[Last Updated: ]
|
|
||
Smart
Growth and Sprawl: Working Bibliography
Ashwani Vasishth <ashwani@csun.edu> [Last Update: April
12, 2004]
Adams, George & David
Gerard. 2000. "Smart Growth and Transportation:
Opportunities and Challenges for Austin," ITE Journal, (Nov 2000): 30-34.
Alminana, Robert & Paul Crawford
& Andres Duany & Laura Hall & Steve Lawton & David
Sargent. 2003. White Paper On Smart Growth
Policy In California.
Prepared for the State of California, GovernorÕs Office of Planning and
Research, 10 February 2003. <http://fisherandhall.com/OPR/WhitePaper.pdf>
Anonymous. 1998.
"Redesigning Suburbia," Environment, 40.5 (1998): 23-24.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The traditional suburb in the US is beginning to give
way to more compact communities with a wide array of amenities within walking
distance. This change has occurred because of many factors, including the
desire to reduce urbal sprawl, the rising cost of land and highway construction
and the increasing number of people who work at home.]
Anonymous. 2000. "Stopping Urban Sprawl," The Ecologist, 30.9 (2000): 15. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Anonymous. 2001.
"Report urges EPA to Reduce Urban Sprawl Through CWA," Civil Engineering, 71.4 (2001): 8. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
Anonymous. 2003. "The
Business of Sprawl," Multinational
Monitor, 24.10 (2003): 5. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Complaints about
suburban sprawl include worsening traffic and degrading air quality. In the US
the two overriding factors that contribute to sprawl are racism and
corporations. Racism continues to fuel white flight out of cities and inner
suburbs, and individual choices are framed by the corporatized local
geography.]
Anonymous. 2004.
"Designing Communities for Active Living," Journal of Physical Education,
Recreation & Dance, 75.2
(2004): 8. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [With
adult obesity and inactivity on the rise, researchers are looking at all causes
for American inactivity levels. One important aspect of life that researchers
say contributes to inactivity is the layout of American communities, where more
and more Americans are finding it harder to walk in their communities due to
increased sprawl and traffic concerns.]
Anoymous. 2002. "GIS
Demonstrates Urban Sprawl,"
Civil Engineering,
72.3 (2002): 33. ProQuest.
LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [State
and local officials are using geographical information system data, aerial
digital photos and Landsat infrared images to create visual representations of
urban sprawl that are proving useful in making presentations to the public on
planning issues.]
Atkinson, Glen, Ted Oleson. 1996. "Urban Sprawl As A Path Dependent Process," Journal of Economic Issues, 30.2 (1996): 609-615. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Urban sprawl is
a process driven by cumulative, positive feedback loops that overpower the
self-correcting, negative feedback loops or urban land markets. Although the
problems associated with sprawl are exacerbated by growth, sprawl has its own
internal dynamic especially in metropolitan areas with fragmented local
governmental institutions. Consequently, sprawl needs to be studied in site
specific cases in order to isolate the dynamics of sprawl from other influences
such as population and employment growth. In metropolitan areas, the fiscal
system can induce sprawl by spatially separating the locus of benefits and
costs associated with growth.]
Audirac, Ivonne & Maria
Zifou. 1989. Urban Development Issues: What Is
Controversial In Urban Sprawl? An Annotated Bibliography of Often-Overlooked Sources. Chicago, Ill.: Council of Planning
Librarians.
Baker, Beth. 2001. "Environmentalists Sue Small Business Administration
Over Urban Sprawl,"
Bioscience 51.1 (2001):
14. ProQuest. LA Public Library,
Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Environmental
organizations are seeking to hold the federal government accountable for its
role in promoting urban sprawl. In October, Friends of the Earth and the Forest
Conservation Council filed a lawsuit against the US Small Business
Administration (SBA) for violating the National Environmental Policy ACT by
failing to disclose and mitigate the effects of SBA's lending programs on urban
sprawl in the Washington DC metropolitan area.]
Baldasarre, Mark. 2002. Special
Survey On Land Use. San
Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California. <http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/S_1102MBS.pdf> [Californians recognize the challenges facing this
fastgrowing state Ð from too much traffic congestion to too little affordable
housing Ð but most do not experience these troubles in their everyday lives,
according to a new survey released today by the Public Policy Institute of
California (PPIC) and the Hewlett, Irvine, and Packard Foundations. The result?
Residents are deeply ambivalent about their own part Ð as well as their
governmentÕs role Ð in creating solutions.]
Beaumont, Constance E. 1994. How Superstore Sprawl Can Harm Communities and What Citizens Can Do About It. Washington, DC: National Trust for
Historic Preservation.
Belzer, Dena & Gerald
Autler. 2002. "Countering Sprawl With
Transit-Oriented Development,"
Issues In Science and Technology, 19.1 (2002): 51-58.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Benfield, F. Kaid & Jutka Terris
& Nancy Vorsanger. 2001. Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart
Growth In Communities Across America.
New York: Natural Resources Defense Council.
Benfield, F. Kaid & Jutka Terris
& Nancy Vorsanger. 2001. Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart
Growth In Communities Across America.
New York: Natural Resources Defense Council.
Benson, Virginia O. 1999. "Changing Places: Rebuilding Community in the Age of
Sprawl," Journal of
the American Planning Association,
65.1 (1999): 124-125.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Changing Places: Rebuilding
Community in the Age of Sprawl by Richard Moe and Carter Wilkie is reviewed.]
Berke, Philip R & Joe MacDonald
& Nancy White & Michael Holmes, et al. 2003.
"Greening Development To Protect Watersheds," Journal of the American
Planning Association, 69.4
(2003): 397-413. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [New
urbanism has been touted as a more environmentally sustainable form of
development than conventional low-density sprawl. To test this assertion, this
study comparatively evaluates how well 50 matched pairs of new urban and
conventional developments in the United States integrate watershed protection
techniques. Findings Indicate that new urban development practices offer a
greener and more compact alternative to sprawl in greenfields on the suburban
fringe, as they are more likely to protect and restore sensitive areas, reduce
impervious cover, and incorporate best management practices. New urban
developments in infill sites are more likely to incorporate impervious surface
reduction techniques and restore degraded stream environments, but have
equivalent levels of sensitive area protection and use of best management
practices. Recommendations offer ways in which watershed protection techniques
can be used to implement more environmentally sustainable development.]
Bert, Ray. 2002.
"Solving Sprawl: Models of Smark Growth in Communities across
America," Civil
Engineering, 72.3 (2002):
80. ProQuest. LA Public Library,
Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
Bertaud, Alain. 2002. "Clearing the
Air In Atlanta: Transit and Smart Growth Or Conventional Economics?" Accessed March 24,
2004. http://alain-bertaud.com/images/AB_Clearing_The_Air_in%20Atlanta_1.pdf. [ARC Regional Transportation Plan addresses the problem
of pollution and congestion in Atlanta by proposing to expand the existing
transit network and to reform land use to promote a more intensive use of the
existing built-up area. This paper argues that, first, the current spatial
structure of Atlanta is incompatible with a sizable transit market share; and
second, AtlantaÕs spatial structure is so resilient that it cannot change
significantly in the next 20 years, even if draconian land use regulations were
adopted. The paper concludes that technology and congestion pricing is the only
way to solve the problem of congestion and pollution in the long term. However
while voters still believe that federally subsidized transit and smart growth
will solve the congestion and pollution problem they are unlikely to support a
solution which would increase their direct transport costs even if it decreases
congestion and shorten commuting trips.]
Berube, Alan & Benjamin
Forman. 2002. Living
on the Edge: Decentralization Within Cities in the 1990s. Washington DC: Center on Urban &
Metropolitan Policy, The Brookings
Institution. <http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/es/urban/publications/berubeformanedge.pdf> [ "Our analysis of population changes within
cities reveals that decentralization is occurring even inside city
borders." * Large cities exhibited uneven growth patterns in the
1990s; * While growing cities were
primarily made up of growing neighborhoods, nine such cities actually saw a majority of their
neighborhoods decline in population;
* Over 60 percent of central city population growth occurred in "outer-ring" neighborhoods, compared to just 11 percent in
"inner-core" neighborhoods;
* About two-thirds of all "downtown" census tracts gained
population, including many in cities that lost population overall.]
Blackman, Allen & Alan
Krupnick. 2001. "Location-efficient Mortgages: Is
The Rationale Sound?" Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 20.4 (2001): 633-649. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Location
efficient mortgage (LEM) programs are an increasingly popular approach to
combating urban sprawl. LEMs allow families who want to live in densely populated,
transit-rich communities to obtain a larger mortgage with a smaller down
payment than traditional underwriting guidelines allow.]
Blank, Gary B. & Douglas S.
Parker & Scott M. Bode.
2002. "Multiple
Benefits of Large, Undeveloped Tracts In Urbanized Landscapes: A North Carolina
Example," Journal of
Forestry, 100.3 (2002):
27-32. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In
North Carolina's Research Triangle region, development procedures threaten open
space. Expanding municipalities and suburban sprawl have isolated public lands
as private landowners subdivide or sell to developers.]
Blumenauer, Earl. 1998. "The View from Capitol Hill," The Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998): 15-16. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[In the past five
years, increased attention to the role government policies play in such
problems as urban sprawl and central-city deterioration has motivated
academics, advocates, administrators, and even, occasionally, federal
legislation to focus on how to refashion the policies that have accelerated
urban expansion. In today's conservative political climate on Capital Hill,
strategies most likely to prevail are those that reduce costs, promote
efficient government, and remove the government subsidies that encourage
individuals to move out of the city. Federal policies profoundly shape
individual and local government land use choices, which in turn can create
enormous public costs.]
Bochner, Brian S. 2000. "Smart Growth Tools for Transportation," ITE Journal, (Nov 2000):
26-29. [Smart growth has become popular in
recent years as a way to improve quality of life and efficient use of available
resources. Many communities have embarked
on efforts to pursue smart growth.
However, implementation of smart growth has been harder to achieve. This feature provides descriptions of a
number of tools that can help to implement the transportation components (and
others) of smart growth.]
Braun, Mark Edward. 2003. "The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and
the Rise of American Environmentalism," Rural Sociology, 68.2 (2003): 307-310.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Braun
reviews "The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of
American Environmentalism" by Adam Rome.]
Brueckner, Jan K. & Hyun-A.
Kim. 2003. "Urban Sprawl and the Property
Tax," International
Tax and Public Finance, 10.1
(2003): 5. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [This
paper explores the connection between the property tax and urban sprawl. While
the tax's depressing effect on improvements reduces population density, spurring
the spatial expansion of cities, a countervailing effect from lower dwelling
sizes may dominate, raising densities and making cities smaller. The analysis
shows that this latter outcome is guaranteed under CES preferences when the
elasticity of substitution [sigma] is high. But numerical results for the
Leontief case (where [sigma] is zero) suggest that the property tax encourages
urban sprawl when substitution between housing and other goods is low. Thus,
the distortions generated by the property tax may include inefficient spatial
expansion of cities, suggesting the tax may belong on the list of causal
factors identified by critics of urban sprawl.]
Burchell, Robert W. & Sahan
Mukherji. 2003. "Conventional Development Versus
Managed Growth: The Costs of Sprawl," American Journal of Public Health, 93.9 (2003): 1534-1540. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Burchell and
Mukherji examine the effects of sprawl, or conventional development, versus managed
growth on land and infrastructure consumption as well as on real estate
development and public service costs in the US. After discussing the results of
the study, they have concluded that managed growth can save significant amounts
of human and natural resources with limited effects on traditional development
procedures.]
Buzbee, William W. 2003. "Urban Form, Health, and the Law's Limits," American Journal of Public
Health, 93.9 (2003):
1395-1399. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Buzbee
opines that urban form, the law, and health are undoubtedly linked; however,
nonlegal factors, such as 20th century reliance on the automobile as well as
associated governmental actions and private investment choices, have greatly
influenced urban form, especially sprawl. He further claims that existing legal
frameworks and modest legal reforms provide means to encourage or at least
allow urban forms that are more conducive to health.]
California Legislature, Smart Growth
Caucus. Growth Challenges
Facing the Golden State: A Series of Informational Hearings. Sacramento, CA: Smart Growth Caucus.
Calthorpe, Peter & William
Fulton. 2001. The Regional City: Planning for the
End of Sprawl. Washington, DC:
Island Press.
Campbell, Frieda. 1998. "Smart Growth, Stupid Policy," Regulation, 21.2 (1998): 10-12. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Afraid that it
was running out of usable land and that government action was required to halt
suburban sprawl, Maryland last year enacted so-called "Smart Growth"
legislation. Such state zoning laws are not confined to Maryland; other states
have adopted similar restrictions aimed at managing growth by increasing
population densities in already developed areas. The Maryland model is being
touted by the National Association of Counties, the US Conference of Mayors,
the EPA and Vice President Al Gore under a new umbrella organization called the
Joint Center for Sustainable Communities. But Smart Growth is based on
discredited research and will likely ultimately discredit any state that adopts
it.]
Casado, Matt A. 1999. "Balancing Urban Growth and Landscape
Preservation," Cornell
Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40.4 (1999): 64-69.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Flagstaff has become a rapidly growing city at the
junction of Interstates 17 and 40 in Arizona. Located at 7,000 feet above sea
level in the foothills of the 12,600-foot-high San Francisco Peaks, Flagstaff's
sprawl threatens its arid, alpine environment. At the same time, Flagstaff
remains a major staging area for visitors to the Grand Canyon and a nearby ski
area, among other attractions. As a consequence, a lengthy strip - almost a
separate city - of lodging properties, restaurants, and gas stations has
developed along the old Route 66, which remains a major artery through
Flagstaff. With expansion have come an anti-growth reaction and efforts to
balance development with environmental preservation. A community-wide effort
has established a 5-year plan intended to create that balance between
development and environmental protection.]
Center for Transportation Studies. 2003. Market
Choices And Fair Prices: Research Suggests Surprising Answers to Regional
Growth Dilemmas. Report #17 in the Series: Transportation and Regional
Growth Study, University of Minnesota.
CTS 03-02. Accessed March
24, 2004. <http://www.cts.umn.edu/trg/publications/pdfreport/TRGrpt17.pdf>
Cervero, Robert & Michael
Duncan. 2003. "Walking, Bicycling, and Urban
Landscapes: Evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area," American Journal of Public
Health, 93.9 (2003):
1478-1483. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Some
claim that car-dependent cities contribute to obesity by discouraging walking
and bicycling. Cervero and Duncan examine the links between urban environments
and nonmotorized travel by using household activity data from the San Francisco
region. To this end, they made use of factor analysis to represent the urban
design and land-use diversity dimensions of built environments. They also
estimated discrete-choice models by combining factor scores with control
variables, like steep terrain, that gauge impediments to walking and bicycling.
They found out that built-environment factors exerted far weaker, although not
inconsequential, influences on walking and bicycling than control variables.
They suggest that stronger evidence on the importance of urban landscapes in
shaping foot and bicycle travel is needed, if the urban planning and public
health professions are to forge an effective alliance against car-dependent
sprawl.]
Charles, John A. 2000. "Managing Urban Growth," The World & I, 15.8 (2000): 30-37.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [A "no growth" policy would be worse than
problems created by urban and suburban sprawl in terms of job loss,
long-distance commuting, and high housing costs. Policies to slow down or
"manage" urbanization are much more common and effective.]
Churchman, Arza. 1999. "Disentangling the Concept of Density," Journal of Planning Literature, v13n4 (May 1999): 389-411. [At first glance, the concept of density is
wonderfully appealing to planners. It is an objective, quantitative, and, by
itself, neutral term. However, a second and third glance reveals that it is a
very complex concept. Some of the complexity is inherent to the nature of the
phenomena associated with density, but part of the complexity stems from the
different ways in which density is defined and used in different countries and
different disciplines. This review of the literature presents this complexity
in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the concept and a more
careful approach to its use. The review includes both academic and practice
literature from the planning, urban studies, and environment-behavior
disciplines and selected planning documents from countries around the world.]
