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Sustainable
Development and Ecological Economics
Working Bibliography
Ashwani Vasishth ashwani@csun.edu
[Last Update: July 10, 1999]
Adams, Patrica. 1991. Odious Debts: Loose Lending,
Corruption, And The Third World's Environmental Legacy. London: Earthscan.
Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives for
Ecological Complexity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago University Press.
Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward a Unified Ecology.
New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Anonymous. 1996. "How Big is Our Ecological Footprint?" Earth
Island Journal, v11n2 (Spring 1996): p18(1).
[Ecological footprint analysis
indicates that ecologically productive land available per person has decreased
to four acres. 'Ecological footprint' is a method of measurement to ensure
sustainability of communities by balancing nature's productivity with the human
consumption of resources. A University of British Columbia task force suggests
that an increase in city density may reduce land-use requirements. It has urged
politicians and planners to take up the ecological cause and recommends
increase in city density and less energy-intensive lifestyles.]
Anonymous. 1997. "Civilization Under
Siege," UN Chronicle, v34n3 (1997): 30-34.
[Argues that irrepairable damage is
being done to the planet by wasting precious resources and using inefficient
economic methods. Advocates eco-efficiency in production processes, taxes on
fossil fuels, and targeted subsidies as strategies. No citations.]
Atkinson, Giles & Kirk Hamilton. 1996.
"Accounting for Progress: Indicators for Sustainable Development," Environment,
v38n7 (Sep 1996): 16-20+.
[To assess progress toward
sustainable development, a suitable set of indicators is clearly needed, such
as air quality indices and water quality classifications. Some recent attempts
at "green accounting" and the issues they raise are discussed.]
Atkinson, Giles & W. R. Dubourg & K.
Hamilton & M. Munasinghe & D. W. Pearce. ****. Measuring Sustainable
Development: Macroeconomy and Environment. ****: Edward Elgar.
Ausubel, Jesse H. 1996. "The Liberation of the Environment," Daedalus,
v125n3 (Summer 1996): 1-17.
[Ausubel argues that well-established
trajectories that raise the efficiency with which people use energy, land,
water and materials can cut pollution and leave more soil unturned. In altering
the landscape so dramatically, humans have secured a new insecurity in that
more has been transformed than is needed or prudent.]
Auvinen, Juha Y. 1996. "IMF
Intervention and Political Protest in the Third World: A Conventional Wisdom
Refined," Third World Quarterly, v17n3 (Sep 1996): 377-400.
[Statistical analysis of the
literature criticizing IMF's austerity-driven adjustment policies. Assesses
sources of resistance.]
Avery, William P. 1990. "The Origins of
Debt Accumulation Among LDCs in the World Political Economy," The
Journal of Developing Areas, v24n4 (Jul 1990): 503-522.
[Discusses the endogenous and
exogenous determinants of indebtedness. Role of IMF and lender, as
credit-rater, and as policy enforcer.]
Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1982. The Political
Economy of Underdevelopment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bak, Per. 1996. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organizing Criticality.
New York, NY: Copernicus.
Bishop, Richard. 1978. "Endangered Species and Uncertainty: The Economics
of a Safe Minimum Standard," American Journal of Agricultural Economics.
v60 (1978): p10-18.
Botkin, Daniel B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the
Twenty-first Century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Boyden, Stephen. 1992. Biohistory: The Interplay Between Human Society and
The Biosphere. Parkridge, NJ; Parthenon Publishing Group.
Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in
London Since Medieval Times. London, UK; New York, NY: Methuen.
Brinkman, Richard. 1995. "Economic Growth Versus Economic Development:
Toward a Conceptual Clarification," Journal of Economic Issues,
v29n4 (Dec 1995): 1171-1188.
[An attempt is made to further
clarify the distinction between economic growth and economic development. Some
recognition of this problem is evident in the older literature of development
economics.]
Brockway, George P. 1985. Economics: What
Went Wrong, and Why, and Some Things to Do About It. New York: Harper &
Row.
Brockway, George P. 1991. The End of Economic Man: Principles of any Future
Economics. New York: Cornelia & Michael Bessie Books.
Brockway, George P. 1995. Economists Can Be Bad for Your Health: Second
Thoughts on the Dismal Science. New York: W.W. Norton,.
Brown-Weiss, Edith. 1989. In Fairness to Future Generations : International
Law, Common Patrimony and Intergenerational Equity. Dobbs Ferry, NY:
Transitional Publishers, Inc.. [for the UN University, Tokyo]. 1989.
Browne, Harry. 1994. For Richer, For Poorer: Shaping U.S.Mexican Integration.
The U.S.Mexico Series, No. 4. Albuquerque, NM: Resource Center Press; London:
Latin America Bureau.
["The US-Mexico economic
partnership has become a highly influential model for the rest of the world.
However, the neoliberal economic policies which have cleared the way for
booming crossborder trade and investment are wreaking havoc on workers and
small businesses. (The book) explains the nuts and bolts of globalization and
free trade (and) offers alternative strategies that can promote business
interests while still protecting workers' rights and the environment."]
Burton, Ian & Robert W. Kates &
Lydia Burton (eds.). 1965. Readings in Resource Management and Conservation.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cavanagh, John & Daphne Wysham & Marcos Arruda (eds.). 1994. Beyond
Bretton Woods: Alternatives to the Global Economic Order. Boulder, CO:
Pluto Press.
["An excellent anthology by over
twenty economists and researchers which reviews the history and policies of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank . The contributing authors
offer engaging ideas for reforms in order to confront the economic devastation
that these organizations have created in the Third World."]
Chakravorty, Sanjoy. 1994. "Equity and
the Big City," Economic Geography, v70n1 (Jan 1994): 1-22.
[Examines some of the causal and
temporal relationships between the expected bell-shaped curves for population
concentration, income inequality, and regional inequality.]
Chaliand, Gerard. Undated . "Third
World," <http://www.infoasis.com/people/stevetwt/General/Third%20World_def.ht
ml> [Definition, description, characteristics, global political
history, and prospects. Slanted but useful account of the development of
underdevelopment and the growth of poverty.]
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1993. Global Formation: Structures of the World
Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
Checkland, Peter. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, Chichester,
UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Churchman, C. West, et. al. (eds). 1984. Natural Resource Administration :
Introducing a new Methodology for Management. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
Inc.
Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. & Richard C. Bishop. 1975. "'Common Property' as
a Concept in Natural Resources Policy," (reprint) in Richard C. Bishop
& Stephen O. Andersen (eds.), 1985, Natural Resource Economics: Selected
Papers, S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn (eds.) 1986. Sustainable Development of
the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Coates, Peter. 1996. "Clio's New Greenhouse," History Today,
v46n8 (Aug 1996): 15-22.
[Trends and categories in env.
history.]
Cobb, Clifford W. & John B. Cobb &
Carol S. Carson. 1994. The Green National Product: A Proposed Index of
Sustainable Economic Welfare. Lanham: University Press of America;
[Mankato, MN]: Human Economy Center.
Cobb, Clifford W. & Ted Halstead & Jonathan Rowe. 1995. " If the
GDP is Up Why is America Down? (need to replace the Gross Domestic Product as a
measure of economic progress) (Cover Story)," The Atlantic Monthly,
v276n4 (Oct 1995): p59(14).
[Most Americans are not experiencing
an economic boom in spite of improvements in the GDP and other indicators. A
group called Redefining Progress proposes replacing the GDP with the genuine
progress indicator, which would measure the social value of economic activity.
Article also at http:
//www.theatlantic.com/election/connection/ecbig/gdp.htm]
Corson, Walter H. 1994. " Changing
Course: An Outline of Strategies for a Sustainable Future," Futures,
v26n2 (March 1994):p206(18).
Costanza, Robert (ed.). 1991. Ecological Economics: The Science and
Management of Sustainability. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Cotgrove, Stephen. 1982. Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment,???,
New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Courant, Paul N. 1994. " How Would You Know a Good Economic Development
Policy if You Tripped Over One? Hint: Don't Just Count Jobs," National
Tax Journal, v47n4 (Dec 1994): 863-881.
[Economists concerned with economic
development should direct more energy to examining the potential for improving
economic welfare as distinct from measuring the consequences of development
programs.]
Cronon, William (ed.). 1995. Uncommon
Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. London; New York: W.W. Norton
and Company.
Currie, L. 1976. Taming the Megalopolis. Oxford: Pergamon.
Daly, Herman E. 1977. Steady State Economics :The Economics of Biophysiscal
Equilibrium and Moral Growth. San Fransisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Danaher, Kevin (ed.) 1994. 50 Years Is Enough: The Case Against the World
Bank. Boston: South End Press.
["A collection of over 30 essays
by professional scholars, examines the structure and purpose of the World Bank
and International Monetary Fund, and how they have contributed to the debt
burden and economic devastation in the South. The book offers case studies from
various third world countries, ranging from the vast foreign debt in Brazil and
agricultural structural adjustment in Costa Rica to postapartheid neoliberalism
in South Africa. It also examines worldwide environmental concerns and gender
and ethnic inequalities, and argues that there is an urgent need to redefine
"economic development" in order to find solutions to crushing and
dehumanizing poverty caused by current economic policies around the
globe."]
de Steiguer, J. E. 1995. "Three
Theories from Economics about the Environment," Bioscience, v45n8
(Sep 1995): 552-557.
[That three of the most influential
environmental theories were formally stated by English economists. The
Malthusian doctrine of population growth and scarcity, John Stuart Mill's
theory of the steady-state economy, and the neoclassical notion of efficient
markets together offer a comprehensive scheme for solving environmental
problems.]
Desai, M. 1994. Greening of the HDI?
(Background paper for United Nations Development Programme, Human Development
Report 1994.) New York: UNDP.
Detweiler, Robert, Jon Sutherland and Michael Werthmanx (eds.). 1973. Environmental
Decay in its Historical Context. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman
Dorfman, Robert, et. al. 1977. Economics of the Environment : Selected
Readings. New York, NY: W. W. Norton and Co, Inc.
Dubos, Rene. 1980. The Wooing of Earth: New Perspectives On Man's Use of
Nature. New York, NY: Scribner.
Dunham, Peter S. 1994. "Into a Mirror Darkly: The Ancient Maya Collapse
and Modern World Environmental Policy," in James E. Hickey, Jr. &
Linda A Longmire (eds.) The Environment: Global Problems, Local Solutions,
Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Dunn, J. 1993. Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future, 2nd
ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Durning, Alan Thein & Christopher D. Crowther. Misplaced Blame: The Real
Roots of Population Growth.
Durning, Alan. 1991. "Asking How Much is Enough" in State of the
World 1991 : a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable
society. New York, NY: Norton.
Dworetsky, Tom. 1993. "Will the Real GNP Please Stand Up: Now's the Time
for Really Gross Economics," Omni, v15n6 (Apr 1993): 14.
[Useful one-page summary of the case
that the way the GNP is calculated may be part of the country's economic
problems. The GNP ignores many key figures, such as distribution of income,
estimation of resource depletion and international borrowing.]
Eames, Edwin & Judith Granich Goode.
1973. "Material Deprivation: A Cross-Cultural View in Contemporary
Developing Societies," 94-156 in Edwin Eames & Judith Granich Goode,
1973, Urban Poverty in a Cross-Cultural Context. New York, NY: Free
Press.
Edwards, Steven. 1987. "In Defense of Environmental Economics". Environmental
Ethics, v9 (Spring 1987):p73(13).
Epstein, Seymour & Petra Meier. 1989. " Constructive Thinking: A Broad
Coping Variable with Specific Components," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, v57n2 (Aug 1989): 332-350.
[The structure of constructive
thinking and the development of an instrument for measuring it, the
Constructive Thinking Inventory, are discussed.]
Ezrahi, Yaron. 1995. "The Theatrics and
Mechanics of Action: The Theater and the Machine as Political Metaphors," Social
Research, v62n2 (Summer 1995): 299-322.
[Argues that the political metaphors
of the theater and the machine played an important role in the amoralization of
behavior as an object of scientific inquiry and the definition of modern
categories of social, political, economic, or psychological phenomena.]
Flower, Joe. 1997. " Beyond Economics:
Healthy Communities and Healthy Economies," National Civic Review,
v86n1 (Spring 1997): 53-59.
[A car crash or an oil spill may be
"good" for the economy when measured in traditional economic terms.
Perhaps it is time to rethink the approach to economics. If a healthy community
is a whole community, then an economics is needed that goes beyond dollars and
that will measure and maximize the true community wealth.]
