings from Scientific American, with an introduction by Kingsley
Davis.) San Francisco: W.H.
Freeman & Company: 251-262.]
Butterworth, Douglas S. 1962. ÒA Study
of the Urbanization Process Among Mistec Migrants from Tilantrongo in Mexico
City,Ó American Indigena,
v22n3 (1962): 257-274.
[Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 241-256.]
Chew, Sing C. & Robert A. Denemark (eds.). 1996. The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of
Andre Gunder Frank. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage Publications.
[Frank's polemics in the 1960s challenged the very idea of modernization
by arguing that many countries became underdeveloped because of colonial rule
and capitalist penetration, stressing the role of history (the development of
underdevelopment) and of external forces (the salience of colonialism and
neocolonialism).]
Gugler, Josef. 1991. ÒLife in a
Dual System Revisited: Urban-Rural Ties in Enugu, Nigeria, 1961-87,Ó World Development, v19n5 (Mar
1991): 399-409.
Jencks, Charles. 1996. ÒThe City
That Never Sleeps,Ó New
Statesman (1996), v9n409 (Jun 28, 1996): 26-28. [History of urban life as one of both planned change
and chaotic flux. Debates on
London's future.]
Kemper, Robert Veracruz. 1996.
ÒMigration and Adaptation: Tzintzuntzenos in Mexico City and
Beyond,Ó 196-209 in George Gmelch
& Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban
Anthropology. Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Lewandowski, Susan J. 1984. ÒThe
Built Environment and Cultural Symbolism in Post-colonial Madras,Ó 237-254 in John Agnew, John Meercer
& David Soper (eds.) The City in Cultural Context. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin. [Suggests that looming changes in
cultural and social views can be read from changes in the built environment. Shows the case of an emergent Hindu
fundamentalism.]
Murphey, Rhoads. 1984. ÒCity as a
Mirror of Society: China, Tradition and Transformation,Ó 186-204 in John Agnew, John Meercer
& David Soper (eds.) The City in Cultural Context. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.
NalbantoÕglu, GŸlsŸm B. & Wong Chong Thai
(eds.) 1997. Postcolonial Space(s). New York: Princeton Architectural Press
Prakash, Gyan.
1995. "ÔOrientalismÕ
Now,Ó History and Theory,
v34n3 (Oct 1995): 199-212.
[Edward Said's book "Orientalism" opened the floodgate of
postcolonial criticism that helped undermine the authority of Western
scholarship of other societies. A
critique of the book is presented.
Rabinovich, J. & J. Leitmann. 1996. ÒUrban Planning in Curitiba,Ó Scientific American, v274n3 (Mar 1996): 46(8).
Rabinovich, J.
1992. ÒCuritiba: Toward Sustainable
Development,Ó Environment and
Urbanization, v4 (1992): 62-73.
Reid, Andrew & Paul Lane & Alinah Segobye
& Lowe Borjeson & Nonofo Mathibidi & Princess Sekgarametso. 1997. ÒTswana Architecture and Response to Colonialism,Ó World Archeology, v28n3 (Feb
1997): 370-392.
Said, Edward W.
1978. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
Scargill, David I. 1979.
ÒModernization and the Non-Western City,Ó 213-253 in David I. Scargill, The Form of Cities. New York, NY: St. MartinÕs Press.
Schnore, Leo F.
1965. ÒOn the Spatial
Structure of Cities in the Two Americas,Ó
347-398 in Philip M. Hauser & Leo F. Schnore (eds.), The Study of
Urbanization, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [A test of the Chicago concentric
zones model, using seven case studies and a literature review. Discusses limits of the model,
methodological structure for research agenda.]
Smith, M. Estellie. 1975. ÒA Tale
of Two Cities: The Reality of Historical Differences,Ó Urban Anthropology, v4 (1975):
61-72. [Reprinted in Press
& Smith 1980: 439-450.]
Van Kempen, Ronald & Peter Marcuse. 1997. ÒA New Spatial Order in Cities?Ó American Behavioral Scientist, v41n3 (Nov 1997):
285-298. [Cities shaped by
three categories of forces: those derived from a supracity level, those
internal to the city but structural to general city form and those particular
to specific cities. General
tendencies such as globalization, economic restructuring, demographic shifts,
racism, and the declining welfare role of the state affect all cities. But each city has its own historical
shape, and political, economic, and social characteristics. No uniform spatial pattern should be
expected to be found in all cities.]
Williams, Raymond. 1973. ÒThe City
and the Future,Ó 272-278 in
Raymond Williams, The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press. [Traces ideas of the future city in literature, from
H.G. Wells to science fiction, utopia and dystopia.]
Adelman, Irma & Cynthia Taft Morris. 1997. ÒDevelopment History and its Implications for Development
Theory,Ó World Development,
v25n6 (Jun 1997): 831-840.
Alonso, William. 1980. ÒFive
Bell Shapes in Development,Ó Papers
of the Regional Science Association, v45 (1980): 5-16.
Atkinson, Giles & Kirk Hamilton. 1996. "Accounting for Progress: Indicators for Sustainable
Development," Environment,
v38n7 (Sep 1996): 16-20+.
[To assess progress toward sustainable development, a suitable set of indicators
is clearly needed, such as air quality indices and water quality
classifications. Some recent
attempts at "green accounting" and the issues they raise are
discussed.]
Blaut, J.M.
1992. The ColonizerÕs
Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York, London: The Guilford
Press. [That the ÒriseÓ of
Europe over other civilizations did not begin until 1492--the colonization of
the Americas. This gave Europe its
edge. Challenges the Òmyth of the
European Miracle.Ó Well
referenced.]
Bradshaw, York W. 1987.
ÒUrbanization and Underdevelopment: A Global Study of Modernization,
Urban Bias, and Economic Dependency,Ó
American Sociological Review, v52n2 (Apr 1987): 224-239.
Brinkman, Richard. 1995. ÒEconomic
Growth Versus Economic Development: Toward a Conceptual Clarification,Ó Journal of Economic Issues,
v29n4 (Dec 1995): 1171-1188.
[An attempt is made to further clarify the distinction between economic
growth and economic development.
Some recognition of this problem is evident in the older literature of
development economics.]
Brockway, George P. 1985. Economics:
What Went Wrong, and Why, and Some Things to Do About It. New York: Harper & Row.
Brockway, George P. 1991. The
End of Economic Man: Principles of any Future Economics. New York: Cornelia & Michael Bessie
Books.
Brockway, George P. 1995. Economists
Can Be Bad for Your Health: Second Thoughts on the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton,.
Cobb, Clifford W. & John B. Cobb & Carol S.