Ciscel, David H. 2001. "The Economics of Urban Sprawl: Inefficiency As A Core
Feature of Metropolitan Growth," Journal of Economic Issues, 35.2 (2001): 405-413. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Three components
of the Memphis MSA economy with a focus on today's provision of social
infrastructure and its impact on the economy of tomorrow are examined: 1. jobs,
business, and housing, 2. commuting, and 3. government infrastructure capital
costs. The modern metropolis is becoming less efficient because of urban
sprawl. Driven by functional segregation in suburban design, sprawl inverts the
traditional efficiencies of urban agglomeration. For the Memphis MSA and other
modern commuter-based cities, alternatives seem somewhat far-fetched. The path
to the recognition of the problems of sprawling city and their reformation will
be slow and tortuous.]
Cohen, James R. 2002. "Maryland's "Smart Growth": Using Incentives
to Combat Sprawl," in G.
Squires (ed). 2002. Urban Sprawl:
Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses. Washington, D.C: Urban
Institute Press. Accessed
March 24, 2004. <http://www.arch.umd.edu/URSP/People/faculty/jcohensgchapter.pdf>
Crane, Randall & Daniel
Chatman. 2002. "Traffic and Sprawl:
Evidence from U.S. Commuting, 1985 To 1997," Planning and Markets, v6n1 (Sep 2003): <http://www-pam.usc.edu/volume6/v6i1a3s1.html>
Crane, Randall. 2000. "The Influence of Urban Form on Travel: An Interpretive
Review," Journal of
Planning Literature, v15n1 (Aug 2000): 3-23. {Sets
out to evaluate the effectiveness of various planning strategies, such as new
urbanism, smart growth, and livability planning, to see if design can actually
influence travel behaviour.
Concludes that, although there is lots of room for research, and
although research is getting better, there is no conclusive evidence that land
use and urban design can be used to selectively change travel behaviour.]
Crane, Randall. 2002. "Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of
the American Dream / How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken
/ Picture Windows: How the Suburbs," Journal of the American Planning Association, 68.1 (2002): 104-106. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[The following
books are reviewed: 1. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of
the American Dream, by andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck,
2. How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken, by Alex Marshal,
and 3. Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened, by Rosalyn Baxandall and
Elizabeth Ewen.]
D'Anieri, Philip. 2002. "When Corporations Leave Town: The Costs and Benefits
of Metropolitan Job Sprawl,"
Journal of the American Planning Association, 68.3 (2002): 323-324. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[When
Corporations Leave Town: The Costs and Benefits of Metropolitan Job Sprawl by
Joseph Persky and Wim Wiewel is reviewed.]
David Suzuki Foundation. 2003. Driven To Action:
Stopping Sprawl In Your Community. Vancouver, BC: David Suzuki Foundation. <http://www.davidsuzuki.org/Climate_Change/Sprawl.asp>
David Suzuki Foundation. 2003. Understanding
Sprawl: A CitizenÕs Guide.
Vancouver, BC: David Suzuki Foundation. <http://www.davidsuzuki.org/files/Climate/Ontario/Understanding_Sprawl.pdf>
Davies, Mark S. 2001. "Understanding Sprawl: Lessons From Architecture For
Legal Scholars," Michigan
Law Review, 99.6 (2001):
1520-1535. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Surburban
Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream, by andres
Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, and Jeff Speck, is reviewed.]
De Cerreno, Allison L.C. &
Isabella Pierson. 2004. Context
Sensitive Solutions in Large Central Cities. Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management, NY
University. Accessed March 24,
2004. <http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/transportation/research/research_docs/CSS%20report%20FINAL%202-9-04.pdf>
DiLorenzo, Thomas J. 2000. "Suburban Legends," Society
38.1 (2000): 11-18.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [DiLorenzo argues that critics of suburban living have
exaggerated the problems associated with "suburban sprawl" and that
the proposed solutions might be inefficient, harmful to growth, and
inequitable. The environmental movement that promotes "smart growth"
is discussed.]
Dittmar, Hank. 1995. "A Broader Context For Transportation
Planning," Journal
of the American Planning Association,
61.1 (1995): 7-13.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Americans are not necessarily in love with their
cars. They are responding to a set of signals society gives them by building
ring roads and beltways, subsidizing free parking and suburban development
through utility infrastructure, and providing tax incentives that favor car use
and suburban home ownership. These signals favor continued sprawl and reliance
on cars. Changing these endemic signals by creating incentives to live in the
city, eliminating tax biases toward cars, and enhancing livability can send the
public new signals. The key to solving Americans' conflict about the automobile
and their reliance upon it is restoring travel choices, invigorating
transportation decisions with a sense of good design and of context, and
starting to focus on accessibility rather than mobility.]
Downs, Anthony. "What Does 'Smart
Growth' Really Mean?"
Reprinted from Planning magazine, American Planning
Association. Accessed on March 26,
2004, <http://www.planning.org/PUBS/plng01/april012.htm>. [Can groups as different as homebuilders and transit
advocates be using the term in the same way? The answer is noÑprompting one
expert to offer advice about how to resolve deep conflicts.]
Downs, Anthony. 1998. "The Big Picture: How America's Cities Are
Growing," The
Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998):
8-11. ProQuest. LA Public Library,
Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [Suburban
sprawl has been the dominant form of metropolitan-area growth in the US for the
past 50 years. There are ten traits to suburban sprawl: 1. unlimited outward
extension of new development, 2. low-density residential and commercial
settlements, especially in new-growth areas, 3. leapfrog development jumping
out beyond established settlements, 4. fragmentation of powers over land use
among many small localities, 5. dominance of transportation by private
automotive vehicles, 6. no centralized planning or control of land uses, 7.
widespread strip commercial development, 8. great fiscal disparities among
localities, 9. segregation of specialized types of land uses in different
zones, and 10. reliance mainly on trickle-down to provide housing to low-income
households. Suburban sprawl generates, or at least aggravates, two different
sets of economic and social problems that reduce the quality of life for
millions of Americans. The first set of problems include traffic congestion and
air pollution, and the second includes poverty and crime.]
Downs, Anthony. 2003. "Growth
Management, Smart Growth, and Affordable Housing." Keynote speech given at Brookings
Symposium on the Relationship Between Affordable Housing and Growth Management,
May 29, 2003. Accessed March 26,
2004, <http://www.brookings.edu/views/speeches/downs/20030529_downs.htm>
Duany, andres & Elizabeth
Plater-Zyberk & Jeff Speck.
2000. Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press.
Duany, Andres & Emily Talen.
"Transect Planning. " Journal Of The American Planning Association 68.3 (2002): 245-266. ProQuest. Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.. 11 Mar. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [This article outlines a new approach to the implementation of New
Urbanist and smart growth principles. The approach is termed transect planning
and is based on the creation of the set of human habitats that vary by their
level and intensity of urban character. In transect planning, this range of
environments, from rural to urban, is the basis for organizing the components
of the built world: building, lot, land use, street and all of the other physical
elements of the human habitats. Transect planning seeks to create immersive
environments, created to preserve the integrity of each location along the
rural-to-urban continuum.]
Dunphy, Robert T. 1997. Moving Beyond Gridlock: Traffic and Development. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land
Institute. [Sorting out the
problem -- How projects are developed -- Demographics, changing preferences and
travel -- Portland, challenging the idea of laissez-faire development --
Atlanta, coming to grips with prosperity -- Phoenix, urban villages in the
desert -- St. Louis, sprawl without growth -- Toronto, a pioneering transit
model in a suburbanizing future -- San Diego, protecting paradise -- Houston,
beyond edge city -- Findings and outlook.]
Edgens, Jefferson G, & Samuel R.
Staley. 1999. "The Myth of Farmland
Loss," Forum For
Applied Research and Public Policy,
14.3 (1999): 29-34.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Government-led, slow-growth strategies intended to
reduce sprawl and protect farmland are the rage today. Market-based approaches
to farmland protection will ensure an adequate food supply into the 21st
century.]
El Nasser, Haya & Paul
Overberg. 2001. "Wide Open Spaces: The USA
Today Sprawl Index," USA
Today, (Feb 22, 2001). <http://www.usatoday.com/news/sprawl/main.htm> [The USA Today looks at changes in population density
between 1990 and 1999, and uses these as a proxy for "sprawl". By this definition, Los Angeles is less
"sprawled" than Portland, and Nashville is worse than both.]
Engelking, Susan. 1999. "Austin's Economic
Growth: A Case Study In Futuristic Planning," Economic Development
Review, v16n2 (1999): 21+.
English, Mary R. 1999. "A Guide for Smart Growth. " Forum for Applied
Research and Public Policy
14.3 (1999): 35-39.
ProQuest. Los Angeles
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA..
11 Mar. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Sprawl sucks the life out of older
downtowns and neighborhoods, and it destroys community character and the
countryside. Smart growth is about finding ways to manage sprawl and improve
the total quality of life.]
English, Mary R. 1999. "A Guide for Smart Growth," Forum For Applied Research and
Public Policy, 14.3 (1999):
35-39. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Sprawl
sucks the life out of older downtowns and neighborhoods, and it destroys community
character and the countryside. Smart growth is about finding ways to manage
sprawl and improve the total quality of life.]
English, Mary R. 2001. "The Toll of Sprawl," Forum For Applied Research and Public Policy, 16.2 (2001): 115-116. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
Esseks, J. Dixon & Kimberly L.
Sullivan. 1999. "Scattered Development," Forum For Applied Research and
Public Policy, 14.3 (1999):
24-28. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In
the absence of state regulations governing development, local officials should
carefully consider the economic and social costs of sprawl before approving
new, scattered development.]
Ewing, Reid & Richard A.
Schieber & Charles V. Zegeer.
2003. "Urban Sprawl As
A Risk Factor In Motor Vehicle Occupant and Pedestrian Fatalities," American Journal of Public
Health, 93.9 (2003):
1541-1545. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Ewing,
Schieber, and Zegeer seek to determine the association between urban sprawl and
traffic fatalities. After discussing the results of the study, they concluded
that urban sprawl was directly related to traffic fatalities and pedestrian
fatalities. Subsequent studies should investigate relationships at a finer
geographic scale and should strive to improve on the measure of exposure used
to adjust pedestrian fatality rates.]
Ewing, Reid & Rolf Pendall &
Don Chen. 2002. Measuring
Sprawl and Its Impact.
Smart Growth America.
Accessed on March 25, 2004, <http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/sprawlindex/sprawlreport.html>. [It represents a rigorous effort to measure the
characteristics of sprawl and their impacts on quality of life. In this study,
sprawl is defined as low-density development with residential, shopping and office areas that are rigidly
segregated; a lack of thriving activity centers; and limited choices in travel
routes. These features constitute four factors that can then be measured and
analyzed: 1) Residential density; 2) Neighborhood mix of homes, jobs, and
services; 3) Strength of centers,
such as business districts; and 4) Accessibility via the street network. All of
these are well-established descriptors of urban sprawl in the relevant academic
literature, but this study represents the first effort to attempt to measure
sprawl in all of these dimensions.]
Ewing, Reid & Tom Schmid &
Richard Killingsworth & Amy Zlot & Stephen Raudenbush. "Building the
EvidenceÑU.S. Approaches: Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and Physical
Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity," American Journal of Health Promotion, v18n1 (Sep/Oct 2003): 47-57. <http://www.smartgrowth.umd.edu/pdf/JournalArticle.pdf> [This ecologic study reveals that urban form could be
significantly associated with some forms of physical activity and some health
outcomes. More research is needed to refine measures of urban form, improve
measures of physical activity, and control for other individual and
environmental influences on physical activity, obesity, and related health
outcomes.]
Ewing, Reid H. & Robert
Hodder. 1998. Best Development Practices: A Primer
for Smart Growth. Washington,
D.C.: Smart Growth Network;
International City/County Management Association.
Ewing, Reid. 1997. "Is Los Angeles-style Sprawl Desirable?" Journal of the American
Planning Association, 63.1
(1997): 107-126. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
literature on characteristics, causes, and costs of alternative development patterns
are reviewed. In doing so it debunks arguments by Gordon and Richardson in
favor of Los Angeles-style sprawl. Sprawl is not suburbanization generally, but
rather forms of suburban development that lack accessibility and open space.
Sprawl is not a natural response to market forces, but a product of subsidies
and other market imperfections. The costs of sprawl are borne by everyone, not
just those creating it, and include inflated public spending, loss of resource
lands, and a waning sense of community. The only realistic cure for sprawl is
active planning of the sort practiced almost everywhere except the US.]
Feitelson, Eran. 1993. "The Spatial Effects of Land Use Regulations: A Missing
Link," Journal
of the American Planning Association,
59.4 (1993): 461-472.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [An approach for analyzing the likely spatial effects
of land use regulations and growth controls is presented. Planners need to
identify such effects to evaluate the success of different measures and their
implications for economic growth and citizen welfare. The approach, which
relates the preferences and willingness-to-pay of recent home buyers in the
regulated area (serving as a proxy for potential buyers) to the controls' price
effects, is applied in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area in Maryland. The
results show that growth controls need not necessarily be regressive nor lead
to greater sprawl. Moreover, how growth control programs are administered may
have ramifications for the magnitude of effects and who is likely to be
affected.]
Fishman, Robert. 2000. "The Death and
Life of American Regional Planning," 107-126 in Bruce Katz (ed.), 2000, Reflections on
Regionalism. Washington,
DC: Brookings Institution Press.
<http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/reflections/essay4.pdf>
Freeman, Lance. 2001. "The Effects of Sprawl On Neighborhood Social Ties: An
Explanatory Analysis,"
Journal of the American Planning Association, 67.1 (2001): 69-77. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[The notion that
sprawl, in the form of low-density, auto-dependent neighborhoods, is inimical
to neighborhood social bonds is a recurrent theme in the planning literature.
Although this seems like common sense, relatively little empirical evidence
exists to support the notion. This thesis is tested using data from a
cross-sectional survey of adults in Atlanta, Boston, and Los Angeles and from
the 1990 decennial census. Although residential density was found to be
unrelated to the formation of neighborhood social ties, it was significantly
and substantially related to the degree to which residents of a neighborhood
relied on their automobiles.]
Friedan, Bernard J. & Michelle
Whetten & Carl V. Patton & Romin Koebel. 2001. "Strategy
and Partnership in Cities and Regions / The Livable City: Revitalizing Urban
Communities / Sprawl City: Race, Politics, and Planning in Atlanta / Privately
Owned Public Space," Journal
of the American Planning Association,
67.4 (2001): 478-481.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The following books are reviewed: 1. Strategy and
Partnership in Cities and Regions, by Brian Jacobs, 2. The Livable City:
Revitalizing Urban Communities, by Partners for Livable Communities, 3. Sprawl
City: Race, Politics, and Planning in Atlanta, edited by Robert D. Bullard,
Glenn S. Johnson and Angela O. Torres, and 4. Privately Owned Public Space: The
New York City Experience by Jerold S. Kayden.]
Fulton,
William & Rolf Pendall & Mai Nguyen & Alicia Harrison. 2001. Who
Sprawls Most? How Growth Patterns Differ Across the U.S. Brookings Institution Survey Series,
Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy. July 2001.
Accessed on March 25, 2004, <http://www.brook.edu/dybdocroot/es/urban/publications/fulton.pdf>. [An analysis of the
density trends in every metropolitan area in the United States between 1982 and
1997 reveals: Most metropolitan areas in the United States
are adding urbanized land at a much faster rate than they are adding
population; The West is home to some of the densest
metropolitan areas in the nation; Metropolitan
areas tend to consume less land for urbanization-relative to population
growth-when they are growing rapidly in population, rely heavily on public
water and sewer systems, and have high levels of immigrant residents; Metropolitan
areas tend to consume more land for urbanization-again, relative to population
growth-if they are already high-density metro areas and if they have fragmented
local governments.]
Galster,
George & Royce Hanson & Michael R. Ratcliffe & Harold Wolman &
Stephen Coleman & Jason Freihage.