Ford, Mary S. . 1990. "A 10,000-yr
History of Natural Ecosystem Acidification," Ecological Monographs,
v60n1 (Mar 1990): 57(33).
Fox, Johnathan & L. David Brown (eds.). The Struggle For Accountability:
The World Bank, NGOs, And Grassroots Movements. Cambridge: MIT Press.
George, Susan & Fabrizio Sabelli. 1994. Faith And Credit: The World
Bank's Secular Empire. Boulder: Westview.
Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholaus. 1971. The Entropy Law and the Economic Process.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Ghazi, Polly & Judy Jones. 1996. "O, To Be a Mexican," New
Statesman, (1996), v9n419 (Sep 6, 1996): 26-27.
[A large salary and a job for life
are not Britons' prime goals any more. If politicians don't want to lose touch,
they must realize what makes people happy. The psychology of happiness is
discussed.]
Giampietro, Mario. 1994. "Using
Hierarchy Theory to Explore the Concept of Sustainable Development," Futures,
v26n6 (Jul/Aug 1994): 616-625.
Glacken, Clarence J. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture
In Western Thought From Ancient Times To the End of the Eighteenth Century.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Glasberg, Davita Silfen & Kathryn B. Ward,. 1993. "Foreign Debt and
Economic Growth in the World System," S ocial Science Quarterly,
v74n4 (Dec 1993): 703-720.
[Argues that the present phase of
world-system development is shaped by finance capital and debt dependency.
Although debt might once have stimulated economic growth, current levels of
debt service and stocks on nonconcessional loans may hinder growth.]
Goldberg, Michael A. 1989. On Systemic
Balance: Flexibility and Stability In Social, Economic, and Environmental
Systems. New York, NY: Praeger.
Goldfarb, Theodore D. 1993. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial
Environmental Issues. (Fifth Edition.) Guilford, CT: The Dushkin Publishing
Group, Inc.
Golley, Frank B. (ed.). 1977. Ecological Succession. Benchmark Papers in
Ecology, v5 (1977). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.
Golley, Frank B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More
Than The Sum of the Parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Goode, Judith G. & Edwin Eames. 1996. "An Anthropological Critique of
the Culture of Poverty," 405-417 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner
(eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect
Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Goode, Judith G. 1972. "Poverty and Urban Analysis," Western
Canadian Journal of Anthropology, v3n2 (1972-1973): 1-19.
[Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980:
374-391.]
Gosselin, P. & D. Belanger & J.F.
Bibeault & A. Webster. " Indicators for a Sustainable Society," Canadian
Journal of Public Health, v84n3, (May-June, 1993):pp. 197-200.
Greenpeace. 1992. The World Bank's Greenwash: Touting Environmentalism While
Trashing The Planet. Greenpeace International, April 1992.
Gross, B. M. & J. Straussman. 1974. " The Social Indicators
Movement," Social Policy, (Sep-Oct 1974): 43-44.
Grove, Richard. 1995. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island
Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860. Cambridge, UK; New
York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Gugler, Josef. 1988. "Overurbanization Reconsidered," 74-92 in Josef
Gugler (ed.), The Urbanization of the Third World. New York: Oxford
University Press.
[Overurbanization if shift in
population causes misallocation of labor or increases social costs. Discusses
the economic rationale for rural-urban migration, argues for targeted
redistribution of surplus investment.]
Gunderson, Lance H. & C.S. Holling &
Stephen S. Light (eds.). 1995. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of
Ecosystems and Institutions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Hagen, Joel B. 1992. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology.
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Hammond, Allen et al. 1995. Environmental Indicators : A Systematic Approach
to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context
of Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Haq, M. 1995. "The Vision and the Reality," 26-33 in M. Haq & R.
Jolly & P. Streeten & K. Haq (eds.), The United Nations and Bretton
Woods Institutions: New Challenges for the Twenty-first Century. London:
Macmillan.
Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995. Reflections on Human Development: How the Focus of
Development Economics Shifted from National Income Accounting to People-Centred
Policies. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, Betsy. ****. Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics
of Population Control. ****
Hartmann, Betsy. 1995. "Questioning the Population Consensus," Earth
Island Journal, v10n2 (Spring 1995): 34.
[Assesses the "Plan of
Action" developed at last September's UN International Conference on Population
and Development in Cairo. Argues that the population consensus reached by
governments at the conference is based on some powerful misconceptions
concerning women's education and poverty.] {Population;
Conferences; Women; Education; Poverty}
Harvey, David L. & Michael H. Reed.
1996. "The Culture of Poverty: An Ideological Analysis," Sociological
Perspectives, v39n4 (1996): 465-495.
Henderson, Hazel. 1994. " Paths to Sustainable Development: The Role of
Social Indicators," Futures, v26n2 (Mar 1994): 125-137.
[Reviews current debate about new
indicators of wealth and progress and how the meaning of
"development" is changing. The goal of sustainable development is to
clarify the confusion of means with truly evolutionary human development as the
ends to be pursued within the ecological tolerances of the Earth.]
Hilhorst, J.G.M & M. Klatter. 1985. Social
Development in the Third World: Level of Living Indicators and Social Planning.
London; Dover, NH: Croom Helm (In co-operation with the Institute of Social
Studies at the Hague).
Holling, Crawford S. & Michael A. Goldberg. 1971. "Ecology and
Planning," AIP Journal, [now JAPA] (July 1971):221-230.
Holling, Crawford S. 1986. "The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems:
Local Surprise and Global Change," in Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn
(eds.), 1986, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Holling, Crawford S. 1994. "Simplifying the Complex: The Paradigms of
Ecological Function and Structure," Futures, v26n6 (Jul./Aug.
1994). p598-609.
Howarth, R B. 1991. "Intergenerational Competitive Equilibria Under
Technological Uncertainty and An Exhaustible Resource Constraint," Journal
of Environmental Economics and Management, v21n3 (Nov 1991):p.225(19).
Howarth, R B., and R.B. Norgaard. 1990. "Intergenerational Resource
Rights, Efficiency, and Social Optimality," Land Economics, v66n1
(Feb 1990):p.1(11).
Hughes, J. Donald. 1975. Ecology In Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque,
NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Inkeles, Alex. 1966. "The Modernization of Man," 138-150 in M. Weiner
(ed.), Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth. New York: Basic Books.