Carson. 1994. The Green National Product: A
Proposed Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare. Lanham: University Press of America; [Mankato, MN]: Human
Economy Center.
Cobb, Clifford W. & Ted Halstead & Jonathan
Rowe. 1995. "If the GDP is Up Why is America
Down? (need to replace the Gross Domestic Product as a measure of economic
progress) (Cover Story)," The
Atlantic Monthly, v276n4 (Oct 1995): p59(14). [Most Americans are not experiencing an economic boom
in spite of improvements in the GDP and other indicators. A group called Redefining Progress
proposes replacing the GDP with the genuine progress indicator, which would
measure the social value of economic activity. Article also at
http://www.theatlantic.com/election/connection/ecbig/gdp.htm]
Crafts, N. F. R. & David S. Landes. 1995. ÒMacroinventions, Economic Growth, and 'Industrial
Revolution' in Britain and France--Comment/reply,Ó Economic History Review, v48n3 (Aug 1995): 591-601
Evans, Peter.
1995. Embedded Autonomy:
States and Industrial Transformation.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Flower, Joe.
1997. "Beyond
Economics: Healthy Communities and Healthy Economies," National Civic Review, v86n1
(Spring 1997): 53-59. [A car
crash or an oil spill may be "good" for the economy when measured in
traditional economic terms.
Perhaps it is time to rethink the approach to economics. If a healthy community is a whole
community, then an economics is needed that goes beyond dollars and that will
measure and maximize the true community wealth.]
Friedmann, John. 1986 (1995).
ÒThe World City Hypothesis,Ó
Development and Change, v17n1 (1986): 69-83. (Reprinted in Paul L. Knox & Peter
J. Taylor (eds.), World Cities in a World System. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge
University Press. 317-331.) [Some cities are different than
others. ThereÕs a spatial pattern
and hierarchy to their relative place in global economy. These cities generate social costs that
exceed the capacity of the state, and the weak increasingly pay the price.]
Gugler, Josef.
1994. ÒHow Ngugi Wa
ThiongÕo Shifted from Class Analysis to a Neo-Colonialist Perspective,Ó The Journal of Modern African
Studies, v32n2 (Jun 1994): 329-339.
Hagen, Everett E. 1962. On the
Theory of Social Change.
Homewood, IL: Dorsey. [Sources of entrepreneurship. ÒWithdrawal of Status Respect.Ó The progeny of individuals who have been humiliated, after a
few generations, rebel. Reject
traditional roles and strike out in creative ways.]
Haq, Mahbub ul.
1995. Reflections on
Human Development: How the Focus of Development Economics Shifted from National
Income Accounting to People-Centred Policies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hilhorst, J.G.M & M. Klatter. 1985. Social Development in the Third World: Level of Living
Indicators and Social Planning.
London; Dover, NH: Croom Helm (In co-operation with the Institute of
Social Studies at the Hague).
Inkeles, Alex.
1966. ÒThe Modernization of
Man,Ó 138-150 in M. Weiner (ed.), Modernization:
The Dynamics of Growth. New
York: Basic Books. [Nine
point scale of attitudes and individual character pre requisite to economic
growth.]
Inkeles, Alex.
1969. ÒMaking Men Modern:
On the Causes and Consequences of Individual Change in Six Countries,Ó American Journal of Sociology, v75
(Sep 1969): 208-225.
Landes, David S. 1989. ÒRich
Country, Poor Country,Ó New
Republic, v201n21 (Nov 20, 1989): 23-27.
Landes, David S. 1990. ÒRich
Country, Poor Country: How Do Nations Develop?Ó Current, n321 (Mar 1990): 11-16.
Lerner, Daniel.
1958. The Passing of
Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press. {Empathy, imagine oneself in some other role, as key
personality trait.]
Lipton, Michael. 1988. ÒWhy Poor
People Stay Poor: Urban Bias in World Development,Ó 40-51 in Josef Gugler (ed.), The Urbanization of the
Third World. New York: Oxford
University Press.
London, Bruce.
1987. ÒStructural
Determinants of Third World Urban Change: An Ecological and Political Economic
Analysis,Ó American
Sociological Review, v52n1 (Feb 1987): 28-43.
Mandel, Ernest.
1995. Long Waves of
Capitalist Development: A Marxist Interpretation. (2nd revised
edition.) London: Verso.
Mann, Michael.
1986. The Sources of
Social Power. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. [Ò...the radical Christian
universalization of the human being...Ó]
Marx, Leo.
1997.
"Technology: The
Emergence of a Hazardous Concept,Ó
Social Research, v64n3 (Fall 1997): 965-988. [The changes in society and culture
marked by the emergence of technology are examined. The chief danger of technology is the mystification,
passivity and fatalism it helps to engender.]
McClelland, David. 1966. ÒThe
Impulse to Modernization,Ó 28-39
in M. Weiner (ed.), Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth. New York: Basic Books. [Mental virus, n-Ach--need to
Achieve. When sample of thoughts,
eg. from popular literature, show high incidence of urge to do better, more
efficiently, faster, the next time.]
McClelland, David. 1967. The
Achieving Society. New York:
Free Press.
Nielsen, Francois & Arthur S. Alderson. 1997. "The Kuznets Curve and the Great U-Turn: Income Inequality in U.S. Counties,
1970 to 1990,Ó American
Sociological Review, v62n1 (Feb 1997): 12-33. [Nielsen and Alderson examine the determinants of
inequality in the distribution of family income in approximately 3,100 counties
of the US in 1970, 1980, and 1990.
Such a study provides a window on global trends in social inequality
during the period, which spans the tail end of the Kuznets curve and the more
recent upswing in income inequality.
Parsons, Talcott. 1964a The
Social System. New York: Free
Press. [Pattern Variables
Scheme.]
Parsons, Talcott. 1964b.
ÒEvolutionary Universals in Society,Ó American Sociological Review, v29n3 (1964):
339-357. [Structural
features universal to modernism.]
Polanyi, Karl.
(1944) 1957. The Great
Transformation. Boston: Beacon
Press.
Portes, Alejandro. 1976. ÒOn the Sociology
of National Development: Theories and Issues,Ó American Journal of Sociology, v82n1 (1976): 55-85.
Rogers, Everett M. 1962. The
Diffusion of Innovations. New
York: The Free Press.
Rogers, Everett M. 1969. Modernization
Among Peasants. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, & Winston.
Rosenberg, Nathan & L.E. Birdzell, Jr. 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of
the Industrial World. New
York: Basic Books.
[Conventional but useful account, based on (unexplained) traits of innovation,
experimentation, encouraging diversity in human wants and in the means to
satisfy them, giving autonomy to merchants. All these treated as neutral, objective, factual
descriptions.]