2001. "Wrestling
Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and Measuring an Elusive Concept," Housing Policy Debate,
v12n4 (2001): 681-717. <http://www.fanniemaefoundation.org/programs/hpd/pdf/HPD_1204_galster.pdf> [The literature on
urban sprawl confuses causes, consequences, and conditions. This article presents a conceptual
definition of sprawl based on eight distinct dimensions of land use patterns:
density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, nuclearity, mixed
uses, and proximity. Sprawl is
defined as a condition of land use that is represented by low values on one of
more of these dimensions. The
approach is tested by its application to 13 urbanized areas.]
Geller, Alyson L. 2003. "Smart Growth: A Prescription for Livable
Cities," American Journal
of Public Health 93.9 (2003):
1410-1415. ProQuest. Los Angeles Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA.. 11 Mar. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [In the US, public health and urban planning professionals have blamed a
phenomenon called sprawl for a host of problems, from obesity and traffic
injuries to environmental destruction. Geller highlights the movement called
Smart Growth, which challenges the way the people build, work, and live; and
also encourages the people to look at communities not only as places to live
but as vehicles to promote health and well-being.]
Geller, Alyson L. 2003. "Smart Growth: A Prescription For Livable
Cities," American
Journal of Public Health, 93.9
(2003): 1410-1415. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In
the US, public health and urban planning professionals have blamed a phenomenon
called sprawl for a host of problems, from obesity and traffic injuries to
environmental destruction. Geller highlights the movement called Smart Growth,
which challenges the way the people build, work, and live; and also encourages
the people to look at communities not only as places to live but as vehicles to
promote health and well-being.]
General Accounting Office. 2000. Community
Development: Local Growth Issues Ð Federal Opportunities and Challenges. Washington, DC: United States General
Accounting Office. [Across the nation, local communities
are pursuing a variety of growth-related strategies in response to a range of
challenges and concerns. For example, Columbus, Ohio, is encouraging growth and
economic development and is concerned about providing sufficient water and
wastewater infrastructure to support this growth. In Atlanta, Georgia, where
rapid population growth has led to serious traffic congestion and air quality
problems, state and local decision-makers are considering higher density
development around established business and population centers and are planning
for greater use of public transportation. Yet despite their concerns about
growth-related challenges, local communities are placing a high value on
economic development when planning for the future. Overall, infrastructure
needs, traffic congestion, and the adequacy of their local tax base for
supporting schools and services were the growth-related concerns most
frequently cited by the cities and counties responding to our survey. When
asked about their priorities in planning for the future, the greatest number of
counties cited increasing their local tax base, attracting businesses, and
enhancing transportation systemsÑmirroring their areas of highest concern.
Cities cited similar planning priorities, but for them, revitalizing their
downtown areas was more often a high or very high priority than enhancing
transportation systems.]
Gihring, Thomas A. 1999. "Incentive Property Taxation: A Potential Tool for
Urban Growth Management,"
Journal of the American Planning Association, 65.1 (1999): 62-79. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[In their efforts
to find more effective policies and mechanisms for urban growth management,
planners have yet to step off the regulatory plateau and discover new
approaches elsewhere. The subject of this study undertaken in Vancouver, Washington,
and Seattle is incentive property taxation linked to growth management. Using
country property assessment files, hypothetical tax applications were performed
on classes of land use. Simulating a heavy tax on land values and light tax on
improvement values demonstrated the shifting of tax burden onto the
land-extensive uses associated with urban sprawl, such as parking lots, and the
reduction of tax burden on land-intensive uses such as apartments and office
buildings. The study suggests that property owners might respond to tax-based
financial inducements to reduce the ratio of land-to-improvements value by
building more intensively on underutilized sites. Prospects for infill
development and the appropriation of speculative gain are also examined.]
Gillham, Oliver. 2002. The Limitless City: A Primer On The Urban Sprawl Debate. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Godschalk, David R. 2004. "Land Use Planning Challenges: Coping with Conflicts in
Visions of Sustainable Development and Livable Communities," Journal of the American
Planning Association, v70n1 (Winter 2004): 5-13. [Posits
that the Ecology/Economy/Ethics prism of sustainable development can be
described as Development/Resource/Property conflicts, and then used as a framw
for analysis. Considers the case
of Denver, in this light.]
Goldman, Todd. 2001. Consequences of Sprawl: Threats To California's Natural
Environment and Human Health.
Berkeley, CA: University of California, Institute of Urban and Regional Development.
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 1998. "Prove It: The Costs and Benefits
of Sprawl," The
Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998):
23-25. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Cities
have been generating suburbs for as long as records have existed. Most of the
world's large cities are growing outward now, and very likely the pace will
accelerate in the new age of information networking. Unpopular as the word is
in some quarters, it is hard to avoid concluding that sprawl is most people's
preferred life-style. Because no one wants to appear to contradict popular
choices and interfere with the principle of consumer sovereignty, the critics
of sprawl instead blame distorted prices, such as automobile subsidies and
mortgage interest deductions, and claimed but unregistered costs of sprawl,
such as unpaid-for infrastructure, lost agricultural output, congestion, and
dirty air. The cost position, however, is encumbered with at least two
problems. First, people are not cost minimizers; costs are traded off for
perceived benefits. Second, the costs argument is empirically shaky.]
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 2000. "Critiquing SprawlÕs
Critics," Policy Analysis,
n365 (Jan 2000): 1-18. Accessed on
March 25, 2004, <http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~pgordon/pdf/pa365.pdf>. [The argument that urban sprawl gives
rise to excessively costly infrastructure, excessive transportation costs, and environmental
damage is wrong. The facts point directly to the opposite conclusion. Finally,
the belief that urban sprawl leads to social pathologies is without foundation.
No one knows the recipe for good or bad community formations or the best
spatial mix of housing that would accommodate myriad personal preferences. The
American migration to the suburbs and exurbs can, in part, be seen as attempts
by homeowners to move out of harmÕs way and protect their property rights. The
controls proposed by sprawlÕs critics would add to the "push" forces,
resulting ironically in more sprawl rather than less.]
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 2000. "Defending Suburban
Sprawl," Public
Interest, 139 (2000):
65-71. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 2000. Transportation
and Land Use. Working
Paper # 2000-1005. Los Angeles:
Lusk Center for Real Estate. <http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/lusk/research/papers/pdf/wp_2000_1005.pdf> [Argues that sprawl (suburbanization) is the way to
go.]
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 2001. "The Sprawl Debate: Let Markets
Plan," Publius: The
Journal of Federalism, v31n3 (Summer 2001): 131-149.
Gordon, Peter & Harry W.
Richardson. 2001. "The Sprawl Debate: Let Markets
Plan," Publius, 31.3 (2001): 131-149. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Sprawl issues
ought not be a federal issue because land-use control is local. Americans have
been moving to both suburban and private communities for many years, an
expression of the constitutional right to travel, and they seek more direct
control over their personal property rights.]
Gottdiener, Mark. 1977. Planned Sprawl: Private and Public Interests In Suburbia. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Gottmann, Jean & Robert A.
Harper (ed.). 1967. Metropolis On The Move; Geographers
Look At Urban Sprawl. New York, Wiley.
Greenberg, Michael & Karen
Lowrie & Henry Mayer & K. Tyler Miller & Laura Solitare.
"Brownfield Redevelopment As A Smart Growth Option In the United States.
" Environmentalist,
v21n2 (2001): 129-143.
ProQuest. Los Angeles
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA..
11 Mar. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [An evaluation is made of brownfields redevelopment as a smart growth
policy compared to purchase of land, restrictive growth policies, changing
transportation patterns, promoting compact development designs on the
metropolitan fringe, and regional government. In the US brownfields
redevelopment has clear advantages with regard to environmental protection,
moral imperative, and government and special interest reactions. Its rank with
regard to economic feasibility, ability to respond to changes in technology,
and public reaction are not clear. A great deal more research is needed,
especially about the costs of brownfield redevelopment and public preferences
for housing type and location to be certain about brownfields redevelopment as
a viable smart growth option.]
Guhathakurta, Subhrajit. "Land
Market Monitoring for Smart Urban Growth. " Journal of the American
Planning Association 69.2
(2003): 212-213. ProQuest. Los Angeles Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA.. 11 Mar. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [Land Market Monitoring for Smart Urban Growth, edited by Gerrit J.
Knaap, is reviewed.]
Halseth, Greg. 2002. "Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth in Communities
Across America," Canadian Journal of Urban Research 11.2 (2002): 350-352. ProQuest. Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.. 11 Mar. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [Halseth reviews "Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth in
Communities Across America" by F. Kaid Benfield, Jutka Terris and Nancy
Vorsanger.]
Halseth, Greg. 2002. "Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart Growth in Communities
Across America," Canadian
Journal of Urban Research,
11.2 (2002): 350-352.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Halseth reviews "Solving Sprawl: Models of Smart
Growth in Communities Across America" by F. Kaid Benfield, Jutka Terris
and Nancy Vorsanger.]
Harrington, Winston & Virginia
McConnell. 2003. "A Lighter Tread? Policy and
Technology Options for Motor Vehicles," Environment, 45.9 (2003): 22-36,38-39. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Motor vehicles
play a conspicuous role in the modern industrial economy, offering rapid,
reliable mobility to an ever-growing number of people worldwide. However,
automobiles also carry with them many drawbacks. Harrington and McConnell
examine how vehicles contribute to environmental problems of air pollution,
global warming, and urban sprawl, and assesses policy and technology options
for reducing their collective environmental effects.]
Haughey, Richard. 2001. Urban
Infill Housing: Myth and Fact. Washington, DC: ULIÐthe Urban Land
Institute. <http://research.uli.org/content/Reports/PolicyPapers/PUB_U22.pdf> [A wide variety of housing is being constructed or
renovated in response to emerging market demand from people moving back to the
city. Urban infill housing, including small-, medium-, and large- scale
projects with single- family houses, townhouses, apartment buildings and
condominiums, lofts and co- ops, is being constructed and quickly absorbed.
This booklet is intended to dispel misperceptions about urban infill housing.]
Hayward, Steven. 1998. "Legends of the Sprawl," Policy Review, 91 (1998): 26-32.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Liberals are using suburban growth as a new scapegoat
for their urban failures. Positive and negative aspects of suburban growth and
politicians reaction to it are discussed.]
Hayward, Steven. 2000. "Measuring the Sprawl," The World & I, 15.8 (2000): 24-29.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Helvarg, David. 2003. "Coasts at Risk; Coastal Sprawl and the Shore
:[1]," Multinational
Monitor, 24.9 (2003): 15. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[In addition to
increased storm surge and wind-sheer linked to climate change, the East Coast
historically experiences 25-to-40 year storm cycles, associated with a periodic
one degree warming in the north Atlantic.
. "We saw this in the
1940s to 1960s, when we averaged 3 major storms per year. Between the 1970s and
early 1990s, the average dropped to 1.5 storms," [Chris Landsea] explains:
"We've got good sea surface temperature and storm records going back to
the 1870s, and based on this 120-year record it looks like things will be
getting very active again over the next 25 years." How are our public
officials responding to this threat? Mostly, they're not. Despite grim
forecasts for increased storms and hurricanes, the U.S. Coast Guard --
responsible for search and rescue at sea during storm disasters -- is
unprepared for the additional workload. A recent report from the Government
Accounting office, the Congressional research agency, concluded that, with its
new billet in the Department of Homeland Security, the Coast Guard's focus on
counter-terrorism and port security has sapped its ability to maintain its
multi-mission maritime role.
Beginning with Newt Gingrich's 104th Congress, however, the House and
Senate began passing dozens of "technical corrections" to CBRA in
order to remove constituents' (read contributors') properties from CBRA's
subsidy-exclusion zones. Typically in the 106th Congress, these pro-developer
"corrections" would be rushed through on the last day or two before
the Thanksgiving or Christmas break. But with today's 108th Congress,
politicians are not only ignoring the concepts of waste, fraud and abuse, but
of shame, bundling their "technical corrections" together and openly
promoting them as models of sensible development. "I love living here and I'll take the risk, but where I
live in Pinecrest we're 15 feet above sea level. That's nosebleed country for
Florida," says Chris Landsea, the climatologist and native Floridian. .
"Plus I have hurricane shutters. I'm prepared. But I don't think
people in Iowa should have to pay for our property here."]
Hise, Rhonda & Arthur C
Nelson. 1999. "Urban Brownfields: Strategies for
Promoting Urban Brownfield Re-Use At the State and Local Level," Economic Development Review, 16.2 (1999): 67-72. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Existing
hazardous waste laws at all levels of government provide considerable
disincentives for brownfield cleanup and encourage development of greenfields.
The result is that urban areas are left blighted, despite large supplies of
otherwise valuable, highly centralized land, while urban sprawl continues. Many
brownfields are in distressed communities, with high unemployment levels and a
high number of business closings. This article reviews the brownfield problem,
in the context of urban revitalization and economic development, and poses some
policy approaches that state and local governments may consider to address the
problems presented by urban brownfields.]
Hoenaff, Marcel & Tracy B.
Strong (eds.). 2001. Public Space and Democracy /
Marcel H*enaff and Tracy B.
Strong, editors. Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press. [The
conditions of public space: vision, speech, and theatricality / Marcel H*enaff,
Tracy B. Strong -- Public space and political autonomy in early Greek cities /
Marcel Detienne -- Persona: reason and representation in Hobbes / Paul
Dumouchel -- Representation of power, power of representation / Jacqueline
Lichtenstein -- Voice and silence of public space: popular societies in the
French Revolution / Shigeki Tominaga -- Aristophanes in America / J. Peter
Euben -- Stages of democracy / Sylviane Agacinski -- Theatricality in the
public realm of Hannah Arendt / Dana R. Villa -- Replacing the body: an
approach to the question of digital democracy / Samuel Weber -- Writing
property and power / Anne Norton -- Malled, mauled, and overhauled: arresting
suburban sprawl by transforming suburban malls into usable civic space /
Benjamin R. Barber -- Conclusion: public space, virtual space, and democracy /
Marcel H*enaff, Tracy B. Strong.]
Huber, Peter. 2000. "Wealth Is Not The Enemy of the Environment: Big
Business Prevents Urban Sprawl," Vital Speeches of the Day, 66.12 (2000): 380-383. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
International City/County Management
Association. 1998. Why Smart Growth: A Primer. Washington, D.C.: Smart Growth
Network: International City/County
Management Association.
International City/County Management
Association. Why Smart Growth:
A Primer. Washington, DC:
ICMA; Smart Grwoth America. <http://www.epa.gov/livability/pdf/WhySmartGrowth_bk.pdf> [In communities across the nation, there is a growing
concern that current development patternsÑdominated by what some call
"sprawl" Ñare no longer in the long-term interest of our cities,
existing suburbs, small towns, rural communities, or wilderness areas. Though
supportive of growth, communities are questioning the economic costs of
abandoning infrastructure in the city, only to rebuild it further out. They are
questioning the social costs of the mismatch between new employment locations
in the suburbs and the available work-force in the city. They are questioning
the wisdom of abandoning "brownfields" in older communities, eating
up the open space and prime agricultural lands at the suburban fringe, and
polluting the air of an entire region by driving farther to get places.
Spurring the smart growth movement are demographic shifts, a strong
environmental ethic, increased fiscal concerns, and more nuanced views of
growth. The result is both a new demand and a new opportunity for smart
growth.]
Irwin, Elena G. & Nancy E.
Bockstael. 2002. "Interacting Agents, Spatial
Externalities and the Evolution of Residential Land Use Patterns," Journal of Economic Geography, 2.1 (2002): 31. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[We develop a
model of land use conversion that incorporates local spillover effects among
spatially distributed agents. The model is used to test the hypothesis that
fragmented patterns of development in rural-urban fringe areas could be due to
negative externalities that create a 'repelling' effect among residential land
parcels. Identification of the hypothesized interaction effect is complicated
by unobserved, spatially correlated heterogeneity. Using an identification
strategy that bounds the interaction effect from above, we find empirical
evidence that is consistent with a theory of negative interactions among recently
developed residential subdivisions in exurban Maryland. The result offers an
alternative explanation for low density sprawl to that which is frequently
posited in the economics literature and one with potentially quite different
efficiency implications.]
ITE Smart Growth Task force. 2003. Smart Growth Transportation Guidelines: An ITE Recommended Practice. Washington, DC: Institute of
Transportation Engineers.