[Nine point scale of attitudes and
individual character which he feels are pre-requisite to economic growth.]
Inkeles, Alex. 1969. "Making Men
Modern: On the Causes and Consequences of Individual Change in Six
Countries," American Journal of Sociology, v75 (Sep 1969): 208-225.
IRN. 1994. Damming The Rivers: The World Bank's Lending For Large Dams. International
Rivers Network. 1847 Berkeley Way, Berkeley CA, 94703.
Jackson, T. & N. Marks. 1994. Measuring Sustainable Economic Welfare: A
Pilot Index 1950-1990. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
Johnson, C.W. 1995. "Planning And Designing For The Multiple-Use Role Of
Habitats In Urban Suburban Landscapes In The Great-Basin," Landscape
and Urban Planning, v32n3 (Aug 1995): 219-225.
[The culturally modified context of
most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role
to play. Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable
resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to
commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting
arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for
wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban
wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated. The challenge
for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on
those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the
temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of
wildlife are to be met. Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how
habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in
public open spaces.]
Kamarck, Andrew M. 1983. Economics and
the Real World. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kates, Robert W. & Viola Haarmann. 1992. "Where the Poor Live: Are the
Assumptions Correct?" Environment, v34n4 (May 1992): 4-11+.
[A review of recent reports and
papers linking poverty and the poor to environmental concerns reveals limited
and selective documentation of the causal relationships between poverty and
environmental degradation, but implicitly assume of a strong relationship
between the two. An assessment of what global overviews, country comparisons,
and local and regional case studies exist that link poor people to threatened
environments should provide insights into the validity of this assumption.]
Kates, Robert W. & William C. Clark.
1996. "Expecting the Unexpected?" Environment, v38n2 (Mar
1996): 6-7+.
[Four characteristics of environmental
surprises: they confound social expectations; they are not completely
unpredictable; they are often dangerous; and they open a window for increasing
capabilities to deal with environmental problems.]
Kates, Robert W. 1996. "Population,
Technology, and the Human Environment: a Thread Through Time," Daedalus,
v125n3 (Summer 1996): 43-71.
[Kates employs a sequence of four
temporal frames--ages, millenia, centuries and decades--to examine the dynamics
of population, resources and technology. It appears that the Earth is about
halfway in numbers into the third great population surge.]
Klugman, Jeni. 1991. "Decentralization:
A Survey of Literature from a Human Development Perspective." UNDP
Human Development Report Occasional Paper No. 13. <http://www.undp.org/undp/hd
ro/oc13.htm>
[Assesses the impact of
decentralisation of government expenditures and revenues upon human
development. Reviews the literature on decentralisation, to argue a lack of
quantitative and rigorous studies. Suggests that detailed analysis of the
various dimensions of decentralisation - participation, financing and
comparative priorities - and of the relevant effects upon efficiency, resource
availability and equity, may provides some lessons.]
Kofman, Eleonore & Gillian Youngs. 1996.
Globalization: Theory and Practice. London: Pinter.
Kothari, Smitu. 1997. "Whose Independence? The Social Impact of Economic
Reform in India," Journal of International Affairs, v51n1 (Summer
1997): 85-116.
[Kothari documents the social impact
of economic liberalization in India. He contends that disparities between the
poor and the wealthy have actually increased since 1991.]
Krieger, Martin H. 1989. Marginalism and
Discontinuity: Tools For the Crafts of Knowledge and Decision. New York,
NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Kruger, Loren. 1997. "The Drama of Country and City: Tribalization,
Urbanization, and Theatre Under Apartheid," Journal of Southern African
Studies, v23n4 (Dec 1997): 565-584.
[In a reversal of the classic notion
of city as progress, the Africanized city came to signify barbarism for white
South Africans, who then proposed a counter-civitas, a perverse modernity
defined not by urban civility but by isolation in the country. This essay takes
the tensions between and within the racial appropriations of country and city
in apartheid's perverse modernity as the point of departure for a critical
revaluation of the affinities and differences among African, Afrikaans, and
white English drama and performance in South Africa.]
Kuik, Onno & Harmen Verbruggen (eds.).
1991. In Search of Indicators of Sustainable Development. Dordrecht;
Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Kupfer, David & Paul Glover & Olaf Egeberg. 1995. " To Stitch the
World Back Together Again," Whole Earth Review, n87 (Fall 1995):
22-29.
[In an interview, economist and
writer Hazel Henderson discusses her economic theories, including her proposal
for an alternative to the GNP. Paul Glover discusses Ithaca NY's use of local
paper money, and Olaf Egeberg explains how his Washington DC neighborhood uses
a neighborhood exchange directory.]
Lambert, Thomas. 1995. "What they
Missed in Cairo: Defusing the Population Bomb," USA Today: The Magazine
of the American Scene, v123n2596 (Jan 1995): 33-35.
[Those at the Sep 5-13, 1994
International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo worked on the
assumption that "overpopulation" is a problem. The widely held belief
that the planet cannot sustain an increasing population is questioned.]
{Conferences; Population; Earth; Natural resources}
Landes, David S. 1990. "Why Are We So
Rich and They So Poor?" American Economic Review, v80n2 (May 1990):
1-13.
Laslett, Peter, and James S. Fishkin. 1992. Justice between Age Groups and
Generations. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Leggett, Jeremy (ed.). 1990. Global Warming: The Greenpeace Report.
London; New York: Oxford University Press.
Leiss, William. 1972. The Domination of Nature. Boston, MA: Beacon
Press.
Lele, Sharachandra M. 1991. " Sustainable Development: A Critical
Review," World Development, v19n6 (1991). p607-621.
Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the
Middle East. New York: Free Press.
[Empathy, imagine oneself in some
other role, as key personality trait.]
Levin, Simon A. 1992. "The Problem of
Pattern and Scale in Ecology," Ecology, v73n6 (Dec 1992):
p1943-1967.
Levin, Simon A. 1992. "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology," Ecology,
v73n6 (Dec 1992): p1943-1967.
Lewis, Oscar. 1966. "The Culture of Poverty," Scientific American,
v215n4 (Oct 1966): 19-25.
Linden, Eugene. 1996. "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,"
Foreign Affairs, v75n1 (Jan 1996): 52-65.
[The rhythm of urban history as: the
rise, collapse, and occasional rebirth of cities as disease, changes in trade
and technology, and shifting political fortunes rewarded some cities and
penalized others. Rhythm has been interrupted in the developing world, where
urban populations almost always rise.]