Rostow, Walt W.
1960. The Stages of
Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rostow, Walt W.
1997. ÒLessons of the Plan:
Looking Forward to the Next Century,Ó
Foreign Affairs, v76n3 (May 1997): 205-212. [Rostow notes that three
dimensions of the Marshall Plan increase in significance with the passage of
time, including the plan's role in producing a postwar global economy that
would avoid the problems that plagued the West after WWI.]
Schooler, Carmi. 1996. ÒCultural
and Social-Structural Explanations of Cross-National Psychological
Differences,Ó Annual Review of
Sociology, v22 (1996): 323-349.
[Cross-national differences in individual values, attitudes, and
behaviors are examined, focusing on how social-structural and cultural factors
account for the differences found.]
Steffen, Jerome O. 1994.
"Edenic Expectations of New Technology: A Recurring Pattern in American Culture,Ó National Forum: Phi Kappa Phi
Journal, v74n2 (Spring 1994): 11-15. [Despite the impressions of the evils of the history of
industrialization, Americans welcomed mechanization with open arms, believing
that such evils could never infiltrate a democratic society. The Edenic expectations of new
technologies and three myths that are important to US cultural stability are
discussed. that the world presents
unlimited opportunity; that the general interest of the nation is best served
when free citizens act in their own self-interest; and, in the US, a sense of
"manifest destiny," a responsibility for remaking the world in its own
image.]
Straussfogel, Debra. 1997.
ÒWorld-Systems Theory: Toward a Heuristic and Pedagogic Conceptual
Tool,Ó Economic Geography,
v73n1 (Jan 1997): 118-130.
[Uses complex systems theory, Marxist conceptions of economic structure,
and four-capital model from ecological economics to operationalize
core-periphery structural definitions. Theory of dynamic processes.]
Streeten, Paul.
1971. ÒHow Poor Are the
Poor Countries,Ó 78+ in Dudley
Seers & Leonard Joy (eds.), Development in a Divided World. Hammondsworth, UK: Penguin. [Effects of Òinitial conditions,Ó
e.g.. climate, on development.]
Taylor, Charles. 1995. "Two
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modernity can be taken either as a change from earlier centuries to today,
involving something like "development," as the demise of a
"traditional" society and the rise of the "modern." This is an acultural theory that conceives
of modernity as the growth of reason, defined as the growth of scientific
consciousness, or the development of a secular outlook, or the rise of
instrumental rationality, or an ever-clearer distinction between fact-finding
and evaluation. But modernity is
not that one form of life toward which every culture converges as it discards
beliefs. Nor is it a set of transformations that any and
every culture can go through--and that all will probably be forced to undergo. Modernity is a movement from one
background of understandings to another.
Outlines the terms of a cultural theory.]
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Case by case discussion of role relations, that roles affect
dependencies, and dependencies affect economic performance.]
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encouraging consumerism. That, in
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issue of raising incomes of workers in the informal sector. The paper identifies a number of areas
where both policies and action programmes can be improved. More importantly it emphasizes the need
to consider certain reforms and the creation of an enabling environment for the
poor to help themselves.]
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The importance of women's contributions to households in LDCs is even more
important today because they are often the sole bread winners.]
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(SAPs), their impact on women and gender relations, reviews the roles of women
and men in economy, society and policy-making. Several ways to modify SAPs based on an analysis of linkages
between SAPs and changes in gender relations and women's positions.]
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[Critique of the gender blindness of the dominant International
Relations (IR) theories. Offers
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strategies for economic development and the operations of the international
political economy affect women; how the interplay of class, nationality, ethnicity
and gender characterizes the struggle of Third World women and create a tension
between their gender interests and their national interests; how international
development assistance affects women's roles and power in the developing
world.]
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<http://www.ifias.ca/GSD/Beneria.Contents.html GSD Home Page / GSD
Publications / IFIAS Home Page>
[Explores the effects of trade policy on employment (specifically
women's employment), issues of gender and technology, the feminization of the
labour force, free trade zones (FTZs), and the gender and trade aspects of
structural adjustment.]
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Theory, and Policy. New York:
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structures at the crossroads of urbanization. Discusses the ways in which Òeconomic, cultural and
affective dynimicsÓ intersect, challenges stereotypes and conventional
description.]
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1996. ÒWives and Servants:
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socio-econmic stratification of women in an urban context, where the affluence
of one group is related to the poverty of the other, and the tensions that
arise from this.]
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the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brettell, Caroline B. 1996. ÒWomen
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1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
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surrounding a Portugese woman who migrates to Lisbon, France, Venezuela, and
back to Portugal, as a way of exploring the gender frame.]
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1991. Women and Survival
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weaknesses of the models from a gender perspective.]
England, Kim.
1994. ÒFrom ÔSocial Justice
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1998. ÒTechnology and
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1994. ÒThird World
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trilogy of review articles.
Considers four key elements of urban life in third world
cities--poverty, work, gender roles and the environment. The ways in which these have been
affected by shifts in the nature of world organization and development. Some nay-saying, some slippery
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Blackwell. [Study of
ÒGuadalajara's working-class households poised on the cusp of Mexico's
"lost decade" of debt crisis, structural adjustment, and neoliberal
reform. Her project is squarely
situated at the end of an era that has been called the "paradox of modern
Mexico," involving the persistence and indeed growth of poverty within a
context of overall dynamic economic growth.Ó]
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1996. ÒGender Analysis and
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Environmental NGO,Ó Natural
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various activist-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the use of
gender analysis as a policy tool in the field of international development and
macroeconomic policy. The evolving
relationship between international financial institutions and grassroots
environmental NGOs seeking reform in macroeconomic policy is described.]
Hamill, Pete.
1996. Piecework:
Writings on Men and Women, Fools and Heroes, Lost Cities, Vanished Friends,
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New York; The lawless decades; Mexico; Out there; The talent in the room;
Position papers; Rolling the dice.]
Hays-Mitchell, Maureen. 1995. ÒVoices
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1996. ÒResponses to
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the labor markets and households, focusing on the differential impact of
recession and restructuring on men and women in Greater Sao Paulo.]
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1997. ÒGender Divisions in
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management and Total Quality Management, for women.]
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proxy for the sub-ordination of women, that anti-poverty policies cannot be
expected to improve the position of women and that there's no substitute for a
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forests -- Female poverty and the population trap -- A new framework for
development.]
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1997. ÒDisplaced by
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1994. Reversed Realities
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1994. "Environmental
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nonviolent tradition are expanding in India. The Chipko movement in the Himalaya, Save the Narmada
movement in central India and the Silent Valley movement in the Malabar region
of southern India are discussed.]