Johnson, Gary T, Christopher
Silver. 1997. "Alternative Views of
Sprawl," Journal
of the American Planning Association,
63.1 (1997): 94-94.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Kahn, Matthew E. 2001. "City Quality-of-Life Dynamics: Measuring The Costs of
Growth," Journal of
Real Estate Finance and Economics,
22.2 (2001): 339-352.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Two continuing California trends are population
growth and improving air quality. Sprawl at the fringe of metropolitan areas
may lower quality of life by contributing to congestion, reducing open space
and raising pollution levels. This paper studies this claim by estimating
hedonic wage and rental regressions using California 1980 and 1990 micro census
data. Real rents have fallen in faster growing areas, suggesting that the
"growth causes degradation" hypothesis has some merit. Sprawl's
damage to local quality of life would be higher if fringe growth degrades air
quality and households greatly value avoiding polluted areas. The relative
importance of air quality as an urban amenity is tested using data from Los
Angeles county, an area where dramatic improvements in smog have taken place.
While high ozone areas feature lower rents, the ozone's capitalization suggests
that it is not a key urban disamenity.]
Kaiser, Edward J. & David R.
Godschalk. 1995. "Twentieth Century Land Use
Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree," Journal of the American Planning
Association, v61n3 (Summer
1995): 365+.
Katz, Bruce & Amy Liu. 2000. "Moving Beyond Sprawl," The Brookings Review, 18.2 (2000): 31-34.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In the past few years, widespread frustration with
sprawling development patterns has precipitated an explosion in metropolitan
thinking and action across the US. A new policy language - smart growth,
livable communities, metropolitanism, sustainable development - has emerged to
describe efforts to curb sprawl, preserve open space, and balance growth and is
now common not only among political, civic, and corporate leaders, but also
among developers and others in the real estate industry. Sprawl, in the end, is
not just about too much growth. It is also about too little growth in many
parts of metropolitan America. Understanding that linkage and bridging that
divide is the key to resolving some major social and economic challenges.]
Katz, Bruce & Amy Liu.
"Moving Beyond Sprawl," The Brookings Review 18.2 (2000): 31-34. ProQuest. Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.. 11 Mar. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [In the past few years, widespread frustration with sprawling
development patterns has precipitated an explosion in metropolitan thinking and
action across the US. A new policy language - smart growth, livable
communities, metropolitanism, sustainable development - has emerged to describe
efforts to curb sprawl, preserve open space, and balance growth and is now
common not only among political, civic, and corporate leaders, but also among
developers and others in the real estate industry. Sprawl, in the end, is not
just about too much growth. It is also about too little growth in many parts of
metropolitan America. Understanding that linkage and bridging that divide is
the key to resolving some major social and economic challenges.]
Katz, Bruce & Scott
Bernstein. 1998. "The New Metropolitan Agenda:
Connecting Cities & Suburbs," The Brookings Review 16.4 (1998): 4-7.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Since the mid-1960s, a lonely chorus of scholars and
travelers has contended that many of the US's challenges need to be discussed
in a metropolitan context. Metropolitan areas now contain close to 80% of the
total US population; half the people in the country now live in just 39 metro
areas. These areas are the engines of the US economy, competing with other
regions around the world as the global economy evolves. They are complex
organisms, each growing around several nodes of economic activities - central
business districts, edge cities, industrial areas, services clusters, and
high-tech or commercial corridors. Metropolitanism has now reemerged as a
notable political force in dozens of major metropolitan regions - and it is
even beginning to alter market practices. This sudden reemergence has been
caused by the growing unease that many Americans feel about how communities are
developing. They are appalled by explosive sprawl into peripheral farmlands and
open space, rising suburban traffic congestion, and slower growth or absolute
decline in many central cities and older suburbs.]
Katz, Bruce (ed.). 2000. Reflections On Regionalism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. [foreword / Vice President Al
Gore -- Editor's overview / Bruce
Katz -- Metropolitan land-use reform: the
promise and challenge of majority consensus / Henry R. Richmond -- Growing and governing
smart: a case study of the New
York region / Robert D. Yaro -- Growth
management: the core regional issue / David Rusk -- The death and life of American regional
planning / Robert Fishman --
Coalition building for regionalism /
Margaret Weir -- Business coalitions as a force for regionalism / Rosabeth Moss Kanter --
Gentleman's agreement: discrimination
in metropolitan America / Kenneth
T. Jackson -- Addressing regional dilemmas for minority communities / john a. powell -- Empowering families to vote with their feet / Paul
R. Dimond.]
Katz, Bruce. 1997. "Give Community Institutions A Fighting
Chance," The
Brookings Review, 15.4 (1997):
32-35. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
US' most disturbing demographic trend has been the growth in concentrated
poverty, particularly minority poverty, in urban areas. In many respects, the
flip side of the rise in concentrated urban poverty is the surge in suburban
and exurban sprawl. Federal, state, and local government policies have all
contributed to the growing spatial isolation of minority poverty that poses
such a challenge to community-based institutions. Despite often remarkable
achievements, it is clear that community institutions will never realize their
full potential unless and until the federal and state governments revamp policies
that undermine community action. Washington has already begun to overhaul
problematic housing policies. In regions across the US, the costs of unfettered
sprawl are bringing together diverse coalitions of central city and older
suburban elected officials, downtown business leaders, environmentalists,
farmland preservation advocates, and civic, religious, and community groups.
Washington should be a partner, not just an observer, to the efforts of these
groups.]
Katz, Bruce. 2002. "Smart Growth: The
Future of the American Metropolis?" CASE Paper 58, July 2002. Centre for Analysis of Social
Exclusion, London School of Economics.
<http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/dps/case/cp/CASEpaper58.pdf> [In the past few years, widespread frustration with
sprawling development patterns has precipitated an explosion in innovative
thinking and action across the United States. This new thinking Ð generally
labeled as "smart growth" Ð contends that the shape and quality of
metropolitan growth in America are no longer desirable or sustainable. It
argues that metropolitan areas could grow in radically different ways if major
government policies on land use, infrastructure and taxation were overhauled.
This essay discusses the current state of smart growth and metropolitan
thinking in the United States. It outlines the demographic, market and
development trends that are affecting metropolitan areas and the consequences
of these trends for central cities, older suburbs, newer communities and
low-income and minority families. It describes how current government policies
facilitate the excessive decentralization of people and jobs and how smart
growth reforms are being enacted, particularly at the state level, to shape
new, more urban-friendly, growth patterns. It concludes by identifying the
major challenges that smart growth needs to address if it is going to succeed
in shaping new, sustainable metropolitan communities.]
Kelbaugh, Douglas S. 2002. Repairing The American Metropolis: Common Place Revisited. Seattle: University of Washington
Press. [Suburban sprawl:
Paved with good intentions --
Critical regionalism: An architecture of place -- Typology: An architecture of limits --
New urbanism: Versus everyday urbanism and post urbanism -- Public policy: What we should do a.s.a.p.]
Kibel, Paul Stanton. 1998. "The Urban Nexus: Open Space, Brownfields, and
Justice," Boston
College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 25.3 (1998): 589-618.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Kibel discusses the relation among certain critical
components of the urban decline cycle. The impact of suburban sprawl and
environmental hazardous waste liability is examined.]
Kolankiewicz, Leon J. & Roy
Beck. 2000. Sprawl In California: A Report On
Quantifying the Role of the
State's Population Boom. (Waking from the dream: Population and the
environment at the millennial edge.)
[Arlington, VA: NumbersUSA.com.
Krizek, Kevin J. 2001. "Sustainable Communities," Journal of the American
Planning Association, 67.2
(2001): 222-223. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
following are reviewed: 1. Subdivide and Conquer: A Modern Western, 2.
Understanding Urban Sprawl, and 3. the CD-ROM, This Place Called Home: Tools
for Sustainable Communities.]
Kunstler, James Howard. 1997. "Zoning Procedures and Suburban Sprawl: A Cartoon of A
Human Habitat," Vital
Speeches of the Day, 64.5
(1997): 144-148. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
living arrangement Americans now think of as normal suburban sprawl is
bankrupting us economically, socially, ecologically, and spiritually. The
physical setting itself - the cartoon landscape of car-clogged highways, strip
malls, tract houses, franchise fry pits, parking lots, junked cities, and
ravaged countryside - is not merely the symptom of a troubled culture, but in
many ways the primary cause of our troubles. A new generation of civic leaders
and civic designers declares that the public realm matters, and that we must
honor it and embellish it with buildings worth caring about, in order to make
civic life possible. The form that these New Urbanists envision is both deeply
familiar and revolutionary: the mixed-use, pedestrian-scaled neighborhood in
increments of villages, towns, and cities.]
Lang, Robert. 2003. Edgeless Cities: Exploring the Elusive Metropolis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution
Press. [Introduction --
Centrists versus decentrists: the debate over the new city -- A field guide to
the new metropolis -- The battle for number one: downtown versus edgeless
cities -- Charting the elusive metropolis -- Are edge cities losing their edge?
-- The many faces of sprawl -- Facing the reality of the elusive metropolis.]
Laschever, Eric S. 1999. "Legislating Livability: Can Growth Management
Succeed?" Real
Estate Issues, (Fall 1999):
47-53. [Considers the Clinton-Gore
Livability Agenda in the context of the Puget Sound Growth Management Act.]
Leinberger, Christopher. 1998. "The Market and Metropolitanism," The Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998): 35-36. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [From the developer's perspective, the key to
profitable activity under currently dominant conditions is simplicity. An
overall metropolitan system whose goals include maximizing privacy and the
almost exclusive use of personal transportation permits individual developers
to virtually ignore the complex urban fabric and context. For developers, it is
easier and most profitable to build single, standard product types, with which
the financial institutions and local governments are familiar, on greenfield
sites on the fringe. It is also simpler to market and manage modular,
single-use developments. For nearly all income-producing real estate, the most
critical locational criteria are visibility from the highway and accessibility
to the relevant user population by car. The unintended negative consequences of
current real estate development patterns are many.]
Leo, Christopher & Mary Ann
Beavis & Andrew Carver & Robyne Turner. 1998. "Is
Urban Sprawl Back On the Political Agenda? Local Growth Control, Regional Growth Management, and
Politics," Urban
Affairs Review, (Nov 1998):
179-211. [Surveys the political forces
supporting the emergence of Regional Growth Management.]
LeRoy, Greg. 2003. "Subsidizing Sprawl," Multinational Monitor, 24.10 (2003): 9-12. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[In many states
besides Pennsylvania, economic development programs that were originally
intended to revitalize older urban areas are being perverted into subsidies for
suburban sprawl. LeRoy discusses why economic development programs are going
awry in the US.]
Lessard, Suzannah. 2000. "Design for Living," The Wilson Quarterly, 24.3 (2000): 123-125.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> ["Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the
Decline of the American Dream" by andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
and Jeff Speck.]
Liberty, Robert L. 2003. "Abolishing Exclusionary Zoning: A Natural Policy
Alliance For Environmentalists and Affordable Housing Advocates," Boston College Environmental
Affairs Law Review, 30.3
(2003): 581. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Exclusionary
zoning limits residential development over large areas, and even entire cities
or towns, to single-family housing on large lots. Exclusionary zoning is unfair
to people and families of modest means (many of whom are members of racial or
ethnic minorities) because it sharply limits where they can live and thus their
access to jobs, education, and a good quality of life. For these reasons,
exclusionary zoning was found to violate the New Jersey Constitution in the Mount
Laurel case. But exclusionary zoning is also an environmental problem because
it is a primary ingredient of the accelerating pace of urban and suburban
sprawl. As a consequence, it is a major contributor to increased air and water
pollution and habitat fragmentation. The Oregon planning program demonstrates
how the abolition of exclusionary zoning promotes a more equitable range of
housing choice in suburbs and simultaneously reduces environmental degradation
associated with low-density urbanization.]
Lindstrom, Matthew J. & Hugh
Bartling (eds.). 2003. Suburban Sprawl: Culture, Theory,
and Politics. Lanham, MD:
Rowman & Littlefield.
Lister, Nina-Marie. 2000. "Beyond Sprawl," Alternatives Journal, 26.3 (2000): 1.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Instead of building sustainable communities, our
designers, developers, builders, planners and bankers appear to be stuck in a
destructive and costly paradigm. The central theme throughout this issue, and
probably the critical first step to building more sustainable communities, is
the need to curb urban sprawl. This is the paradigm of car-dependency, traffic
jams and identical homes on characterless streets with names like "Forest
Lane" and "Woodland Trail" - streets named without the slightest
hint of irony after the natural features that were destroyed in order to build
them. The disproportionate
attention to bathrooms - the citadel of privacy - is yet another sign of our
glorification of the increasingly luxurious private realm. New home and even
condo owners have come to expect a full bathroom for each bedroom. and this
"McMansion Mania" is peaking at a time when the public realm is
becoming increasingly squalid and impoverished - characterized by enormous
parking lots, fading public services and decaying public schools and libraries.
Sprawling "edge cities" - exclusive enclaves of private splendour -
are the ultimate reflection of our consumer-driven narcissistic obsession with
the private realm. So too are they a denial of related social ills -
homelessness, poverty and civic disengagement. As our cities sprawl outward,
with their safely cocooned inhabitants, it becomes increasingly easy to turn a
blind eye to anything "not in my backyard."]
Litman, Todd. 1998. "Driving Out Subsidies: How Better Pricing of
Transportation Options Would Help Protect Our Environment and Benefit
Consumers," Alternatives
Journal, 24.1 (1998): 36. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[There is a vivid
vocabulary to describe overpricing. Consumers who are charged too much are said
to have been "gouged", "ripped off", or
"fleeced". It is easy to demonstrate that overpricing is unfair and
economically inefficient, so overpricing is a favourite target for political
campaigns and government intervention.
If you ask, "Do you think that traffic congestion is a major
problem?" most urban and suburban residents would probably answer yes. If
you ask them, "Are you willing to invest in road capacity improvements to
solve congestion problems?" a majority would probably agree. But if
presented the options more realistically by asking, "Do you want to spend
a lot of money expanding roadway capacity that provides only moderate reductions
in traffic congestion, but will increase your long term transport costs and
taxes, degrade the environment, encourage urban sprawl, and reduce the
livability of your community, or would you rather create a more efficient
transportation and land use system?" the preference for increased road
capacity is likely to disappear.
Economic biases that favour automobile travel over alternative modes
should be eliminated as much as possible. For example, current Revenue Canada
policies allow most employees to avoid paying income tax on free parking
provided by their employers, a benefit worth an estimated $1772 annually in
average pre-tax income for an urban employee. 8 There is no comparable tax
exemption for transit fares. There would be virtually no cost and numerous
benefits if Canadian tax regulations were changed to make employer-provided
transit passes tax exempt as they are in most other countries. An even more
comprehensive strategy is for employers who provide subsidized parking to offer
its cash equivalent to employees who use alternative commute modes, so that
commuters who car pool, bicycle or walk would also receive benefits. This is
called "cashing out" free parking. It typically results in a 15 to 25
percent reduction in automobile commuting.]
Litman, Todd. 2003. Evaluating
Criticism of Smart Growth.
Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute. <http://www.vtpi.org/sgcritics.pdf>. [This paper evaluates various criticisms of Smart Growth.
It defines the concept of Smart Growth, contrasts it with sprawl, and describes
common Smart Growth strategies. It examines various criticisms of Smart Growth,
including the claim that it does not reflect consumer preferences, infringes on
freedom, increases traffic congestion and air pollution, reduces housing
affordability, results in socially undesirable levels of density, increases
public service costs, requires wasteful transit subsidies and is unjustified.
Some specific criticsÕ papers are examined. This analysis indicates that many
claims by critics reflect an incomplete understanding of Smart Growth, and
inaccurate analysis. Critics identify some legitimate problems which must be
addressed to optimize Smart Growth, but present no convincing evidence to
diminish the overall justification of Smart Growth.]