London, Bruce. 1987. "Structural
Determinants of Third World Urban Change: An Ecological and Political Economic
Analysis," American Sociological Review, v52n1 (Feb 1987): 28-43.
Lowenthal, David. 1995. "The Forfeit of the Future," Futures,
v27n4 (May 1995): 385(11).
Ludwig, Donald; Hilborn, Ray; Walters, Carl. 1993. "Uncertainty, Resource
Exploitation, and Conservation: Lessons from History," Science,
v260n5104 (Apr 2, 1993): 17, 36.
[The overexploitation of natural
resources is discussed. History shows a consistency in resource exploitation
related to a number of political and scientific factors.]
Malthus, Thomas R. & Julian Huxley &
Frederick Osborn. 1963 (1960). On Population; Three Essays. New York:
New American Library.
Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1992 (1798, 1803). An Essay on the Principle of
Population, Or, A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness: With
an Inquiry Into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of
the Evils Which it Occasions. Cambridge UK; New York: Cambridge University
Press.
[selected and introduced by Donald
Winch using the text of the 1803 edition as prepared by Patricia James for the
Royal Economic Society, 1990, showing the additions and corrections made in the
1806, 1807, 1817, and 1826 editions.]
Mann, Michael. 1986. The Sources of
Social Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
["...the radical Christian
universalization of the human being..."]
Marsh, George Perkins. (1864) 1965. Man
and Nature: Or, Physical Geography As Modified By Human Action. Cambridge,
MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Marx, Leo. 1997. " Technology: The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept,"
Social Research, v64n3 (Fall 1997): 965-988.
[The changes in society and culture
marked by the emergence of technology are examined. The chief danger of
technology is the mystification, passivity and fatalism it helps to engender.]
Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. The Imagined
Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three Cities 1870-1914. Leicester, UK;
New York: Leicester University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St.
Martin's Press
[The construction of "slum"
stereotypes.]
Mazumdar, Krishna. 1996. " Level of
Development of a Country: A Possible New Approach," Social Indicators
Research, v38n3 (Jul 1996): 245-274.
[Attempts to find income elasticities
of eight social indicators of development with respect to per capita real gross
domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity and expressed in international
dollars.]
McClelland, David. 1966. "The Impulse
to Modernization," 28-39 in M. Weiner (ed.), Modernization: The
Dynamics of Growth. New York: Basic Books.
[That there is a mental virus, n-Ach
(need to Achieve). Under modernization, sample of thoughts from a society, eg.
from popular literature, show high incidence of urge to do better (more
efficiently or faster) the next time.]
McClelland, David. 1967. The Achieving
Society. New York: Free Press.
McDonnell, Mark J. & Steward T.A. Pickett, (eds.). 1993. Humans as
Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated
Areas. New York, NY; Springer-Verlag.
Mcguckin, C.P. & R.D. Brown. 1995. "A Landscape Ecological Model for
Wildlife Enhancement of Stormwater Management-Practices in Urban
Greenways," Landscape and Urban Planning, v33n1-3 (Oct 1995):
227-246.
[A spatial distribution model has
been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in
developing urban areas. The model has been validated through comparison of
predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest
neighbour analysis. Simulations of various scenarios for incorporating
stormwater catchment facilities into greenways have been tested with the model
and the resultant land use patterns compared with the status quo, through
measures of landscape ecological integrity such as connectivity and porosity.
The results demonstrated that landscape integrity could be increased, urban
wildlife habitat enhanced, and opportunities for residential non-consumptive
wildlife recreation improved through integration of the evolving 'blue-green'
open space provided by urban stormwater management facilities into existing
greenways.] {Diversity; Patterns; Nearest Neighbour
Analysis}
McHarg, Ian L. 1997. "Natural Factors
in Planning," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v52n1 (Jan
1997): 13-17.
[The tremendous increase in urban
concentrations, combined with exponential population growth and the reduction
of the agricultural component in society and economy, have produced asphalt
people who know little of nature and care less. A list of baseline natural
resource data necessary for ecological planning is presented.]
{Natural resources; Resource management; Environmental protection}
Meadows, Donella H. 1997. "The Key to
Population Is Poverty," Los Angeles Times, (Sun, Oct 19, 1997):
Opinion Section.
[When we take care of people,
population growth will take care of itself.]
Melmed-Sanjak, Jolyne & Carlos E.
Santiago & Alvin Magid (eds.) 1993. Recovery or Relapse in the Global
Economy: Comparative Perspectives on Restructuring in Central America.
Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
["The culmination of several
years of intellectual exchange between the State University of New York at
Albany and the University of Costa Rica in San Jose. The book offers diverse
perspectives on economic, political and social development in Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. It also outlines how political-economic
restructuring ought to be planned in the future, including such factors as
agrarian policy, industrialization and foreign investment. Finally, it
addresses the economic integration of Central America into the global
economy."]
Merchant, Carolyn. (1980) 1989. The Death
of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco,
CA: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Meyer, William B. 1995. "Past and Present: Land Use and Land Cover in the
USA," Consequences, v1n1 (Spring 1995): <http://www.gc
rio.org/CONSEQUENCES/spring95/Land.html>.
Miller, Donald & Gert de Roo. 1996. "Integrated Environmental Zoning:
An Innovative Dutch Approach to Measuring and Managing Environmental Spillovers
in Urban Regions," Journal of the American Planning Association,
v62n3 (Summer 1996): 373-380.
[The Dutch development of Integrated
Environmental Zoning is an advanced effort to account cumulatively for several
environmental spillovers from manufacturing, and to manage their impacts on
surrounding residential areas. This policy initiative involves is
described.] {Environmental policy Environmental impact
Zoning Environmental protection Manufacturing}
Mitchell, G. & A. May & A. McDonald.
1995. " Picabue: A Methodological Framework for the Development of
Indicators of Sustainable Development," International Journal of
Sustainable Development and World Ecology, v2n2, (June, 1995):pp. 104-123.
Moffatt, I. 1996. "An Evaluation af Environmental Space as the Basis for
Sustainable Europe," International Journal Of Sustainable Development
And World Ecology, v3n4 (Dec, 1996): 49-69.