Keller-Herzog, Angela. 1996.
ÒGlobalisation and Gender Development: Perspectives and
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Policy Branch, Canadian International Development Agency). [Excerpt, Chapter 4,
ÒGlobalisation: Gender Implications.Ó
Examines how globalisation affects the work of different groups of women
and men in developing countries.
General discussion. Two
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89-108. [Analysis of survey
data of male and female heads of households in low-income settlements in
Monrovia Liberia, Lacey and Sinai
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while women represent the poorest families in the settlements, they obtain
shelter of similar quality to that of men.]
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two types of women's organizations--food provision and anti-violence.]
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particular.]
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discussed. The discussion in
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variable into OECD policies.]
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ÒRethinking Planning--Reframing Difference,Ó Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996):
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available to communities, it must be more open to different types of knowledge
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1995. ÒDiscontinuity and
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elections in South Africa in 1994 depicts a black man and a white woman showering
off together at a beach. Mills considers the contradictions that
the photograph presents in order to explore some of the difficulties of
theorizing postcolonialism and its constitution in discursive structures.|
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1996. ÒGender and Colonial
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1996. "Genderbashing:
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sexist biases shape the assumptions, models and methods of analysis used in the
field of economic analysis, which reflects deep-seated, gender-related biases
closely linked to cultural notions of masculinity.]
Nelson, Nici.
1996. ÒSurviving in the
City: Coping Strategies of Female Migrants in Nairobi, Kenya,Ó 259-278 in George Gmelch & Walter
P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
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three women migrants to explore survival strategies and the role of matri-focal
linkages in economic advancement.]
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1997. ÒHow Women and Men
Got By, and Still Get By (Only Not So Well): The Gender Division of Labour in a
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Ò"Worse Than Men": Gender Mobilization in an Urban Brazilian
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movements. Over a 20-year period,
an urban squatter settlement in Brazil experienced five collective campaigns, not
one of which was gender conscious not had gender-specific goals, but all were
shaped by gender. In these
campaigns, everything was grounded in the gender-based division of labor in the
community.]
OÕBannon, Brett. 1994. ÒThe
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liberal integration model, the marginalization model, the capitalist exploitation
model and the socialist feminist model.]
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1996. ÒGender in the
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1995. ÒBringing It All Back
Home: Integrating Training for Gender Specialists and Economic Planners,Ó World Development, v23n11 (Nov
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[Commentary on the absence of macroeconomic training for gender
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to integrate gender analysis and macroeconomics.]
Pile, Steve.
1996. The Body and the
City: Psychoanalysis, Space & Subjectivity. London; New York: Routledge.
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mainly US.]
Radcliffe, Sarah. 1996. ÒGendered
Nations: Nostalgia, Development and Territory in Ecuador," Gender, Place & Culture,
v3n1 (1996): 5-22. [Lots of
detailed cases. Thick writing.]
Rao, Aruna & Mary B. Anderson & Catherine A.
Overholt (eds.). Gender
Analysis in Development Planning: A Case Book. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Rathgeber, Eva M. 1990. ÒWID,
WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice,Ó The Journal of Developing Areas, v24n4 (Jul 1990):
489-502. [A history of
efforts to recognize gender and gender roles in development efforts. Traces connections between
gender-driven theories and development theories--modernization, dependency.]
Razavi, Shahrashoub & Carol Miller. 1995. ÒFrom WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and
Development Discourse,Ó United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development (UNRISD) Occasional Paper No.1, for UN Fourth World Conference On Women. <http://www.unicc.org/unrisd/html/op/opb/opb1/op1_gop.txt>
Rowbotham, Sheila & Swasti Mitter (eds.) 1994. Dignity and Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing
Among Poor Women in the Third World and the First. New York: Routledge.
[ÒCompares the lives of women in the First and Third Worlds, and
examines how women around the world have resisted and reorganized existing
forms of production to create alternative, more human circumstances of work and
daily life. Offering a wide range of stories - from street vendors of India and
garment workers of Mexico, to homeworkers in Britain - the contributors work to
break down the ideological barriers that imperial colonialism and racism have
built among women.Ó]
Ruathail, Gearoid O. 1995.
ÒPolitical Geography I.: Theorizing History, Gender and World Order Amidst Crises of Global
Governance," Progress in
Human Geography, v19n2 (1995): 260-272.
Scott, Catherine V. 1995. Gender
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Stack, Carol B.
1996. ÒThe Kindred of Viola
Jackson: Residence and Family Organization of an Urban Black American
Family,Ó 323-334 in George Gmelch
& Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban
Anthropology. Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
[In the case of the stereotypical fatherless household, challenges
explanations from matrifocality in explaining survival strategies. Argues a dynamic, adaptive and
process-driven conception.]
Thomas-Slayter, Barbara et al. 1995. Gender, Environment, and Development In Kenya: A
Grassroots Perspective.
Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Tsai, Kellee S.
1996. ÒWomen and the State
in post-1949 Rural China,Ó Journal of International Affairs, v49n2
(Winter 1996): 493-524.
[Position of women in rural China in both the Mao and post-Mao reform
periods. Persistence of gender
inequalities in socialist countries despite their ideological commitment to the
emancipation of women. Proposes a
synthesis of state-centered and women-in-development (WID) theories for
explaining gender inequalities under socialism.]
Udayagiri, Mridula. 1995. ÒChallenging Modernization: Gender and Development,
Postmodern Feminism and Activism,Ó
159-177 in Marianne H. Marchand & Jane L. Parpart (eds.), Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. London; New York: Routledge. [Examines the political
significance of postmodern discourse analyses of women in the South. Argument for applying situational and
historical contingency to generalization and essentialism.]
Venkateswaran, Sandhya. 1995. Environment,
Development and the Gender Gap.
New Delhi; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Visvanathan, Nalini & Lynn Duggan & Laurie
Nisonoff & Nan Wiegersma (eds.).
1997. The Women, Gender,
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Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
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Ward, Kathryn B. 1984. Women
in the World System: Its Impact on Status and Fertility. New York: Praeger.
Ward, Kathryn B. 1985. ÒWomen
and Urbanization in the World-System,Ó
305-323 in Michael Timberlake (ed.), Urbanization in the
World-Economy. New York, NY:
Academic Press. [Review of
access and participation by women in different sectors, differences in
migration patterns, etc. A bit
dated.]
Williams, Lydia & Fran P. Hosken & Pamela
Sparr. 1998. ÒWomen and Development,Ó WIN News (Women's International
Network), v24n1 (Winter 1998): 7-21. [Women's issues that were recently dealt with by
international development organizations including the International Monetary
Fund, World Bank and the USAID Office of Women in Development (WID) are
presented. Various WID initiatives
and projects within their Gender Plan for Action are described.]