Lovaas, Deron. 2000. "What To Do About Suburban Sprawl: Use Statewide
Standards," The
World & I, 15.2 (2000):
67,71+. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Luka, Nik & Leo Trottier. 2002. "In The Burbs: It's Time To Recognize That Suburbia Is
A Real Place Too," Alternatives
Journal, 28.3 (2002): 37. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/> [A significant number of Canadians live in rings of postwar
suburban growth surrounding older, more compact city centres. These are the
settings that are often dismissed as "suburban sprawl", a shorthand
way of saying dreary, monotonous, and placeless - a "geography of
nowhere," as US writer James Howard Kunstler describes them. In this sense, "city" and
"suburb" are cognitive categories used by North Americans to make
sense of the complexity, diversity, and uncertainty of the metropolitan regions
in which they live, and to derive meaning from these environments. Again
referring to our work in Quebec City, each category is associated with
characteristics that are used by people to classify and evaluate the settings
that they apprehend. Attachment is often directed toward these types: some
people identify themselves with the city and others identify themselves with
the suburbs. Positive and negative attributes are thereby associated with each
depending on the individual's perspective (see table 1). Intriguingly, city people talk more
about local community life, while suburbanites talk more about a sense of
personal belonging, which is not associated with community life. Our detailed
studies on mobility patterns revealed that suburban social networks are very
scattered and have little to do with the local "neighbourhood",
especially for the younger generations of residents.]
Major, Mark D. 2000. "Designing
for Context: The Use of `Space Syntax` as an Interactive Design Tool in Urban
Development," Planning
Forum, (Spring 2000):
40-56. <http://www.ar.utexas.edu/planning/forum/vol6pdfs/v6major.pdf> [Computer modeling has come a long way in the past
decade, and planners throughout the world are working on different strategies
to harness the latest technological advances.]
Manowith, Esther. 2000. "Smart Growth: A Changing Urban Landscape," Journal of Property Management,
(Nov/Dec 2000): 21-26. [Considers the cases of Encinitas,
CA, Calgary, Canada, and Behtany Beach, DE, as examples of smart growth.]
Marshall, Alex. 2000. How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken. Austin: University of Texas Press.
McCann, Barbara & Reid
Ewing. 2003. Measuring the
Health Effects of Sprawl: A National Analysis of Physical Activity, Obesity and
Chronic Disease.
Washington, DC: Smart Growth America; Surface Transportation Policy
Project. September 2003. <http://www.smartgrowth.umd.edu/pdf/HealthSprawl8.03.pdf> [This report presents the first national study to show
a clear association between the type of place people live and their activity
levels, weight, and health. The study, Relationship Between Urban Sprawl and
Physical Activity, Obesity, and Morbidity, found that people living in counties
marked by sprawling development are likely to walk less and weigh more than
people who live in less sprawling counties. In addition, people in more
sprawling counties are more likely to suffer from hypertension (high blood
pressure). These results hold true after controlling for factors such as age,
education, gender, and race and ethnicity.]
McElfish Jr., James & Susan
Casey-Lefkowitz. 2001. Smart Growth and the Clean Water
Act. Washington, DC:
Northeast-Midwest Institute. <http://www.nemw.org/SGCleanWater.pdf> [The Clean Water Act influences land use patterns and
land use patterns influence the implementation of the Clean Water Act. The
ActÕs programs have the potential to promote revitalization and development of
areas with existing infrastructure. This study investigates the relationship
between three Clean Water Act programs and "smart growth," an approach
to development that emphasizes greater density, mixed uses, redevelopment of
underused areas, transportation choices, and open space protection. These
programs can promote smart growth when federal, state, and local governments
grasp opportunities to integrate water quality and smart growth goals. Some
jurisdictions already have done so, resulting in efficiencies and environmental
benefits.]
McKinney, Michael L. 2000. "There Goes the Neighborhood," Forum For Applied Research and
Public Policy, 15.3 (2000):
23-27. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Urban
sprawl must be added to the long list of human impacts that threaten a massive
modern extinction. The US is entering a third, and potentially much more
devastating, state of impact on native species.]
Miller, Ansje & Brian
Parkinson. 2001. Market-based
Policies for Reducing Sprawl: A Critical Overview. <http://www.redefiningprogress.org/publications/pdf/Policy_Options_Report.pdf> [The problem of unchecked growth is gaining popular
attention, as evidenced by a recent survey that found that 78% of Americans
favor policies to combat sprawl. To help policymakers achieve this public
mandate, this report presents three recent market-based policy innovations.2
These policiesÑlocation-efficient mortgages, space-based impact fees, and
split-rate property taxesÑharness the market's power to encourage denser
development close to existing infrastructure. (See center spread for a
description of why market-based policies are important.) We hope that this
report broadens understanding of these exciting policy innovations and
illustrate the unique advantages of market-based incentives in combating
sprawl.]
Mills, Edwin S. 1999. "Truly
"Smart Growth","
The Illinois Real Estate Letter, v13n3 (Summer 1999): 1-7. <http://www.cba.uiuc.edu/orer/V13-3-1.pdf> [Much of their literature and rhetoric has been
provocative; the very use of the term "sprawl" casts the idea of
growing suburbs in an unfavorable light. (The non-pejorative term
"suburbanization" is used in this discussion.) Academic economists
have weighed in on issues relating to suburbanization. Their most important
contributions have been in the areas of metropolitan location and spatial
analysis, local government tax and expenditure analysis, and the analysis of
interactions between metropolitan transportation and spatial issues. Yet,
remarkably, academic economists have written almost nothing on the general
government policy issue of allegedly excessive metropolitan suburbanization.
This article presents the case for suburbanization from an academic redoubt.]
Moe, Richard & Carter
Wilkie. 1997. Changing Places: Rebuilding
Community in the Age of Sprawl. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
Mondale, Ted. 2000. "Transportation Ð A Major Player In Smart
Growth," ITE Journal, (November 2000): 39-43. [Considers the case of Minneapolis-St. Paul in the
role of transportation in land use decision making.]
Moore, Curtis. 2001. Smart Growth
and the Clean Air Act.
Washington, DC: Northeast-Midwest Institute. <http://www.nemw.org/SGCleanAir.pdf> [The federal Clean Air Act has been both criticized as
a cause of sprawl and praised as a useful tool to curb it. Critics contend that
by barring increases in air pollution in cities where the air is unhealthy, the
law drives businesses development to outlying areas, thus increasing sprawl and
the air pollution from its attendant motor vehicle travel. This is the basis
for claims that the Act can have the perverse and unintended effect of
increasing air pollution rather than reducing it. However, the ActÕs defenders
argue that it actually can deter sprawl by providing an incentive for
transit-oriented, compact development, and urban revitalization. This argument
credits the CAA, and the conformity provisions in particular, as a factor in
spurring new types of urban development that facilitate transit use and
pedestrian traffic and reduce automobile dependence. This study attempts to
reconcile the contrasting views of the law by examining its application in
several major metropolitan areas. The results suggest that the Act does not
necessarily divert growth from urban centers and indeed can complement efforts to
promote growth in areas with existing infrastructure.]
Muro, Mark & Robert
Puentes. 2004. Investing In
A Better Future: A Review of the Fiscal and Competitive Advantages of Smarter
Growth Development Patterns.
Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. <http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/200403_smartgrowth.pdf> [This paper makes the case that more compact
development patterns and investing in projects to improve urban cores could
save taxpayers money and improve overall regional economic performance. To that
end, it relies on a review of the best academic empirical literature to weigh
the extent to which a new way of thinking about growth and development can
benefit governments, businesses, and regions during these fiscally stressed
times.]
Myers, Dowell. 2000. "Building the
Future as a Process in Time,"
Metropolitan Development Patterns, Annual Roundtable 2000,
Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, 2000. <http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~dowell/pdf/buildingthefuture.pdf>
National Association of Local
Government Environmental Professionals.
2003. Smart
Growth For Clean Water: Helping Communities Address the Water Quality Impacts
of Sprawl. Washington, DC:
National Association of Local Government Environmental Professionals; Trust for
Public Land; ERG. <http://www.nalgep.org/publications/PublicationsDetail.cfm?LinkAdvID=42157> [Smart growth is emerging as a key strategy for clean
water. Across America, examples are emerging where communities are utilizing
"smart growth" tools like land conservation, greenway buff ers, the
creation of park and recreational areas, natural and constructed wetlands,
urban and community forestry, waterfront brownfi elds revitalization, low
impact development, watershed-based management, Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) mapping, and other tools to reduce nonpoint source pollution, control
stormwater, and improve water quality. These smart growth for clean water
approaches are oð en more cost-eff ective than traditional structural solutions
like building new wastewater plants or stormwater collection facilities.
Moreover, these smart growth tools not only enable localities to achieve clean
water goals, but they also help að ain other community objectives such as
preservation of open space and parks, cleanup of environmental contamination
and community eyesores, creation of sustainable economic development, saving
tax dollars through effi cient use of infrastructure, and the improvement of
overall quality of life.]
National Center for Public Policy
Research. 2002. Smart Growth and Its
Effects on Housing Markets: The New Segregation. (A econometric report by QuantEcon for
the Center for Environmental Justice of The National Center for Public Policy
Research) Washington, DC: National
Center for Public Policy Research.
<http://www.nationalcenter.org/NewSegregation.pdf> [Concerned that simple supply and demand market
principles dictate that a reduction in the availability of housing will push up
housing prices, and aware that minorities in the U.S., on the average, have
lower incomes than other Americans, The National Center for Public Policy
Research's Center for Environmental Justice set out to determine if restricted
growth policies are reducing homeownership opportunities for minority
Americans.]
National Governors Association.
2002. Growing With Less Greenhouse
Gases: State Growth Management Policies That Reduce GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: Center for Best
Practices, national Governors Association. <http://www.nga.org/cda/files/112002GHG.pdf> [Communities are grappling with the good and bad of
growth. Growth is the engine of prosperity, but maintaining a good quality of
life in a growing community can be challenging. Growth increasingly produces
traffic congestion, greater demand on resources, loss of greenspace, and other
undesirable consequences. By properly managing growth, communities can reduce
the negative effects of expansion while still reaping its benefits.]
National Research Council. 2000. Transportation Land Use and Smart Growth. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press. [Effects of
transportation infrastructure and location on residential real estate values: application of spatial autoregressive techniques /
Murtaza Haider and Eric J. Miller
-- Parameter estimation strategies for
large-scale urban models / John E. Abraham and John Douglas Hunt -- Adjusting computer
modeling tools to capture effects
of smart growth: or "poking at the
project like a lab rat" / Gerard Walters, Reid Ewing, and William Schroeer -- Land use, urban
design, and nonwork travel:
reproducing other urban areas'
empirical test results in Portland, Oregon / Marlon G. Boarnet and Michael J. Greenwald --
Integrated transportation and land
use policy analysis for
Sacramento, California / Stephen H. Putman ... [et al.] -- Pretest-posttest strategy for
researching neighborhood-scale
urban form and travel behavior /
Kevin J. Krizek -- Effective transit requires walkable communities: land use lessons of
transport patterns in four world
cities / Carolyn S. Konheim and Brian
Ketcham -- Land use and transportation planning for twin cities using a genetic algorithm /
Richard J. Balling ... [et al.] --
Sketch planning a street network /
Reid Ewing.]
Neal, Peter (ed.). 2003. Urban Villages and the Making of Communities. London; New York: Spon Press. [Part I. Introduction -- An urban
village primer / Peter Neal -- 2. Authentic urbanism and the Jane Jacobs legacy
/ Roberta Brandes Gratz -- Part II. The context for urban villages --
Introduction -- 1. Smart growth on two continents / Peter Hall -- 2. Planning
for sustainable communities / David Lock -- 3. Emerging digital neighbourhoods
/ William Mitchell -- Part III. Design principles for urban villages --
Introduction -- 4. Neighbourhood design in practice / andres Duany -- 5.
Connectivity and movement / David Taylor -- 6. The social dynamic / Ken Worpole
-- Part IV. Implementing urban villages / Mike Hollingsworth, Ben Denton, Chris
Brown -- Introduction -- 7. Project identification -- 8. Project procurement --
9. Project management -- Afterword -- The challenge ahead / David Lunts -- Part
V. Case studies -- Introduction -- Urban retrofit -- 1. The jewellery quarter,
Birmingham -- 2. Little Germany, Bradford -- 3. Temple bar, Dublin -- 4. Kings
Spadina, Toronto -- Urban renewal -- 5. Crown Street, Glasgow -- 6. The Pearl
District, Portland -- 7. Expo bo01, Malm*o -- 8. Llandarcy, South Wales --
Urban extension -- 9. Upton, Northampton -- 10. Poundbury, Dorset -- 11.
Kirchsteigfeld, Potsdam -- 12. Newington, Sydney -- Index.]
Nelson, Arthur C. 2000. "Sprawl Busting: State Programs to Guide
Growth," Journal of
the American Planning Association,
66.4 (2000): 452. ProQuest.
LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Sprawl
Busting: State Programs to Guide Growth by Jerry Weitz is reviewed.]
Nelson, Arthur C. 2002. "How Do We Know Smart Growth When We See It?" in
Terry S. Szold and Armando Carbonell, eds. Smart Growth: Form and
Consequences. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2002. pp.
83-101.
Nivola, Pietro S. 1998. "Fat City: Understanding American Urban Form From A
Transatlantic Perspective,"
The Brookings Review,
16.4 (1998): 17-19.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Urban settlements grow in three directions: 1. up
into high-rise buildings, 2. in by crowding, or 3. or out into the suburbs.
Although cities everywhere have developed in each of these ways at various
times, nowhere in Europe has the outward dispersal of people and jobs matched
the scope of suburbanization in the metropolitan areas of the US. In the US,
less than a quarter of the nation's population lived in suburbia in 1950. Now
more than 60% does. A wide range of public policies in Europe has helped curb
suburban sprawl, but not all of these policies have enhanced the welfare of the
Europeans. Most households are not better off when farmers are heavily
subsidized, or when anticompetitive practices protect micro-businesses at the
expense of larger, more efficient firms. Nor would most consumers gain greater
satisfaction from housing strategies that assist renter occupancy but not home
ownership. The economics of some nations in Western Europe have faltered in
recent years amid these sorts of public biases.]
Nivola, Pietro S. 1999. "Are Europe's cities better?" Public Interest, 137 (1999): 73-84. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Cities grow in
three directions: in by crowding, up into multi-story buildings, or out toward
the periphery. Although cities everywhere have developed in each of these ways
at various times, nowhere in Europe do urban settlements sprawl as much as in
the US. It is true that the contours of most major urban areas in the US were
formed to a great extent by economic and demographic expansion after the Second
World War. But the same was true in much of Europe, where entire cities were
reduced to rubble by the war and had to be rebuilt from ground zero. The more
important contrasts in urban development between America and Europe lie
elsewhere. The important distinctions have less to do with differing urban
programs than with other national policies, the consequences of which are less
understood. Few decisions are more consequential for the shape of cities than a
society's investments in transportation infrastructure. Europe's cities retain
their merchants and inhabitants because European municipalities typically do
not face the same fiscal liabilities as US cities. The diffuse pattern of urban
growth in the US is partly a consequence of particular geographic conditions,
cultural characteristics, and raw market forces, but also an accidental outcome
of certain government policies.]
Nozzi, Dom. 2003. Road To Ruin: An Introduction To Sprawl and How To Cure It. Westport, CT: Praeger.
OÕNeill, David J. 2002. Environment
and Development: Myth and Fact.
Washington, DC: ULIÐthe Urban Land Institute. <http://research.uli.org/Content/Reports/PolicyPapers/PUB_E14.pdf> [By debunking some of the prevailing myths about the
environment and development, this booklet aims to make public and private
sector decision makers more aware of the barriers to and opportunities for
environmentally sensitive developmentÑand perhaps to inspire them to undertake
and support sensitive projects.]
Orfield, Myron. 2002. American Metropolitics: The New Suburban Reality. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution
Press. [Introduction -- PART
1 METROPATTERNS. 1. Schools and
tax wealth: leading indicators of community health. Elementary schools. Taxes. Measuring
fiscal capacity. 2. The new
suburban typology. Poverty and race in the central cities. Tax capacity, needs, and costs in the cental cities. The myth of the suburban
monolith. Cluster analysis of
suburbs. Distribution of community
types within metropolitan areas. 3. A comparative analysis of segregration, fiscal
inequality, and sprawl. Racial and
social segregation. Why should we
care about this stratification?