[Environmental Space is being used by
many groups throughout Europe as the basis for describing targets to make
development in Europe sustainable. The concept is described together with the
policy suggestions for a sustainable Europe emanating from the use of this
method. The methodology of Environmental Space is then evaluated critically and
its similarity with Ecological Footprints is noted. It is also noted that
alternative calculations, using a materials balance approach, give a very
different solution to some of the problems of making development sustainable,
as addressed by the use of Environmental Space. This difference raises the
questions of whether the approach is roughly right or not, and whether the
policy prescriptions by using the Environmental Space method are misguided.]
Moser, C. 1995. "Urban Social Policy
and Poverty Reduction," Environment and Urbanization,
v7(1995):159-171.
Moser, C., Herbert, A. & Makonnen, R. 1993. Urban Poverty in the Context
of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Policy Responses. TWP DP No.
4, Urban Development Division, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Muir, Star A. 1994. "The Web and the Spaceship: Metaphors of the
Environment," Et Cetera, v51n2 (Summer 1994): 145-152.
[Two metaphors commonly used by the
environmental movement--the web of life metaphor and the spaceship metaphor.
Examines their implications.]
Munasinghe, Mohan & Walter Shearer
(Eds.). 1995. Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical
Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and The
World Bank.
Nielsen, Francois & Arthur S. Alderson. 1997. " The Kuznets Curve and
the Great U-Turn: Income Inequality in U.S. Counties, 1970 to 1990," American
Sociological Review, v62n1 (Feb 1997): 12-33.
[Nielsen and Alderson examine the
determinants of inequality in the distribution of family income in
approximately 3,100 counties of the US in 1970, 1980, and 1990. Such a study
provides a window on global trends in social inequality during the period,
which spans the tail end of the Kuznets curve and the more recent upswing in
income inequality.]
Nitecki, Matthew H. 1988. Evolutionary
Progress. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Nolan, Patrick & Gerhard Lenski. 1996. " Technology, Ideology and
Societal Development," Sociological Perspectives, v39n1 (Spring
1996): 23-28.
[To address the question of whether
ideology or technology has been the more powerful force shaping societies and
their development, log-linear models are used to assess the association of
typologies based on religious beliefs and on subsistence technology with
indicators of community size, political complexity, stratification, marital
patterns and premarital sex norms.]
Norgaard, Richard B. 1988. "Sustainable
Development: A Co-evolutionary View," Futures, v20n6 (Dec.
1988):p.606(15).
Norton, Brian. 1986. "Conservation and Preservation: A Conceptual
Rehabilitation," Journal of Environmental Ethics, v8 (1986):p.?.
Nussbaum, Martha & Amartya Sen (eds). 1993a. The Quality of Life.
Oxford: Clarendon.
O'Hara, Phillip Anthony. 1997. "A New Measure of Macroeconomic Performance
and Institutional Change: The Index of Community, Warranted Knowledge, and
Participation," Journal of Economic Issues, v31n1 (Mar 1997):
103-128.
[Develops a macroeconomic measure of
socioeconomic progress based on the holistic view of the instrumental and
ceremonial functions of institutions.]
O'Neill, R.V., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide
& T.F.H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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Odum, Eugene P. 1997. Ecology: A Bridge Between Science and Society.
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of Ecology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
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Impact of Land-Use Change," Bioscience, v44n5 (May 1994): 300-304.
[Key research issues relative to
rapid changes in land use and land cover that affect the global environment are
discussed, including social-economic factors. It is difficult to predict how
social-economical factors affecting land-use practices will be affected by
changes in climate or atmospheric chemistry.] {Land use;
Social conditions and trends; Economic conditions; Environment}
Osborn, Fairfield (ed.). 1962. Our
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[Argues that the Bank should not
retire at the age of 50. Mission should be restructured to benefit from the
growth of private sector financial resources and help coordinate the work of
nongovernmental organizations.]
Palik, B.J. & K.S. Pregitzer. 1992.
"A Comparison of Pre-settlement and Present-Day Forests on Two Bigtooth
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Pandey, M.D. & J.S. Nathwani. 1996. " Measurement of Socio-Economic
Inequality Using the Life-Quality Index," Social Indicators Research,
v39n2 (Oct 1996): 187-202.
[Present a method for measuring
socio-economic inequality using a composite social indicator, Life-Quality
Index, derived from two principal indicators of development, the Real Gross
Domestic Product per person and the life expectancy at birth. The proprosed
approach is illustrated using data from urban Canada.]
Parsons, Talcott. 1964a The Social System.
New York: Free Press.
[Pattern Variables Scheme.]
Parsons, Talcott. 1964b. "Evolutionary
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[Structural features universal to
modernism.]
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Environmental Systems. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
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Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Proops, J. L. R. 1993. " A Proposed Alternative Approach to Integrating
the Environment into the National Accounts," in E. Lutz (ed.), Towards
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Ecosystems," Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, v4n6 (Nov
1994): 173-187.
Deals with urban ecology as a
biological science and applies some of the topics of general importance in
ecology to the special conditions found in towns and cities. Argues that the
proportion of successfully established introduced species is higher in cities
than in rural or forest areas due to the high habitat diversity of urban and
industrial areas. Since most urban communities are in a state of inequilibrium,
theories of stability based on equilibrium are inadequate for urban ecosystems.
The productivity of the 'ecosystem city' mainly depends on the area of unsealed
open space and the successional stage of the plant communities of the various
habitats.] {Diversity; Stability; Competition; Complexity;
Insects; Trees; Soils}
Rees, William & Mathis Wackernagel.
1994. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth.
Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers.
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[Editorial]
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Carrying-Capacity: Area-Based Indicators of Sustainability," Population
And Environment, v17n3 (Jan, 1996): 195-215.
[Conventional wisdom suggests that
because of technology and trade, human carrying capacity is infinitely
expandable and therefore virtually irrelevant to demography and development
planning. By contrast, this article argues that ecological carrying capacity
remains the fundamental basis for demographic accounting. A fundamental
question for ecological economics is whether remaining stocks of natural
capital are adequate to sustain the anticipated load of the human economy into
the next century. Since mainstream (neoclassical) models are blind to
ecological structure and function, they cannot even properly address this
question. The present article therefore assesses the capital stocks, physical
flows, and corresponding ecosystems areas required to support the economy using
"ecological footprint" analysis. This approach shows that most
so-called "advanced" countries are running massive unaccounted
ecological deficits with the rest of the planet. Since not all countries can be
net importers of carrying capacity, the material standards of the wealthy
cannot be extended sustainably to even the present world population using
prevailing technology. in this light, sustainability may well depend on such
measures as greater emphasis on equity in international relationships,
significant adjustments to prevailing terms of trade, increasing regional
self-reliance, and policies to stimulate a massive increase in the material and
energy efficiency of economic activity.]