Young, Kate.
1993. ÒFrameworks for
Analysis,Ó 127-146 in Kate Young, Planning
Development with Women: Making a World of Difference. New York: St. MartinÕs Press.
Zein-Elabdin, Eiman. 1996.
"Development, Gender, and the Environment: Theoretical or Contextual Link? Toward
an Institutional Analysis of Gender,Ó
Journal of Economic Issues, v30n4 (Dec 1996): 929-947. [The current discourse on gender,
development, and the environment has emerged from a convergence of feminist and
environmentalist critiques of economic development. Zein-Elabdin proposes an alternative conceptual framework
for redrawing this discourse, particularly with regard to the treatment of
gender.]
Zulawski, Ann.
1990. ÒSocial
Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity:
Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725,Ó Latin American Research Review,
v25n2 (1990): 93-113. [The
range of Indian women's market participation and the ways in which gender,
class and ethnicity interacted to foster considerable diversity in women's
activities and at the same time limit their economic possibilities are
explored.]
Adams, Patrica.
1991. Odious Debts:
Loose Lending, Corruption, And The Third World's Environmental Legacy. London: Earthscan.
Auvinen, Juha Y. 1996. ÒIMF
Intervention and Political Protest in the Third World: A Conventional Wisdom
Refined,Ó Third World Quarterly,
v17n3 (Sep 1996): 377-400.
[Statistical analysis of the literature criticizing IMFÕs austerity-driven
adjustment policies. Assesses
sources of resistance.]
Avery, William P. 1990. ÒThe
Origins of Debt Accumulation among LDCs in the World Political Economy,Ó The Journal of Developing Areas, v24n4 (Jul 1990): 503-522. [Discusses the endogenous and
exogenous determinants of indebtedness.
Role of IMF as lender, as credit-rater, and as policy enforcer.]
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1982. The
Political Economy of Underdevelopment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Browne, Harry.
1994. For Richer, For
Poorer: Shaping U.S.Mexican Integration. The U.S.Mexico Series, No. 4. Albuquerque, NM: Resource Center Press; London: Latin
America Bureau. [ÒThe US-Mexico
economic partnership has become a highly influential model for the rest of the
world. However, the neoliberal
economic policies which have cleared the way for booming crossborder trade and
investment are wreaking havoc on workers and small businesses. (The book) explains the nuts and bolts
of globalization and free trade (and) offers alternative strategies that can
promote business interests while still protecting workers' rights and the
environment.Ó]
Cavanagh, John & Daphne Wysham & Marcos
Arruda (eds.). 1994. Beyond Bretton Woods: Alternatives
to the Global Economic Order. Boulder,
CO: Pluto Press. [ÒAn
excellent anthology by over twenty economists and researchers which reviews the
history and policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank .
The contributing authors offer engaging ideas for reforms in order to confront
the economic devastation that these organizations have created in the Third
World.Ó]
Chaliand, Gerard. Undated .
ÒThird World,Ó <http://www.infoasis.com/people/stevetwt/General/Third%20World_def.html> [Definition, description,
characteristics, global political history, and prospects. Slanted but useful account of the
development of underdevelopment and the growth of poverty.]
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1993. Global
Formation: Structures of the World Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Danaher, Kevin (ed.) 1994. 50
Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World Bank. Boston: South
End Press. [ÒA collection of
over 30 essays by professional scholars, examines the structure and purpose of
the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and how they have contributed
to the debt burden and economic devastation in the South. The book offers case
studies from various third world countries, ranging from the vast foreign debt
in Brazil and agricultural structural adjustment in Costa Rica to postapartheid
neoliberalism in South Africa. It also examines worldwide environmental
concerns and gender and ethnic inequalities, and argues that there is an urgent
need to redefine "economic development" in order to find solutions to
crushing and dehumanizing poverty caused by current economic policies around
the globe.Ó]
Danaher, Kevin.
1994. ÒDown with the World
Bank,Ó Progressive, v58n12
(Dec 1994): 14. [The
campaign by the Washington-based 50 Years Is Enough opposing the World Bank,
demands for accountability.]
Fox, Johnathan & L. David Brown (eds.). The Struggle For Accountability: The
World Bank, NGOs, And Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press.
George, Susan & Fabrizio Sabelli. 1994. Faith And Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire. Boulder: Westview.
Glasberg, Davita Silfen & Kathryn B. Ward,. 1993. ÒForeign Debt and Economic Growth in the World System,Ó Social Science Quarterly, v74n4
(Dec 1993): 703-720. [Argues
that the present phase of world-system development is shaped by finance capital
and debt dependency.
Although debt might once have stimulated economic growth, current levels
of debt service and stocks on nonconcessional loans may hinder growth.]
Kofman, Eleonore & Gillian Youngs. 1996. Globalization: Theory and Practice. London: Pinter.
Melmed-Sanjak, Jolyne & Carlos E. Santiago &
Alvin Magid (eds.) 1993. Recovery or Relapse in the Global
Economy: Comparative Perspectives on Restructuring in Central America. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. [ÒThe culmination of several years of intellectual
exchange between the State University of New York at Albany and the University
of Costa Rica in San Jose. The book offers diverse perspectives on economic,
political and social development in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and
Nicaragua. It also outlines how political-economic restructuring ought to be
planned in the future, including such factors as agrarian policy,
industrialization and foreign investment. Finally, it addresses the economic
integration of Central America into the global economy.Ó]
Owen, Henry.
1994. ÒThe World Bank: Is 50 Years Enough?Ó Foreign Affairs, v73n5 (Sep
1994): 97-108. [Argues that
the Bank should not retire at the age of 50. Mission should be restructured to benefit from the growth of
private sector financial resources and help coordinate the work of
nongovernmental organizations.]
Rich, Bruce.
1994. ÒThe Politics of
Technocracy,Ó 224-235 in Bruce
Rich, Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment,
and the Crisis of Development.
Boston: Beacon Press.
Shuman, Michael. 1994. Towards
a Global Village: International Community Development Initiatives. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
[Analyzes the emerging global movement of community-based development
initiatives, or CDIs--policies and actions undertaken jointly by NGOs,
community groups, and local governments to promote global development that
reaches beyond the borders of a local community. Explores reasons behind development of CDIs, different CDI
methodologies used to respond to diverse political, economic and environmental
issues, and challenges the movement now faces. Concludes with short summaries
of the CDI movement in 22 countries and a list of key contact people,
publications, and other resources.Ó]
Smith, William C. & Carlos H. Acuna & Eduardo
A. Gamarra. 1994. Democracy, Markets, and Structural
Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Publishers. [ÒHighlights the
connections between democratic politics and marketplace logic - a link
reinforced by the "Washington Consensus" of freemarket reforms
promoted by policy makers in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World
Bank, and the U.S. government.