Fiscal inequality.
Sprawl. Conclusions -- PART 2 METROPOLICY. 4. Federal urban policy. The political nature of
urban policy. Limitations of
federal urban programs. History
of major federal urban
policies. 5. Fiscal equity.
Government finance and fiscal disparities. The pros and cons of promoting regional equity.
Policies to promote fiscal equity.
An agenda for reform. 6. Land-use
reform. Existing state and regional efforts to manage growth. An agenda for reform. 7. Metropolitan governance reform.
Fragmentation of metropolitan
governance. Toward more effective
regional governance. Federal support for regional planning. Strategies for moving toward
greater regional governance --
PART 3, METROPOLITICS. 8.
Metropolitics and the case for regionalism. Metropolitan swing districts. Making the case for regionalism. Conclusion. 9. An agenda
for regionalism. Step 1: place
regional reform on Party agendas. Step
2: Build an association of at-risk suburban communities. Step 3: Strengthen the environmental movement's efforts to reform state
land-use laws. Step 4: Renew the
civil rights movement around a campaign
to end housing discrimination. Lessons on regional coalition building. Conclusions --
Appendixes. A. Tax-capacity
calculations. B. Tax-base-sharing
simulations. C. MARC projects completed or in progress -- References -- Index.]
O'Toole, Randal. 2001. "The Folly of "Smart Growth"," Regulation, 24.3 (2001): 20-25. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Thoughout the US, city and state governments are
turning to "smart growth" urban planning strategies to slow suburban
"sprawl." Spurred by concerns over traffic congestion, air pollution,
and loss of open space, the plans are intended to improve urban livability. The
strategies include purposeful efforts to increase urban population densities,
boost mass transit ridership, and decrease auto driving. In order to achieve
those goals, "smart growth" governments nationwide are implementing a
degree of land-use regulation that is unprecedented in the United States prior
to 1990. Unfortunately, as we will see from the experiences of the Portland,
OR., area, such regulation can produce an even worse quality of life for
residents. The policies' real effects appear to be increases in traffic
congestion, air pollution, consumer costs, taxes, and just about every other
impediment to urban livability.]
O'Toole, Randal. The Vanishing Automobile and Other
Urban Myths: How Smart Growth Will
Harm American Cities. Bandon,
OR: Thoreau Institute.
Peiser, Richard B. 1989. "Density and Urban Sprawl," Land Economics, 65.3 (1989): 193. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Evidence from
Dallas, Texas, Montgomery County, Maryland, and Fairfax County, Virginia,
indicates that sprawl patterns of urban growth characterized by discontinuous
development will lead to a higher density of development in areas skipped over.
This pattern of development may be more efficient than policy-prescribed
continuous urban development. Evidence on subdivisions in Fairfax County, which
has more flexible planning and rezoning rules than Montgomery County, shows
that density increases as accessibility improves. Infill subdivisions developed
in skipped over areas will have generally higher densities. Dallas, which also
has relatively pro-growth policies, does not show significantly higher
densities for infill development. Nevertheless, cross-sectional analysis
indicates that densities do increase over time in almost every distance zone.
While sprawl may be unjustly maligned for generating low-density development,
the potential benefits of discontinuous growth nonetheless depend on the
full-cost pricing of development.]
Pendall, Rolf. 2003. "The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl
Debate," Journal
of the American Planning Association,
69.1 (2003): 99. ProQuest.
LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The Limitless City: A Primer on the Urban Sprawl
Debate, by Oliver Gillham, is reviewed.]
Persky, Joseph & Wim
Wiewel. 2000. When Corporations Leave Town: The
Costs and Benefits of Metropolitan
Job Sprawl. Detroit: Wayne
State University Press.
Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth. 2003. "Out of Bounds," Multinational Monitor, 24.10 (2003): 20-24. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[An interview
with Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, an architect and town planner who co-founded
Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company in 1980 is presented. Among others, she
mentioned that population growth is one of the factors that have contributed to
sprawl in the US.]
Porter, Douglas R. & Robert T.
Dunphy & David Salvesen.
2002. Making Smart
Growth Work. Washington, D.C.:
Urban Land Institute. [This
book provides proven strategies and solutions that you can use to put smart gowth management into action. Includes pros and cons,
difficulties, and describes what
worked and what hasn't. Includes
mixed-use projects, conserving open space, expanding transportation options, creating
livable communities, suburban
greenfields, and the roles of players
involved.]
Powell, John A. 1998. "Race and Space: What Really Drives Metropolitan
Growth," The
Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998):
20-22. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
problems large, predominantly African-American cities face, from failing school
systems, depopulation, and business and job loss to the suburbs, to a housing
crisis marked by boarded-up houses and vacant lots, are discussed. One of the
problems facing central cities and older-ring suburbs is the constant pulling
of resources away from the region's core and the deployment of these resources
to the outer edges of the metropolitan areas. The economic and political
isolation of poor minorities in the inner cities is caused by flight, or
sprawl, and fragmentation. The movement further away from the central cities to
the suburbs is sprawl. The effect of the creation of rigid boundaries, which
separate municipalities from each other and more importantly from the central
core, is fragmentation. A federated approach recognizes the regional nature of
racial and economic segregation and provides a solution that integrates
regional policymaking with local governance.]
Poza, Ernesto J. 1989. Smart Growth: Critical Choices for Business, Continuity
and Prosperity. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Prince GeorgeÕs County Department of
Environmental Resources (DER).
1999. Low-Impact
Development: An Integrated Design Approach. Largo, MD: Department of Environmental Resources, Programs
and Planning Division. [Low Impact Development (LID)
enhances our ability to protect surface and ground water quality, maintain the
integrity of aquatic living resources and ecosystems, and preserve the physical
integrity of receiving streams. Prince GeorgeÕs County, MarylandÕs Department
of Environmental Resources has pioneered several new tools and practices in
this field, which strive to achieve good environmental designs that also make
good economic sense. The purpose of this manual is to share some of our
experiences, and show how LID can be applied on a national level.]
Proscio, Tony. 2002. Smart
Communities: Curbing Sprawl at Its Core. Accessed March 24, 2004. Published by the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, New
York. <http://www.liscnet.org/resources/2002/11/communities_976.shtml?Planning+%26+Land+Use>. [Can community development and Smart Growth find
common cause, share a common agenda, and serve mutual interests? Or are the
aims of individual neighborhoods, resident-led development organizations, and
central-city reinvestment necessarily at odds with those of regional planning
and reduced sprawl? "A few
prominent skeptics have even suggested that community development, by focusing
on individual neighborhoods and enfranchising lower-income residents, has
little to offer those whose concern is with the broad distribution of wealth,
population, and public resources.
Recent experience in a wide variety of metropolitan areas suggests that
the skeptics are wrong. Community developers have, in fact, increasingly found
themselves at the Smart Growth table, and metropolitanists have more and more
come to regard community development projects as helpful, even necessary, for
their own success." ]
Prud'homme, Remy & Chang-Woon
Lee. 1999. "Size, Sprawl, Speed and the
Efficiency of Cities," Urban
Studies, 36.11 (1999):
1849-1858. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
efficiency of cities, defined here as labour productivity, adjusted for differences
in industry-mix, is hypothesised to be a function of the 'effective size' of
the labour market of cities, defined as the average number of jobs available in
less than t minutes to workers in the city. This hypothesis is verified on a
sample of 23 French cities.]
Raad, Tamim, Jeff Kenworthy. 1998. "The US and Us: Canadian Cities Are Going The Way of
their US Counterparts Into Car-Dependent Sprawl," Alternatives Journal, 24.1 (1998): 14. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Developments in
the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) illustrate these changes well. The GTA is the
larger urbanized area that incorporates Metro's six urban municipalities and a
further 24 suburban and rural municipalities outside Metro. Although it is a
real entity in terms of commuting patterns, economic activity and shared
environmental problems, it has no regional government. Despite the province's
stated commitment to compact and socially diverse urban development in Metro,
it has sanctioned and facilitated the emergence of a contradictory urban form
on the periphery of the GTA outside Metro. Rather than continue to concentrate
growth within the existing urban envelope, the province invested heavily in
highways, trunk sewers and water lines beyond Metro's borders. This investment
has guided growth into a ring of lower density suburbs surrounding Metro.
Between 1971 and 1991, the population within Metro Toronto increased by less
than 200,000 while the population outside Metro's borders increased by over 1.1
million. Today, nearly half the region's population lives outside Metro. Recent developments in the GTA best
capture how fundamentally Canadian political values and decisions are beginning
to mirror those in the US. Ontario's cost-cutting move toward a
"MegaCity" - by merging Metro's six lower-tier municipalities into
one City of Toronto - will have none of the benefits of traditional
consolidations. This is because the key services (such as transit and police) were
already consolidated in Metro and land-use planning is probably not going to be
consolidated into the new City of Toronto government, but will stay with
unelected local "community councils". Metro residents will also lose
their "best of both worlds" two-tier governance that afforded some
degree of local control over services (such as parks, community centres,
libraries, community health and the like) where local preferences could be
exercised with little adverse regional consequence. Finally, critics warn that
any such move in the absence of a new GTA-wide government incorporating all 30
municipalities in the region would stifle co-ordinating efforts and intensify
harmful urban-suburban competition, along the lines found in the US. Even one
of amalgamation's main proponents, former Toronto mayor David Crombie, was
keenly aware of this reality. The
best known example is Michael Goldberg and John Mercer, The Myth of the North
American City: Continentalism Challenged (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1986). More
specifically on transportation and land-use issues, see John Pucher,
"Public Transport Developments: Canada vs the United States,"
Transportation Quarterly, 48:1 (1994), pp. 65-78; Frances Frisken,
"Canadian Cities and the American Example: A Prologue to Urban Policy Analysis,"
Canadian Public Administration, 29:3 (1986), pp. 345-76; Robert Cervero,
"Urban Transit in Canada: Integration and Innovation at its Best,"
Transportation Quarterly, 40:3 (1986), pp. 293-316; and Richard Soberman,
"Urban Transportation in the US and Canada: A Canadian Perspective,"
The Logistics and Transportation Review, 19:2 (1983), pp. 99-109.]
Razin, Eran. 1998. "Policies To Control Urban Sprawl: Planning Regulations
Or Changes In The 'Rules of the Game'?" Urban Studies, 35.2 (1998): 321-340. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Razin examines
two mechanisms that determine the rules of local development and public
regulation of urban sprawl: local government finance and the transfer of land from
rural to urban local authorities.]
Real Estate Research
Corporation. 1974. The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental
and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns At the Urban
Fringe; prepared for the Council on
Environmental Quality, the office of Policy Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the office of
Planning and Management,
Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, DC: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Printing office.
Real Estate Research
Corporation. 1974. The Costs of Sprawl:
Executive Summary.
Prepared for the Council on Environmental Quality; the Office of Policy
Development and Research, Department of Housing and Urban Development; the
Office of Planning and Management, Environmental Protection Agency. <http://www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/costs_of_sprawl.pdf>
Real Estate Research
Corporation. 1974. The Costs of Sprawl: Executive
Summary. Washington, DC:
Council on Environmental Quality.
Richardson, Harry W. & Peter
Gordon. 2000. Compactness
Or Sprawl: AmericaÕs Future vs. the Present. Working Paper # 2000-1008. Los Angeles: Lusk Center for Real Estate. <http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/lusk/research/papers/pdf/wp_2000_1008.pdf> [Challenges the smart growth movement.]
Richardson, Harry W. & Peter
Gordon. 2001. "Sustainable
Portland? A Critique, And The Los Angeles Counterpoint." Working Paper # 2001-1003. Los Angeles: Lusk Center for Real Estate
Development. <http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/lusk/research/papers/pdf/wp_2001-1003.pdf> [This paper examines the Portland experience as
AmericaÕs most widely regarded example of urban sustainability. It suggests
that appearances are deceptive. It compares some characteristics of development
in Portland with similar trends in Los Angeles, not known as an exemplar of
sustainability. The data suggest that Portland and Los Angeles are much more
alike than different. In fact, from some points of view, Portland is less
sustainable. It sprawls more (with densities about one-half of Los Angeles),
its housing is less affordable, it consumes more land for urban development, it
has more roads, and its minimal reliance on transit is similar.]
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2003. Promoting
Active Living Communities: A Guide To Marketing And Communication. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. <http://www.activelivingbydesign.org/resources/rwjf_toolkit.pdf> [This guide is designed to help you use communication
tools to sell your community on the value of active living. It presents an
approach that can be applied as you encourage individuals to adopt an active
lifestyle and facilitate changes in the social environment or policy by
changing attitudes on a community-wide basis. More specifically, itÕs about
getting the right message to the right people at the right time, then working
to ensure that if they are persuaded to become more active (adopt an active
lifestyle), they are supported by community infrastructure. Because no two
communities are alike, you should tailor and adapt the ideas here for your own
needs, budgets, and funding mandates.]
Romano, Ellen. 2000. "Living Smarter: Better Communities for the New
Millennium," Journal
of Property Management,
(Jan/Feb 2000): 30-35.
[A summary review
of smart growth factors as they pertain to property management.]
Rome, Adam W. 1998. "William Whyte, Open Space, and Environmental
Activism," Geographical
Review, 88.2 (1998):
259-274. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In
the late 1950s and early 1960s a variety of Americans began to protest the loss
of open space to suburban sprawl. The critic of sprawl, William Whyte, most
notably--argued that open space had great aesthetic, social, and ecological
value.]
Rome, Adam Ward. 2001. The Bulldozer In the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the
Rise of American Environmentalism.
Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. [Levitt's progress: the rise of
the suburban-industrial complex -- From the solar house to the all-electric home:
the postwar debates over heating and cooling -- Septic-tank suburbia: the
problem of waste disposal at the metropolitan fringe -- Open space: the first
protests against the bulldozed landscape -- Where not to build: the campaigns
to protect wetlands, hillsides, and floodplains -- Water, soil, and wildlife:
the federal critiques of tract-house development -- Toward a land ethic: the
quiet revolution in land-use regulation.]
Romero, Francine Sanders &
Adrian Liserio. 2002. "Saving Open Spaces: Determinants
of 1998 and 1999 "Antisprawl" Ballot Measures," Social Science Quarterly, 83.1 (2002): 341-352. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Although such
measures received media attention as indicative of a nationwide rebellion
against sprawl, determinants of the appearance and success of 1998 and 1999
open-space preservation ballot measureshave not been investigated. We suspect
that, contrary to assumptions, these are not triggered by sprawled development
and represent a response limited to small, wealthy communities.]
Rosenberg, Nick. 2003. "Development Impact Fees: Is Limited Cost
Internalization Actually Smart Growth? " Boston College Environmental
Affairs Law Review 30.3
(2003): 641. Research Library.
ProQuest. Los Angeles
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA..
11 Mar. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Sprawl has defined development in the United States for the past fifty
years. As people have moved from the cities to the suburbs, communities have
been faced with staggering infrastructure, social, and environmental costs.
Many municipalities have attempted to recoup costs of this development by
imposing impact fees-charges on development used to pay for necessary public
services. Many environmental and smart growth advocates have embraced impact
fees as a cost-internalizing approach to regulating growth. Federal and state
courts, however, have placed substantial constraints on the scope of the costs
that municipalities are able to recover through impact fees. Furthermore,
because the most direct infrastructure costs are more readily recouped,
development may occur in areas where the lack of these services would otherwise
have been prohibitive, while remaining social costs are borne by society at large.
This Comment cautions local governments to be wary of using impact fees as a
tool to address the broader impacts of sprawl, and urges them to balance the
benefits of limited cost recovery with the effect of accommodating growth that
might otherwise not occur.]