Repetto, R. & R. Solorzano et al. 1991. Accounts
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World Resources Institute.
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Assets: Natural Resources in the National Accounts. Washington, D.C.: World
Resources Institute.
Rich, Bruce. 1994. Mortgaging The Earth: The World Bank, Environmental
Impoverishment, And The Crisis Of Development. Boston: Beacon Press.
Rittel, Horst W.J. & Melvin M. Weber. 1973. "Dilemmas in a General
Theory of Planning," Policy Sciences, v4n2 (June 1973):155-169.
Rosenberg, J. 1997. "Ecological Footprint," Science, v275n5303
(Feb 21, 1997): 1052-1053.
Rostow, Walt W. 1997. "Lessons of the Plan: Looking Forward to the Next
Century," Foreign Affairs, v76n3 (May 1997): 205-212.
[Rostow notes that three dimensions
of the Marshall Plan increase in significance with the passage of time,
including the Plan's role in producing a post-war global economy that would
avoid the problems that plagued the West after WWI.]
Rowbotham, Sheila & Swasti Mitter (eds.)
1994. Dignity and Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing Among Poor
Women in the Third World and the First. New York: Routledge.
["Compares the lives of women in
the First and Third Worlds, and examines how women around the world have
resisted and reorganized existing forms of production to create alternative,
more human circumstances of work and daily life. Offering a wide range of
stories - from street vendors of India and garment workers of Mexico, to
homeworkers in Britain - the contributors work to break down the ideological
barriers that imperial colonialism and racism have built among women."]
Runnels, Curtis N. 1995. "Environmental
Degradation in Ancient Greece," Scientific American, v272n3 (Mar
1995): 96-99.
Russett, Cynthia Eagle. 1966. The Concept of Equilibrium in American Social
Thought. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
Sage, R.F. 1995. "Was Low Atmospheric CO 2 During The
Pleistocene A Limiting Factor For The Origin Of Agriculture?" Global Change
Biology, v1n2, (Apr 1995): 93-106.
Sagoff, Mark. 1988. "Some Problems with Environmental Economics," Environmental
Ethics, v10 (Spring 1988):p55(20).
Sawicki, David S. & Patrice Flynn. 1996. "Neighborhood Indicators: A
Review of the Literature and an Assessment of Conceptual and Methodological
Issues," Journal of the American Planning Association, v62n2
(Spring 1996): 165-183.
[Recent developments in desktop
geographic information systems, combined with the devolution of social programs
to the local level, have created the technology and the need for
neighborhood-level indicators. Decent review of the literature and useful
refs.] {Neighborhoods; Urban areas; Economic indicators;
Social conditions and trends; Social research; Public policy; Geographic
information systems.}
Schama, Simon. 1995. Landscape and Memory.
New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Schmidhauser, John R. 1989. " Power, Legal Imperialism, and
Dependency," Law and Society Review, v23n5 (1989): 857-878.
[Elements of scholarly perspectives
that deal with political and economic power, legal imperialism and dependency
in different ways are examined. The contributions of contemporary scholars,
like Shapiro, have set the stage for the development of indicators of
considerably greater precision for transnational relationships.]
Schooler, Carmi. 1996. "Cultural and
Social-Structural Explanations of Cross-National Psychological
Differences," Annual Review of Sociology, v22 (1996): 323-349.
[Cross-national differences in
individual values, attitudes, and behaviors are examined, focusing on how
social-structural and cultural factors account for the differences found.]
Schumacher, E F. 1973. Small is
Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered, New York: Harper and Row.
Sen, Amartya. 1994. "Population: Delusion and Reality," New York
Review of Books, v41n15 (Sep 22, 1994): 62-71.
[The upcoming International
Conference on Population and Development in Cairo Egypt has focused
considerable attention on the divisive subject. Problems of migration, income,
food supply, poverty and women's rights are discussed.]
{Population; Conferences; Migration; Income; Economic development; Food
supply}
Serafy, Salah El. 1989. " The Proper
Calculation of Income from Depletable Natural Resources." In Y. J. Ahmad,
S. El Serafy, and E. Lutz, eds., Environmental Accounting for Sustainable
Development, a UNEP-World Bank Symposium. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Serafy, Salah El. 1995. " Measuring Development: The Role of Environmental
Accounting," International Social Science Journal, v47n1 (March
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Shuman, Michael. 1994. Towards a Global Village: International Community
Development Initiatives. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
[Analyzes the emerging global
movement of community-based development initiatives, or CDIs--policies and
actions undertaken jointly by NGOs, community groups, and local governments to
promote global development that reaches beyond the borders of a local
community. Explores reasons behind development of CDIs, different CDI
methodologies used to respond to diverse political, economic and environmental
issues, and challenges the movement now faces. Concludes with short summaries
of the CDI movement in 22 countries and a list of key contact people,
publications, and other resources."]
Sikora, R. I., and Brian Barry. !978. Obligations
to Future Generations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993a. " Environmental Planning, Ecosystem Science,
and Ecosystem Approaches for Integrating Environment and Development," Environmental
Management, v17n3 (1993). p289-303.
Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993b. " Implementing Ecosystem-based Management:
Development of Theory, Practice, and Research for Planning and Managing a
Region," BioScience, v43n9 (Oct 1993). p612-622.
Smith, William C. & Carlos H. Acuna & Eduardo A. Gamarra. 1994. Democracy,
Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile and Mexico. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
["Highlights the connections
between democratic politics and marketplace logic - a link reinforced by the
"Washington Consensus" of freemarket reforms promoted by policy
makers in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the U.S.
government. Leading U.S. and Latin American political scientists, economists,
and sociologists analyze the factors shaping democratization and economic
restructuring and assess alternative scenarios for politics and economics in
the region."]
Solecki, W.D. & J.M. Welch. 1995.
"Urban Parks: Green Spaces Or Green Walls," Landscape and Urban
Planning, v32n2 (Jun 1995): 93-106.