Leading U.S. and Latin American political scientists, economists, and
sociologists analyze the factors shaping democratization and economic
restructuring and assess alternative scenarios for politics and economics in
the region.Ó]
Al-Haqeel, Abdallah S. & Srinivas R.
Melkote. 1995. ÒInternational Agenda-setting Effects
of Saudi Arabian Media: A Case Study,Ó
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Altschull, J.H.
1984. Agents of Power:
The Role of News Media in Human Affairs. New York: Longman.
Anand, A.
1993.
"Introduction,"
1-24 in Women's Feature Service (ed.), The Power to Change: Women in
the Third World Redefine their Environment. New Jersey: Zed Books.
Andersen, P.A. & M.W. Lustig & J.F.
Andersen. 1990. ÒChanges in Latitude, Changes in
Attitude: The Relationship between Climate and Interpersonal Communication
Predispositions,Ó Communication
Quarterly, v38 (1990): 291-311.
[Examine the relationship between climate and cultural predispositions
within the US. Argue that 42% of the
variance in cultural interpersonal arousal can be accounted for by average
temperature. ]
Baer, M. Delal.
1997. ÒMisreading
Mexico,Ó Foreign Policy,
n108 (Fall 1997): 138-150.
[Challenges public and policy statements in US. Some arguments strong, others at least
interesting and provocative.]
Blaut, J.M.
1992. The ColonizerÕs
Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York, London: The Guilford
Press. [That the ÒriseÓ of
Europe over other civilizations did not begin until 1492--the colonization of
the Americas. This gave Europe its
edge. Challenges the Òmyth of the
European Miracle.Ó Well
referenced.]
Butalia, U.
1993. "Women and
Alternative Media (India)"
51-60 in P. Lewis (ed.), Alternative Media: Linking Global and Local.
Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
Carpenter, Ted Galen. 1995. The
Captive Press: Foreign Policy Crises and the First Amendment. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. ["...correspondents, editors,
pundits, and publishers who work for major media outlets tend to see themselves
as members of an opinion-making elite.
They consider themselves on an intellectual and social par with
high-level policymakers, an attitude that increases the prospect of their being
co-opted by ambitious and determined policymakers."]
Chang, Tsan-Kuo & Jae-Won Lee. 1993. ÒU.S. Gatekeepers and the New World Information Order:
Journalistic Qualities and Editorial Positions,Ó Political Communication, v10n3 (Jul 1993): 303-316.
Crafts, N. F. R. 1977..
ÒIndustrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the
Question. ÔWhy was England First?Õ,Ó
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del Rio, Vincente. 1992. ÒUrban
Design and Conflicting City Images of Brazil,Ó Cities, v9 (1992): 270-279. [That the image (and imageability) of places is
conditioned by public and politic media depictions, which are necessarily
partial. Marketing strategies can
then manipulate these partialities to re-present realities. Uses Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba as a
case.]
Gallagher, M. and L. Zuindoza-Santiago (eds.). 1994. Women Empowering Communication: A Resource Book on the
Globalization of Media. New
York: International Women's Tribune Center.
Galtung, J. & R.G. Vincent. 1992. Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and
Communication Order?
Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Landes, David S. 1990. ÒWhy Are
We So Rich and They So Poor?Ó American
Economic Review, v80n2 (May 1990): 1-13.
Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. The
Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three Cities 1870-1914. Leicester, UK; New York: Leicester
University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press [The construction of ÒslumÓ
stereotypes.]
McNelly, John T. & Fausto Izcaray. 1986. ÒInternational News Exposure and Images of Nations,Ó JQ: Journalism Quarterly, v63n3
(Autumn 1986): 546-553.
[Exposure to the mass media is associated with relatively positive, but
not necessarily well-informed, images of foreign countries and to the
perception of these countries as being successful. Attempts to provide some evidence bearing on the effects of
the mass media on international news and on people's images of nations. Results of a study from Venezuela are
discussed.]
Melkote, S.
1991. Communication for
Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. New Delhi; Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Publications. [Useful
summaries of timelines in development theory, interleaved with developments in
communication theory. Nice base
from which to discuss mutually constitutive relationships in social theory.]
Melkote, Srinivas R. 1993. ÒFrom
Third World to First World: New Roles and Challenges for Development
Communication,Ó Gazette,
v52n2 (1993): 145-158.
Meyer, William H. 1989. ÒGlobal
News Flows: Dependency and Neoimperialism,Ó Comparative Political Studies, v22n3 (Oct 1989):
243-264.
Meyer, William H. 1991.
ÒStructures of North-South Informational Flows: An Empirical Test of
Galtung's Theory,Ó JQ: Journalism
Quarterly, v68n1-2 (Spring 1991): 230-237.
Meyer, William H. 1996. ÒHuman
Rights and MNCs: Theory versus Quantitative Analysis,Ó Human Rights Quarterly, v18n2
(May 1996): 368-397.
Neuman, Johanna. 1996. Lights,
Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International Politics? New York: St. Martin's Press. [That the critical factor in
power politics remains the quality of leadership, which is dictated neither by
journalism nor by new communications technologies.]
Nordenstreng, K. & H.I. Schiller (eds.). (1979). National
Sovereignty and International Communication. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex.
Osunde, Egerton O. & Josiah Tlou & Neil L.
Brown. 1996. ÒPersisting and Common Stereotypes in
U.S. Students' Knowledge of Africa: A Study of Pre-service Social Studies
TeachersÓ Social Studies,
v87n3 (May 1996): 119-124.
[Statistical analysis of misconceptions. Arguments and techniques for dismantling stereotypes. Sources of information.]
Perry, David K. & John T. McNelly. 1988. ÒNews Orientations and Variability of Attitudes Toward
Developing Countries,Ó Journal
of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, v32n3 (Summer 1988): 323-334.
Perry, David K.
1985. ÒThe Mass Media and
Inference About Other Nations,Ó Communications
Research, v12n4 (Oct 1985): 595-614.
Perry, David K.
1987. ÒThe Image Gap: How
International News Affects Perceptions of Nations,Ó Journalism Quarterly, (Summer-Autumn 1987): 416-421+.
Pilger, John.
1991. ÒInformation is
Power,Ó New Statesman &
Society, v4n177 (Nov 15 1991): 10(2). [The major Western news agencies, UPI, AP, Reuters,
and Agence France, publish 90% of international news. Little of the coverage deals with developing countries. This situation leads to information
imperialism.]