Rosenberg, Nick. 2003. "Development Impact Fees: Is Limited Cost
Internalization Actually Smart Growth?" Boston College Environmental
Affairs Law Review, 30.3
(2003): 641. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Sprawl
has defined development in the United States for the past fifty years. As
people have moved from the cities to the suburbs, communities have been faced
with staggering infrastructure, social, and environmental costs. Many municipalities
have attempted to recoup costs of this development by imposing impact
fees-charges on development used to pay for necessary public services. Many
environmental and smart growth advocates have embraced impact fees as a
cost-internalizing approach to regulating growth. Federal and state courts,
however, have placed substantial constraints on the scope of the costs that
municipalities are able to recover through impact fees. Furthermore, because
the most direct infrastructure costs are more readily recouped, development may
occur in areas where the lack of these services would otherwise have been
prohibitive, while remaining social costs are borne by society at large. This
Comment cautions local governments to be wary of using impact fees as a tool to
address the broader impacts of sprawl, and urges them to balance the benefits
of limited cost recovery with the effect of accommodating growth that might
otherwise not occur.]
Rosenblatt, Roger A. 2002. "Conservation Easements: Permanent Shields Against Sprawl," Journal of Forestry, 100.3 (2002): 8-12. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Conservation
easements are an effective tool for maintaining working forests, preserving
environmental values and protecting communities from excessive development
pressure. Selling or donating conservation easements may allow landowners who
are committed to sustainable management to resist pressure to sell their
property to developers.]
Rusk, David. 1998. "The Exploding Metropolis: Why Growth Management Makes
Sense," The
Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998):
13-15. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The
US is more than ever a land of metropolitan regions. Today, those regions are
home to five-sixths of the country's population and economic activity. However,
accompanying the explosive growth of US metropolitan regions in the second half
of the 20th century, driven by the federal interstate highway system, has been the
demise of the central city and the balkanization of local governance.
Annexations and mergers are the traditional tools of municipal expansion, used
by even the oldest US cities in their youth. Though even most highly
annexation-oriented cities are slowly losing ground in the face of accelerating
urban sprawl, there are strong reasons for continued annexation. Growth
management is rapidly emerging as the top regional issue of the next decade.
They key center of activity will be state legislatures, where land use rules
are controlled.]
Rusk, David. 1999. Inside Game, Outside Game: Winning Strategies for Saving Urban America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution
Press. [Bedford-Stuyvesant:
beginnings -- Walnut Hills, Jamaica Plain, and other neighborhoods -- Pilot
Small's Airport and RKO Keith's Balcony: sprawl and race -- The sprawl machine
-- The poverty machine -- The deficit machine -- Portland, Oregon: taming urban
sprawl -- Montgomery County, Maryland: mixing up the neighborhood -- Dayton Ohio's
ED/GE: the rewards (and limits) -- Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota: the
winning coalition -- Changing federal public housing policies -- Building
regional coalitions -- Changing attitudes, changing laws.]
Russell, Rusty. 2003. "Equity in Eden: Can Environmental Protection and
Affordable Housing Comfortably Cohabit In Suburbia?" Boston College
Environmental Affairs Law Review,
30.3 (2003): 437. ProQuest.
LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [State-based
affordable housing initiatives have survived decades of controversy. Two of the
most successful-in Massachusetts and New Jersey-encourage homebuilders to
bypass local regulations when zoning ordinances limit available land. Opponents
assert that these programs invite developers to pillage open space, impairing
wetlands and promoting sprawl. This Article examines the low- and
moderate-income housing programs established by the so-called "Anti-Snob
Zoning Act" in Massachusetts and the Mount Laurel doctrine in New Jersey.
Drawing on Oregon's integrated planning regime as a point of contrast, it
analyzes the potential for tension between policies that advance affordable
housing in the suburbs and the asserted municipal interest in safeguarding the
local environment. Finding that elements of the legal and regulatory structure
appear to promote this conflict, the Article concludes with the observation
that a more coherent statewide planning system could better integrate
affordable housing and the environment, and offers thoughts on how to alter the
perception that the two are adversaries.]
Rybezynski, Witold. 1999. "Why We Need Olmsted Again," The Wilson Quarterly, 23.3 (1999): 15-21. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Sprawl is
shaping up to be an issue in the forthcoming presidential election, and it's
easy to see why with gridlock abounding and the relentless urbanization of the
countryside. Some say Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York's Central
Park, would know how to handle the problem.]
Schneider, Keith. 1996. "Suburban Sprawl," Nieman Reports, 50.4 (1996): 9-15.
ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Semandel, Allison & Michael R.
Kinde. 2001. Smart Growth: Creating
Communities for People.
Milwaukee, WI: Citizens for a Better Environment. <http://www.cbemw.org/smartgrowth/sg_gbook.html> [A guidebook, including zoning language, to creating
places where people can live and work, interact with their neighbors and
participate meaning-fully in the life of their community. This guidebook
presents local development policies that result in walkable and transit
supportive neighborhoods, which encourage safe environments, healthy people,
and strong communities. The zoning language promotes future developments that
support the local tax base, use public infrastructure efficiently, maintain the
social fabric of our communities, and create places where residents are free to
move without needing a car.]
Sheehan, Molly OÕMeara. 2002. What
Will It Take To Halt Sprawl?
Washington, DC: World Watch Institute. <http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/download/EP151A/> [Urban sprawl may pose greater dangers to the
sustainability of civilization than even many anti-sprawl activists realize.
But in three of the worldÕs most prominent cities, citizen actions have begun
to raise awareness of the problemÑ and to show just how attractive the
alternatives to sprawl can be.]
Sheehan, Molly O'Meara. 2001. City Limits: Putting the Brakes On Sprawl. [Washington, D.C.]: Worldwatch
Institute, c2001.
[Introduction -- How motor vehicles take over cities -- The costs of sprawl -- Three cities
that chose livability over sprawl
-- Linking transportation and land
use policies -- Erasing the incentives to sprawl -- Restructuring government institutions -- Creating constituencies for change -- Appendix
-- Notes.]
Shuster, Laurie A. 2001. "Sprawl Likely To Drive Future Projects, Report
Says," Civil
Engineering, 71.9 (2001):
26-27. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Suburban
sprawl and economic growth will determine which types of environmental projects
are begun over the next four years. Those projects driven by population growth,
concern about urban land use, and economic activity will increase, while those
strictly by government regulations are likely to stagnate, according to a
recent report.]
Siegel, Fred. 1999. "Is Regional Government The Answer?" Public
Interest, 137 (1999):
85-98. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Suburban
sprawl, the spread of low-density housing over an ever-expanding landscape, has
attracted a growing list of enemies. But only recently has sprawl become the
next great issue in American public life. That is because suburbanites
themselves are now calling for limits to seemingly inexorable and frenetic
development. Undoubtedly, the loss of land and the environmental degradation
produced by sprawl are serious problems that demand public attention. But
sprawl also brings enormous benefits as well as considerable costs. Sprawl is
part of the price people are paying for something novel in human history - the
creation of a mass upper middle class. One oft-proposed answer to sprawl has
been larger regional governments that will exercise a monopoly on land-use
decisions. Underlying this solution is the theory that sprawl is produced when
individuals and townships seek to maximize their own advantage without regard
for the good of the whole community.]
Sierra Club. 2000. Sprawl
Cost Us All: How Your Taxes Fuel Suburban Growth. San Francisco: Sierra Club. <http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report00/> [Characterizes and quantifies the ways in which local,
regional and federal governments subsidizes sprawl: road building to make
fringe areas more accessible, tax breaks encouraging businesses and
corporations to locate in fringe areas, encouraging floodplain construction,
and providing "public" services to developments outside of urbanized
areas.]
Simmons, Daniel R. 2000. "What To Do About Suburban Sprawl: Let The Communities
Decide," The World
& I, 15.2 (2000):
66-70. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Smart Growth Network. 2003. Getting
to Smart Growth II: 100 More Policies for Implementation. International City/County Management
Association (ICMA) and the Smart Growth Network. Accessed on March 25, 2004, <http://www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/gettosg2.pdf>.
Smart Growth Network. 2003. Getting
to Smart Growth: 100 Policies for Implementation. International City/County Management
Association (ICMA) and the Smart Growth Network. Accessed on March 25, 2004, <http://www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/gettosg.pdf>. [Proposes 10 principles for smart growth: Mix land
use; Take advantage of compact building design; Create a range of housing
opportunities and choices; Create walkable neighborhoods; Foster distinctive,
attractive communities with a strong sense of place; Preserve open space,
farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas; Strengthen and
direct development towards existing communities; Provide a variety of transportation
choices; Make development decisions predictable, fair and cost effective;
Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration in development decisions.]
Smart Growth Task Force. 2000. "Smart Growth? Sensible Growth? Sustainable Growth?
Balanced Growth? Responsible Growth:
What Are the Transportation Needs to Achieve This Growth?" ITE Journal, (April 2000):
28-31. [ "This feature provides an
initial definition for smart, sensible, responsible, livable, or sustainable
growth. It also suggests
characteristics of the transportation system(s) that support this growth. Finally, several issues are raised that
are intended to stimulate discussion and help ITE to decide how to address the
needs in this area." ]
Smiley, David J. (ed.). 2002. Sprawl and Public Space: Redressing the Mall. Washington DC: National Endowment for
the Arts; New York, N.Y.:
Distributed by Princeton Architectural Press.
Smith, William C. 2000. "The Brawl Over Sprawl," American Bar Association Journal, (Dec 2000): 48-52. [Euclid, once a Cleveland suburb, won a landmark court
ruling allowing to to disregard imposed zoning ordinances. Now an inner-ring suburb, Euclid joins
Cleveland in an effort to fight sprawl and impose "smart" zoning
restrictions on the region.]
Song, Yan & Gerrit-Jan
Knaap. 2002. Measuring
Urban Form: Is Portland Winning the War on Sprawl? National Center for Smart Growth
Research and Education, University of Maryland (Forthcoming in Journal of the
American Planning Association, Spring 2004). <http://www.smartgrowth.umd.edu/events/pdf/Song_Paper2.pdf> [In this paper we present several quantitative
measures of urban form and compute these for neighborhoods of varying age in
the Portland metropolitan area. Our results suggest: (1) neighborhoods in
Washington County have increased in single-family dwelling unit density since
the 1960s; (2) internal street connectivity, pedestrian accessibility to
commercial areas and bus stops have improved since the early 1990s; (3)
external connectivity continues to decline; and (4) the mixing of land uses
remains limited. We conclude that PortlandÕs battle with sprawl is not yet
won.]
Southern California Studies
Center. 2001. Sprawl Hits the
Wall: Confronting the Realities of Metropolitan Los Angeles. With The Brookings Institution. Los Angeles: University of Southern
California. <http://www.usc.edu/dept/geography/SC2/sg/atlas3.html> [The Los Angeles region is still spatially organized
around the assumptions of the suburban era: that it serves a middle-class
suburban population engaged in a middle-class suburban economy; that the supply
of buildable land is practically unlimited; and, following from the first two
assumptions, that the regionÕs middle-class and wealthy residents can simply
move awayÑalways outwardÑfrom "urban-style" problems. But this is no
longer the reality of the region. This report is an attempt to take a
clear-eyed look at metropolitan Los AngelesÕs new reality. It seeks not to
portray the Los Angeles of history or the Los Angeles of popular perception,
but the five-county region today as it really existsÑa rapidly changing and
immensely complicated metropolitan region with an emerging set of challenges
that must be dealt with now if the region is to maintain both livability and
prosperity in the future.]
Southern California Studies
Center. 2001. Sprawl Hits the Wall: Confronting
the Realities of Metropolitan Los
Angeles. (Atlas of Southern California. v.4) Los Angeles, Calif.: Southern California Studies Center, University of Southern
California ; Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution Center on Urban
and Metropolitan Policy.
<http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/la/abstract.htm>
Southworth, Michael. 1997. "Walkable Suburbs?: An Evaluation of Neotraditional
Communities At The Urban Edge," Journal of the American Planning Association, 63.1 (1997): 28-44. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[One of the few
alternatives to the suburban sprawl approach to development in recent years has
been the neotraditional community, characterized by somewhat higher densities,
a greater mix of uses, provision of public transit, accommodation of the
pedestrian and the bicyclist, and an interconnected pattern of streets. Two
recent prototype neotraditional turn-of-the-century streetcar suburb - Elmwood
- and with conventional late-20th-century suburbs, in terms of patterns of
built form, land use, public open space, street design and circulation, and
pedestrian access. Also considered are issues of transit access, relation to
existing metropolitan development, livability for children, teens and elderly,
and market success.]
Speir, Cameron & Kurt
Stephenson. 2002. "Does Sprawl Cost Us All?
Isolating the Effects of Housing Patterns on Public Water and Sewer
Costs," Journal of
the American Planning Association,
v68n1 (Winter 2002): 56-70.
[Shows that the
true costs of providing water and sewer are very sensitive to lot size, and,
thus, present practices of charging for such service infrastructure
irrespective of lot size amounts to a "sprawl subsidy." The results show that more spread
out housing patterns are more costly to supply with public water and sewer
services, but that shifting a majority of these costs to the private sector is
a relatively simple matter.]
Speir, Cameron & Kurt
Stephenson. 2002. "Does Sprawl Cost Us All?
Isolating the Effects of Housing Patterns On Public Water and Sewer
Costs," Journal of
the American Planning Association,
68.1 (2002): 56-70. ProQuest.
LA Public Library, Los Angeles, CA.
7 Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [This
article assesses the public water and sewer costs associated with alternative
housing patterns. These patterns are defined in terms of lot size, tract
dispersion, and distance from existing water and sewer service centers. The
engineering cost model presented here gives empirical evidence of how sensitive
local government service costs are to the spatial pattern of single-family
residential development. The results show that more spread out housing patterns
are more costly to supply with public water and sewer services, but that
shifting a majority of these costs to the private sector may be a relatively
simple matter.]
Squires, Gregory D. (ed.). 2002. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy
Responses. Washington, D.C.:
Urban Institute Press.
[Urban sprawl and the uneven development of metropolitan America /
Gregory D. Squires -- The environmental impacts of sprawl / David J. Cieslewicz
-- Sprawl, concentration of poverty, and urban inequality / Paul A. Jargowsky
-- Sprawl, fragmentation, and the persistence of racial inequality: limiting
civil rights by fragmenting space / John Powell -- Transportation, land use,
and the impacts of sprawl on poor children and families / Amy Helling --
Encourage, then cope: Washington and the sprawl machine / H. V. Savitch --
Suburban expansion in Atlanta: "the city without limits" faces some /
Charles Jaret -- Planning a sustainable city: the promise and performance of
Portland's urban growth boundary / Carl Abbott -- Politics and regionalism /
Myron Orfield -- Less sprawl, greater equity?: the potential for revenue
sharing in the Chicago region / Wim Wiewel, Joseph Persky, and Kimberly
Schaffer -- Maryland's "smart growth": using incentives to combat
sprawl / James R. Cohen -- Equity and the future politics of growth / Jeffrey
R. Henig.]
Squires, Gregory D. (ed.). 2002. Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences,& Policy Responses. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute
Press. [Urban sprawl and the
uneven development of metropolitan America / Gregory D. Squires -- The
environmental impacts of sprawl / David J. Cieslewicz -- Sprawl, concentration
of poverty, and urban inequality / Paul A. Jargowsky -- Sprawl, fragmentation,
and the persistence of racial inequality: limiting civil rights by fragmenting
space / John Powell -- Transportation, land use, and the impacts of sprawl on
poor children and families / Amy Helling -- Encourage, then cope: Washington
and the sprawl machine / H. V. Savitch -- Suburban expansion in Atlanta:
"the city without limits" faces some / Charles Jaret -- Planning a
sustainable city: the promise and performance of Portland's urban growth
boundary / Carl Abbott -- Politics and regionalism / Myron Orfield -- Less
sprawl, greater equity?: the potential for revenue sharing in the Chicago
region / Wim Wiewel, Joseph Persky, and Kimberly Schaffer -- Maryland's
"smart growth": using incentives to combat sprawl / James R. Cohen --
Equity and the future politics of growth / Jeffrey R. Henig.]
Stanilov, Kiril & Brenda Case
Scheer (eds.). 2004. Suburban Form: An International
Perspective. New York:
Routledge, 2004.