[Parks as an urban landscape feature
serve as providers of passive and active recreation, environmental benefits,
and wildlife habitat, and also as boundary landscapes separating neighborhoods
of distinct socioeconomic characteristics. When an urban park functions as a
boundary, it impoverishes neighborhoods because it often leads to less use of
the open space resource, which then can become a derelict landscape. Four parks
in Boston's neighborhoods of Roxbury and North Dorchester served as study sites
to evaluate the hypothesis that parks located between socioeconomically
distinct neighborhoods function as boundary landscapes. The characteristics
examined include species diversity, size class diversity, and percent in good
condition. The results show that while white and non-white populations were
distinct, the spatial clustering of the populations were random. All four of
the study-site parks manifest some characteristics of boundary parks, but two
parks were below average for all three measures of urban forest structure
condition.]
Soule, Michael E. & Gary Lease (eds.).
1995. Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction.
Washington, DC: Island Press.
Soule, Michael E. 1991. " Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance:
Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape," Journal of
the American Planning Association, v57, n3 (Summer 1991): p313(11).
[The study of plants and animals on
islands, both natural and artificial, has produced a body of generalizations
immediately useful to land use planners concerned with minimizing the impacts
of habitat destruction on the environment. A case study of 37 isolated
chaparral fragments in San Diego, California, demonstrates the consequences of
habitat fragmentation, including rapid and predictable extinctions of native
birds in isolated canyons. This study and others can be used to generate
planning guidelines for the prevention of such disappearances. Among the most
important measures that can be taken are consolidation of open space set-asides
and the provision of corridors linking habitat patches. Corridors can mitigate
some of the negative effects of development on wildlife, especially where they
facilitate the movement of large predators. (Reprinted by permission of the
publisher.)] {City planning - Habitat (Ecology) - Research -
Land use Planning - Wildlife conservation - Analysis}
St. Clair, Matthew. 1998. "GDP and the
Smoke Signals from Southeast Asia," World Watch, v11n1 (Jan 1998):
7-8.
[The gross domestic product (GDP) is
not a complete measure of happiness and well-being. Southeast Asia and its
disregard for the environment is a good example of this; forest fires in this
region are devastating natural resources and crippling the area.]
Steadman, David W. 1995. "Prehistoric
Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology," Science,
v267 (24 Feb 1995): 1123-1130.
Stephens, C. 1996. "Healthy Cities or Unhealthy Islands: The Health and
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v8n2 (1996): 9 30.
Stewart, F. 1995. Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices. London:
Routledge.
Stone, Christopher D. 1974. Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights
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Strange, Carolyn J. 1997. "Trampled By Our Own Ecological
Footprints," Bioscience, v47n6 (Jun 1997): 337-338.
[A new tool called ecological
footprint analysis is providing sobering peoof that humanity is living beyond
the Earth's means. The technique is also providing a yardstick for measuring
sustainability.] {Environmental impact Environmental
monitoring Ecology Sustainable development}
Straussfogel, Debra. 1997.
"World-Systems Theory: Toward a Heuristic and Pedagogic Conceptual
Tool," Economic Geography, v73n1 (Jan 1997): 118-130.
[Uses complex systems theory, Marxist
conceptions of economic structure, and four-capital model from ecological
economics to operationalize core-periphery structural definitions. Theory of
dynamic processes.]
Streeten, Paul. 1971. "How Poor Are the
Poor Countries," 78+ in Dudley Seers & Leonard Joy (eds.), Development
in a Divided World. Hammondsworth, UK: Penguin.
[Effects of "initial
conditions," e.g.. climate, on development.]
Stremlau, John. 1996. "Dateline
Bangalore: Third World Technopolis," Foreign Policy, n102 (Spring
1996): 152-168.
[Many US companies rely on computer
software developed and tailored to their needs in Bangalore and other Indian cities.
India is positioned to become a major force in the global software
marketplace.]
Sustainable Seattle. 1993. Indicators of
Sustainable Community: A Report to Citizens on Long-Term Trends in Our
Community. Seattle, WA: Sustainable Seattle.
Sweet, Timothy. 1994. "American Pastoralism and the Marketplace:
Eighteenth-Century Ideologies of Farming," Early American Literature,
v29n1 (1994): 59-80.
[Any attempt to assess the ideology
of US pastoralism at its origins must account for the ways in which pastoral
writers conceptualized the material basis of rural life--farming. Thomas
Jefferson's "Notes on the State of Virginia" and J. Hector St John de
Crevecoeur's "Letters from an American Farmer" are examined as
expressions of an agrarian-capitalist ideology.]
Tabellini, G. 1991. "The Politics of
Intergenerational Redistribution,". Journal of Political Economy,
v99n2 (April 1991):p.335(23).
Taylor, Charles. 1995. " Two Theories of Modernity," Hastings
Center Report, v25n2 (Mar 1995): 24-33.
[The rise of modernity can be taken
either as a change from earlier centuries to today, involving something like
"development," as the demise of a "traditional" society and
the rise of the "modern." This is an acultural theory that conceives
of modernity as the growth of reason, defined as the growth of scientific
consciousness, or the development of a secular outlook, or the rise of
instrumental rationality, or an ever-clearer distinction between fact-finding
and evaluation. But modernity is not that one form of life toward which every
culture converges as it discards beliefs. Nor is it a set of transformations
that any and every culture can go through--and that all will probably be forced
to undergo. Modernity is a movement from one background of understandings to
another . Outlines
the terms of a cultural theory.]
Thomas, Keith. 1983. Man and the Natural
World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500-1800. New York, NY: Pantheon
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Tietenberg, Tom. 1988. Environmental and Natural Resource Economics.
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Tiffen, M. & M. Mortimore & F. Gichuki. 1994. More People, Less
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Tilman, David & Johannes Knops & David Wedin & Peter Reich &
Mark Ritchie & Evan Siemann. 1997. "The Influence of Functional
Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes," Science,
v277n5330 (Aug 29, 1997): 1300-1302.
[Habitat modifications and management
practices that change functional diversity and functional composition are
likely to have large impacts on ecosystem processes.]
Tudge, Colin. 1996. The Time Before
History: 5 Million Years of Human Impact. New York, NY: Scribner.
Turner, B.L. II & W. Clark & R. Kates & J. Richards & J.
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Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years.
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UNCHS. 1996. "The Global Context: Global Population Change and
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