Rakow, L. (ed.). 1992. Women
Making Meaning: New Feminist Directions in Communication. New York: Routledge.
Riano, P.
1994. Women in
Grassroots Communication: Furthering Social Change. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Roach, C.
1987. ÒThe U.S. Position on
the New World Information and Communication Order," Journal of Communication v37
(1987): 36-51.
Rogers, Everett M. 1962. The
Diffusion of Innovations. New
York: The Free Press.
Rogers, Everett M. 1969. Modernization
Among Peasants. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, & Winston.
Rosenberg, Nathan & L.E. Birdzell, Jr. 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of
the Industrial World. New
York: Basic Books.
[Conventional but useful account, based on (unexplained) traits of innovation,
experimentation, encouraging diversity in human wants and in the means to
satisfy them, giving autonomy to merchants. All these treated as neutral, objective, factual
descriptions.]
Said, Edward W.
(1981) 1997. Covering
Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World.
Rev. ed. New York: Vintage Books.
Said, Edward W.
1993. Culture and
Imperialism. New York: Knopf;
Distributed by Random House.
Schiller, Dan.
1994. ÒFrom Culture to
Information and Back Again:
Commoditization as a Route to Knowledge,Ó Critical Studies in Mass Communication, v11n1 (Mar
1994): 93-115. [Challenges
essentialist assumptions about information and the so-called "information
society." Argues the need to
treat information as a commodity, and to historicize its study.]
Starosta, W.
1979. ÒRoots for an Older
Rhetoric: On Rhetorical Effectiveness in the Third World,Ó Western Journal of Speech
Communication, v43 (1979): 278-287.
Steeves, L.
1993. "Creating
Imagined Communities: Development Communication and the Challenge of
Feminism," Journal of
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Sussman, L.R.
1977. "Mass News Media
and the Third World Challenge,"
The Washington Papers, v5n46 (1977): **.
Third World Editors. 1990. The
World as Seen by the Third World: Third World Guide, 1989-90, Facts, Figures,
Opinions. Montevideo; Rio De
Janeiro; Lisbon: Third World Editors.
Tomlinson, J.
1991. Cultural
Imperialism: A Critical Introduction.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. [Disagregates cultural imperialism into four
categories: as media imperialism,
as discourse of nationality, as critique of global capitalism, and critique of
modernity.]
UNESCO.
1989. World Communication
Report. Paris: UNESCO.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1988. ÒShould
We Unthink the Nineteenth Century?Ó
185-191 in Francisco O. Ramirez (ed.), Rethinking the Nineteenth
Century: Contradictions and Movements, (Studies in the Political Economyof
the World System: Contributions in Economics and Economic History, No.
76.) New York: Greenwood
Press. [Identifies four
basic premises of social science and history studies: that new is better than
old; that simple precedes the complex; that knowledge (scientific) becomes
increasingly certain and predictive (nomothetic); and that boundaries of the
state express fundamental units of society. Together, these as sources of most ÒanomaliesÓ in social
science. Proposes five steps to
undo these: replace ÒsocietyÓ with Òhistorical system;Ó deidealize, historicize
and particularize the gemeinschaft-gesellschaft antinomy; erase the separation
between ÒarenasÓ of activity--economy, polity, and culture (liberals), or base
and superstructure (Marxists); undo the association between culture and
pastness, and rethink the distinctions between the past and the present; and
fifth, undo the notion that science simplifies, or even, is completely distinct
from art. No footnotes or
citations.]
Abramovitz, Janet N. 1998. ÒPutting a
Value on Nature's "Free" Services,Ó World Watch, v11n1 (Jan 1998): 10-19. [Contrary to popular opinion,
most of the value of the world economy comes from the normal functioning of the
world resources, not from pulling things out of them. A look at some natural wonders is featured.]
Annez, Patricia & Alfred Friendly. 1996. ÒCities in the Developing World: Agenda for Action Following
Habitat II,Ó Finance and
Development, v33n4 (Dec 1996): 12-14. [Rapid urbanization is creating cities that are full
of new opportunities for economic and social advance but also beset by grave
physical, financial, and management shortcomings that endanger the hopes, and
even the health, of their swelling populations. New and determined efforts are made to ensure environmental
protection, adequate infrastructure, and fiscal reforms. Such shifts in investment and
government policies are urgent and affordable.]
Anonymous.
1996. "What Price
Progress?," New Scientist,
v151n2046 (Sep 7, 1996): 3.
[The UK's Office for National Statistics has produced a set of pilot
accounts that attempt to set environmental costs of different sectors of the
economy against their contribution to GDP. These measures will be beneficial in
measuring the true costs of economic growth. The "genuine progress indicator" or
"GPI" is an alternative indicator that includes the work done at
home. The GPI is useful in
assessing the true economic health of a nation.]
Atkinson, Giles & Kirk Hamilton. 1996. "Accounting for Progress: Indicators for Sustainable
Development," Environment,
v38n7 (Sep 1996): 16-20+.
[To assess progress toward sustainable development, a suitable set of
indicators is clearly needed, such as air quality indices and water quality
classifications. Some recent
attempts at "green accounting" and the issues they raise are
discussed.]
Ausubel, Jesse H. 1996. ÒThe
Liberation of the Environment,Ó Daedalus,
v125n3 (Summer 1996): 1-17.
[Ausubel argues that well-established trajectories that raise the
efficiency with which people use energy, land, water and materials can cut
pollution and leave more soil unturned.
In altering the landscape so dramatically, humans have secured a new
insecurity in that more has been transformed than is needed or prudent.]
Auty, R.N. 1997. ÒPollution Patterns During the Industrial Transition,Ó The Geographical Journal, v163n2
(1997): 206-215. [In the
transition from a traditional to a developed economy, pollution intensity first
intensified and then eased. The
total volume of emissions traced an S-shaped curve. As the industrial structure diversified from agro-processing
into capital- and skill-intensive intermediates, and finally into
research-intensive products, emissions shift from water-borne organic
pollutants:to urban-centred airborne pollution and solid waste, followed by
high growth of hazardous materials.]
Batterbury, Simon & Timothy Forsyth & Koy
Thomson. 1997. ÒEnvironmental Transformations in
Developing Countries: Hybrid Research and Democratic Policy,Ó Geographical Journal, v163 (Part
2) (Jul 1997): 126-132.
[Introduces a special edition on the theme of 'environmental
transformations in developing countries'.
Attempts to outline ways in which environmental research may remain
sensitive to political and cultural debates, yet also give insights to
practical environmental management of biophysical resources 'externally real'
to human experience. As such,
'transformations' may be viewed as both physical changes in factors such as land
cover or health hazards; but also as the socio-economic transitions in the
driving forces of environmental degradation and perceptions of risk which in
turn fuel new orthodoxies in research and policy.]
Beckerman, Wilfred. 1992. ÒEconomic
Growth and the Environment: Whose Growth?
Whose Environment? (Special Issue: Linking Environment to Development:
Problems and Possibilities),Ó World
Development, v20n4 (Apr 1992): 481(16).. [The call for action on the danger of global warming
is an unjustifiable diversion of attention from the far more serious
environmental problems facing developing countries. The likely economic damage done by climate change would be
negligible compared to the results of inadequate access to safe drinking water
and sanitation, or of urban air pollution. These should be given priority over the interests of future
generations.]
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The
Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. London, UK; New York, NY: Methuen.
Chakravorty, Sanjoy. 1994. ÒEquity
and the Big City,Ó Economic
Geography, v70n1 (Jan 1994): 1-22. [Examines some of the causal and temporal
relationships between the expected bell-shaped curves for population
concentration, income inequality, and regional inequality.]
Cobb, John B. Jr.. 1995. ÒToward a
Just and Sustainable Economic Order," Journal of Social Issues, v51n4 (Winter 1995): 83-100
1995 [The possibility of
developing an economic order that is geared to meeting the needs of people
rather than increasing production.
Such an economy would be decentralized and organized from the bottom
up.]
Daly, Herman E. & John B. Cobb, Jr. &
Clifford W. Cobb. (1989)
1994. For the Common Good:
Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable
Future. Second edition.
Boston: Beacon Press.
[See Òindex of social welfare,Ó pgs. 443-507.]
Daly, Herman. (1991). ÒFrom Empty-World to Full-World Economics: Recognizing an
Historical Turning Point in Economic Development,Ó in Robert Goodman, Herman
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Building on Brundtland. World Bank Working Paper No. 46. (July 1991): 18-26.
de Steiguer, J. E. 1995. ÒThree
Theories from Economics about the Environment,Ó Bioscience, v45n8 (Sep 1995): 552-557. [That three of the most
influential environmental theories were formally stated by English
economists. The Malthusian
doctrine of population growth and scarcity, John Stuart Mill's theory of the
steady-state economy, and the neoclassical notion of efficient markets together
offer a comprehensive scheme for solving environmental problems.]
Detweiler, Robert & Jon H. Sutherland &
Michael S. Werthman (eds.).
1973. Environmental
Decay in its Historical Context.
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292-296 in Andre Gunter Frank & Barry K. Gills, The World System:
Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London, New York: Routledge. [Part of the three way debate
between Frank & Gills, Abu-Lughod, and Wallerstein. Provides context for his arguments,
shows misunderstnadings in debate.
ÒMy Ôworld-systemÕ is not a system Ôin the worldÕ or Ôof the
world.Õ It is a systemÕthat is a
world.Õ Hence the hyphen, since
ÔworldÕ is not an attribute of the system.Ó Many world-systems could and did coexist prior to the 19th
century. But after, there was only one--capitalism.]
Walton, John.
1984. ÒCulture and Economy
in the Shaping of Urban Life: General Issues and Latin American Examples,Ó
76-93 in John Agnew, John Meercer & David Soper (eds.) The City in
Cultural Context. Boston, MA:
Allen & Unwin.
Waters, Malcolm. 1995. Globalization. New York: Routledge.
Wong, Linda.
1994. ÒChina's Urban
Migrants: The Public Policy Challenge,Ó
Pacific Affairs, v67n3 (Fall 1994): 335-355. [An overview of the current
situation, from the late 1980s to 1993, focusing on the challenge migrants pose
to the state and civil society and the policy responses adopted so far.]
Barber, Benjamin R. 1995. Jihad
vs. McWorld. New York: Times Books.
Gereffi, Gary & Miguel Korzeniewicz (eds.). 1994. Commodity Chains and Global Capital. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
Gordon, David M. 1996. Fat
and Mean. New York: Free
Press. [Critique of
multinational corporations.]
Harvey, David.
1991. ÒFlexibility: Threat
or Opportunity?Ó Socialist
Review, v21n1 (Jan-Mar 1991): 65-77.
Knox, Paul.
1995. ÒWorld Cities in a
World System,Ó 3-20 in Paul L.
Knox & Peter J. Taylor (eds.), World Cities in a World System. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[Globalization of economy--corporations are anational and focused on US,
Europe, Japan. World cities as
control nodes. Functional scales
at which world cities can be described.
Core-periphery divided by speed of processes--TofflerÕs fast world,
where time has increasing marginal returns.
Konvitz, Josef W. 1995.
"Cities and the Global Economy," OECD Observer, n197 (Dec 1995/Jan 1996): 6-8.
Kotkin, Joel.
1991. ÒGlobal Bedouins:
Tribes That Have Made It,Ó New Perspectives
Quarterly, v8n4 (Fall 1991): 46-51.
Krugman, Paul.
1997. ÒIs Capitalism too
Productive?Ó Foreign Affairs,
v76n5 (Sep 1997): 79-94.
[Argues against the implicit assumption of Òglobal glutÓ in current development
policy (US?) --that 3rd world countries are growing too fast, capitalism is too
successful for the good of industrialized countries, and fear that production
will outstrip demand.]
Linden, Eugene.
1996. ÒThe Exploding Cities of the Developing World,Ó Foreign Affairs, v75n1
(Jan 1996): 52-65. [Digital
version also. The rhythm of urban
history as: the rise, collapse,
and occasional rebirth of cities as disease, changes in trade and technology,
and shifting political fortunes rewarded some cities and penalized others. Rhythm has been interrupted in the
developing world, where urban populations almost always rise.]
Mayer, Margit.
1991. ÒPolitics in the
Post-Fordist City,Ó Socialist
Review, v21n1 (Jan-Mar 1991): 105-124. [The polarization of urban society.]
Reich, Robert.
1991. ÒBrainpower, Bridges,
and the Nomadic Corporation,Ó New
Perspectives Quarterly, v8n4 (Fall 1991): 67-71.
Rodrik, Dani.
1997. ÒSense and Nonsense
in the Globalization Debate,Ó Foreign
Policy, n107 (Summer 1997): 19-37. [As the debate on the effects of globalization on
countries continues, it is getting more confusing. The impact of globalization, taken as part of a larger
process of marketization, on nations is discussed.]
Sit, Victor Fung-Shuen. 1993. ÒTransnational Capital Flows, Foreign Investments, and Urban
Growth in Developing Countries,Ó
180-198 in John D. Kasarda & Allan M. Parnell, Third World
Cities: Problems, Policies, and Prospects. London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
[Last
Update: October, 2005]