[Introduction. Postwar growth and suburban development patterns / Kiril
Stanilov -- The changing form of suburbs. Introduction. Community, modernity,
and urban change in Japan and the USA: Toyokawa and Cupertino in the late
twentieth century / Piper Gaubatz. Complexity and contradiction in the ageing
early postwar suburbs of Qubec City / Genevive Vachon, Nik Luka, Daniel
Lacroix. Morphological diversity in the squatter settlements of Rio de Janeiro
/ Lilian Fessler Vaz and Paola Berenstein Jacques -- Understanding the elements
and the patterns. Introduction. Making a metropolitan landscape: Lyons
1812-1994 / Jacqueline Tatom. Radial street as a timeline / Brenda Case Scheer
-- The effect of planning. Introduction. Transformations of space: a
retrospective on public housing in Singapore / Limin Hee and Chye-Kiang Heng.
Building types and urban fabric of Rome's outer suburbs: from reading to
planning / Maria Grazia Corsini. Planning for sprawl: the evolution of a
regional shopping center / Kiril Stanilov -- The reconstruction of the suburbs.
Introduction. The transformation of large postwar housing areas in Sweden:
adaptation to a blend of new and old planning ideas / Sonja Viden and Marina
Botta. Suburban morphology and Portland's urban growth boundary / Thomas Harvey
and Martha A. Works. Conserving the suburb: mechanisms, tensions and results /
Peter J. Larkham.]
Stoel Jr., Thomas B. 1999. "Refining in Urban Sprawl," Environment, 41.4 (1999): 6-11+. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Suburban
development around major US cities has major environmental consequences,
including loss of green spaces, added runoff of pollutants into waterways, and
increased traffic that causes congestion and air pollution.]
Stoneman, Bill. 1999. "Metropolitan Sprawl," American Demographics, 21.4 (1999): 15-16. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[More Americans
are living in areas that are neither densely nor sparsely populated. As a
result, it is getting tougher to draw a clear boundary around a metropolitan
area. The US office of Management and Budget is in the process of establishing
new standards to define metropolitan areas. If adopted, the new standards would
be applied to the 2000 Census, yielding a new list of metro areas by about
2002.]
Surface Transportation Policy
Project. 1999. Why Are The Roads So Congested?
A Companion Analysis of the Texas Transportation InstituteÕs Data On
Metropolitan Congestion. <http://www.transact.org/report.asp?id=63> [The report analyses the effects of increases in
population, vehicle miles traveled, and sprawl on congestion, and presents a
depiction of perceived congestion due to these factors.]
Szold, Terry S. & Armando
Carbonell. 2002. Smart Growth: Form and Consequences. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of
Land Policy. [ What is
suburbia?: naming the layers in the
landscape, 1820-2000 / Dolores Hayden -- How they lost their way in San Jose: the capital of
Silicon Valley as a case study of
postwar sprawl / Glenna Matthews --
Electronic cottages, wired neighborhoods, and smart cities / William J. Mitchell -- How do
we know smart growth when we see
it? / Arthur C. Nelson -- Seven
wise (though possibly impractical) goals for smart growth advocates / Alex Krieger --
Smarter standards and regulations:
diversifying the spatial paradigm of
subdivisions / Eran Ben-Joseph -- Smart growth: legal assumptions and market realities /
Brian W. Blaesser -- The
Constitution neither prohibits nor requires smart growth / Jerold S. Kayden -- Ethical principles for smart growth: steps toward an
ecological ten commandments /
Timothy C. Weiskel -- Smart growth and
urban revival / Harvey Gantt.]
Theobald, David M. 2001. "Land-use Dynamics Beyond The American Urban
Fringe," Geographical
Review, 91.3 (2001):
544-564. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [A
deficiency common to both the historical debates over loss of agricultural land
and the current discussions of urbanization and sprawl is a limited
understanding of land-use dynamics beyond the urban fringe. Practitioners of
natural resource management need to recognize the ubiquity of exurban
development and better incorporate the fine-scale patterns of land use beyond the
urban fringe.]
Tibaijuka, Anna. 2003. "The Political Economy of Sprawl In The Developing
World," Multinational
Monitor, 24.10 (2003):
17-19. ProQuest. LA Public
Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7 Apr.
2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [An
interview with Tanzanian national Anna Kajumulo Tibaijuka, an executive
director of UN-HABITAT, the UN agency for human settlements is presented. Among
others, she talked about whether the contribution of economic globalization
intensifies urbanization in developing countries. She stated that the process
of globalization has a distinct spatial specificity, and that the outcomes of
globalization also shows particular geographic patterns.]
Tomalty, Ray. 1998. "No More Horsing Around," Alternatives Journal, 24.1 (1998): 2. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[While the car
quickly outcompeted the horse, it had more trouble defeating its main motorized
alternative, the street car. For the first few decades of the century, the
automobile competed with public transit for investment and consumer dollars. US
cities wavered between widening roads to accommodate more cars and improving
their transit networks. In 1936 a conglomerate of US car, oil and tire
companies decided to eliminate the choice. National City Lines began buying up
transit lines with the sole purpose of running them into the ground. Over the
next 20 years, the conglomerate bought and closed more than 100 street car
lines in 45 US cities. John
Pucher's article reveals that transit is now in trouble across most of Canada
as ridership slopes towards US levels. Public funding of transit systems is
declining in most provinces and US-style suburban sprawl - which is enormously
wasteful in terms of land, energy, and infrastructure consumption - almost
requires that every household has a car. Only bold public policies, such as
encouraging more compact cities that can support transit, and more public
investment in transit systems, can reverse this trend.]
Tomalty, Ray. 2000. "New Urbanism and Communities," Alternatives Journal, 26.3 (2000): 39. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[New urbanism is
a "back to the future" approach to urban design that attempts to
recover the best traditions of city building and export them to the suburbs.
New urbanist developments look like traditional inner-city neighbourhoods:
higher density than conventional suburbs with a healthy mix of housing types,
smaller lots, verandas, driveways in the rear instead of car ports facing the
streets, and architectural details that create a unique sense of place. As one
of the founders of the movement, Californian architect Peter Calthorpe, says,
"We need towns rather than sprawl."]
Ullman, John E. (ed.). 1977. The Suburban Economic Network: Economic Activity, Resource Use, and the Great Sprawl. New York: Praeger.
United States Congress, Senate
Committee on Environment and Public Works. 2003. Smart
Growth and Economic Development: hearing before the Committee on
Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh
Congress, second session on S. 995, a bill to improve environmental policy by
providing assistance for state and tribal
land use planning, to promote improved quality of life, regionalism, and
sustainable economic development,
and for other purposes: S. 1079, a bill
to amend the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 to
provide assistance to communities for the redevelopment of brownfield sites.
<http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS43402>
Urban Land Institute. 1998. Smart Growth: Economy, Community, Environment. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land
Institute. [Smart growth in
our future? / Geoffrey anderson and
Harriett Tregoning -- Smart transportation for smart growth / Don H. Pickrell -- The case
for higher-density housing: a key
to smart growth? / Karen A.
Danielsen and Robert E. Lang -- The states: growing smarter? / Douglas R. Porter -- Smart growth and regional cooperation / Linda E.
Hollis -- Smart growth for center
cities / David C. Petersen.]
Urban Land Institute. 1999. Smart
Growth: Myth and Fact.
Washington, DC: ULI. <http://research.uli.org/Content/Reports/PolicyPapers/PUB_S50.pdf> [While many individuals and communities recognize the
value and benefits of growth, often they are troubled by its unintentional
consequences. Recognizing that conventional planning and development approaches
are not effectively addressing growing traffic congestion and greater losses of
open space, communities across the United States, often with support from their
state governments, are turning to smart growth. Smart growth, as reflected in
Smart Growth: Myth and Factª, addresses the core issue of how communities will
accommodate inevitable growth in a way that enhances livability, the
environment, and the economy.]
Urban Land Institute. 2002. Putting
the Pieces Together: State Actions to Encourage Smart Growth Practices in
California. Washington,
DC: ULIÐthe Urban Land Institute.
<http://research.uli.org/Content/Reports/PolicyPapers/PFR_672.pdf> [To accommodate projected population growth without
putting severe strain on the stateÕs resources and deteriorating the quality of
life of its residents, California needs to concentrate development more.
However, the state is moving in the opposite direction. Its most rapid growth
(measured by the rate of population growth) is occurring in largely suburban
counties characterized by low-density developmentÑsuch as Merced, Fresno,
Sacramento, San Bernardino, and Riverside.]
Urban Land Institute. 2002. Reality Check On
Growth: Lessons Learned.
Los Angeles: ULI-LA. <http://www.uli-la.org/realitycheck/postreport.pdf> [Presents a summary of the outcomes of a participatory
workshop designed to generate stakeholder-driven solutions to anticipated
growth in Southern California.]
US EPA. 2000. Low Impact Development: A
Literature Review.
Washington, DC: US EPA, Office of Water. <http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/lid/lidlit.html> [A literature review was conducted to determine the
availability and reliability of data to assess the effectiveness of low impact
development (LID) practices for controlling stormwater runoff volume and
reducing pollutant loadings to receiving waters. Background information
concerning the uses, ownership and associated costs for LID measures was also
compiled. In general LID measures are more cost effective and lower in
maintenance than conventional, structural stormwater controls. Not all sites
are suitable for LID. Considerations such as soil permeablility, depth of water
table and slope must be considered, in addition to other factors. Further, the
use of LID may not completely replace the need for conventional stormwater
controls.]
US EPA. 2003. EPAÕs Smart Growth
INDEX In 20 Pilot Communities: Using GIS Sketch Modeling to Advance Smart
Growth. Accessed March 25,
2004, <http://www.epa.gov/livability/pdf/Final_screen.pdf>. [The Smart Growth
INDEX (SGI) model is a software tool that allows the user to benchmark existing
environmental and community conditions, compare the impacts of multiple
development and transportation scenarios, and monitor changes over time. The
program provides clear graphics so that the public can understand comparable
impacts. It allows the public visioning process to be integrated into the
development planning and environmental protection process.]
US GAO. 2000. Community Development: Local
Growth IssuesÑFederal Opportunities and Challenges. September 2000. US General Accounting Office. Report # RCED-00-178. Accessed on March 25, 2004, <http://www.gao.gov/archive/2000/rc00178.pdf>. [Argues that the resource consumption and
traffic-related effects of anticipated growth throughout the nation raise
concerns about the need for planning.
Suggests that although land use and growth control are vested in local
government, and, in some cases, in regional governance structures, the Federal
government can also influence growth and development nationwide through its
spending programs, regulations, taxes, and administrative actions.]
US General Accounting office. 1999. Community Development: Extent of Federal Influence On
"Urban Sprawl" Is Unclear: report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C.: The office. <http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS11471>
US White House Task Force on Livable
Communities. 2000. Building Livable
Communities: Sustaining Prosperity, Improving Quality of Life, Building a Sense
of Community Ð A Report from the Clinton-Gore Administration. Washington, DC: Livable Communities
Initiative. <http://www.smartgrowth.org/pdf/report2knew.pdf>. [Federal policies can influence patterns of growth Ð
often, inadvertently Ð and their possible contribution to sprawl is a matter of
some debate. With the Livable Communities Initiative, the Administration seeks
to ensure that the federal government works with communities to build futures
that: Sustain prosperity and expand
economic opportunity; Enhance the
quality of life; and Build a
stronger sense of community. The
Livable Communities Initiative contains an array of existing and proposed
programs and policies to help communities meet these objectives. It offers communities
resources and tools they can use to revitalize urban neighborhoods, ease
traffic congestion, preserve farmland and open spaces, become disaster
resistant, address the distribution of environmental burdens and benefits, and
achieve equitable development. Through collaboration among neighboring
jurisdictions, smart growth planning, and engagement of the private sector,
these programs can help improve air and water quality, clean up abandoned
brownfields, and improve traffic safety.]
Waddell, Paul. 2002. "UrbanSim: Modeling Urban Development For Land Use,
Transportation, and Environmental Planning," Journal of the American Planning Association, 68.3 (2002): 297-314. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Metropolitan
areas have come under intense pressure to respond to federal mandates to link
planning of land use, transportation and environmental quality; and from
citizen concerns about managing the side effects of growth such as sprawl,
congestion, housing affordability and loss of open space. The planning models
used by metropolitan planning organizations are generally not designed to
address these issues, creating a gap in the ability of planners to
systematically assess them. UrbanSim is a new model system that was developed
to respond to these emerging requirements and is now been applied in three
metropolitan areas. This article describes the model system and is application
to Eugene-Springfield, Oregon.]
Wassmer, Robert W. 2001. Defining Excessive Urbanization In California and Other
Western States. Sacramento,
CA: Senate Publications.
Wassmer, Robert W. 2001. Influences of the "Fiscalization of Land Use"
and Urban-Growth Boundaries.
Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications.
Wassmer, Robert W. & Marlon G.
Boarnet. 2001. The
Benefits of Growth.
Washington, DC: ULIÐthe Urban Land Institute. <http://research.uli.org/Content/Reports/PolicyPapers/WP_664.pdf> [Communities around the country often take a
slow-growth or, in some cases, no-growth stance toward increases in population
or development, appearing to assume that further growth is neither desirable
nor inevitable. Yet, population growth in most parts of the United States is
projected to rise steadily over the next 25 years.Why is growth important, and
what are its benefits? Growth generates new jobs, income, and tax revenue, and
raises property values, offering residents more choices and diversity. Examining
more closely the benefits of growth offers insights into how to promote smart
growth, to manage better the impacts of growth, and to respond to local
resistance. This paper focuses on the short- and long-term benefits of growth
to local communities and larger regions.]
Weitz, Jerry & Terry Moore. 1998. "Development Inside Urban Growth Boundaries:
Oregon's Empirical Evidence of Contiguous Urban Form," Journal of the American
Planning Association, 64.4
(1998): 424-440. ProQuest. LA
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA. 7
Apr. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Both
popular and professional literatures have expounded on the problems and
sometimes the benefits of urban sprawl. Defining it in ways that facilitate
measurement can be difficult. One part of the definition that can be measured
is the degree to which development touches other development. Discontiguous
development in urban areas suggests sprawl; contiguous development suggests a
more compact urban form. Evidence on whether and to what extent development
inside urban growth boundaries (UGBs) of three Oregon communities is contiguous
or dispersed is reported. A logical and replicable means for describing and
quantifying urban development patterns is provided. Data from the 3 UGB case
studies are evaluated within a framework based on Oregon's land use policies.]
Weitz, John J. 2001. "From Sprawl to Smart Growth: Successful Legal
Planning, and Environmental Systems. " American Planning Association.
Journal of the American Planning Association 67.1 (2001): 112.
ProQuest. Los Angeles
Public Library, Los Angeles, CA..
11 Mar. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>
Weitz, John J. 2001. "From Sprawl to Smart Growth: Successful Legal
Planning, and Environmental Systems," Journal of the American Planning Association, 67.1 (2001): 112. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
Whitman, Christine Todd. 1998. "The Metropolitan Challenge," The Brookings Review, 16.4 (1998): 3. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[In states across
the US, leaders are homing in on metropolitan solutions that complement the
work of mayors, community groups, and civic, religious, and corporate leaders.
States set the rule of the game for land use deicisions, which are,
fundamentally, decisions to sprawl or to build and live differently. States can
also lead the way in protecting farms and open areas. A metropolitan agenda,
however, must also address transportation. Attention should be turned tp
keeping people in cities and attracting new families and businesses to the
urban centers.]
Whyte Jr., W.H. 1958. The Exploding Metropolis. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. [Introduction, by W. H. Whyte, Jr.--Are cities unAmerican?
By W. H. Whyte, Jr.--The city and the car, by F. Bello.--New strength in city
hall, by S. Freedgood.--The enduring slums, by D. Seligman.--Urban sprawl, by
W. H. Whyte, Jr.--Downtown is for people, by J. Jacobs.]
Wiewel, Wim & Joseph J. Persky
(eds.). 2002. Suburban Sprawl: Private Decisions
and Public Policy. Armonk,
N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.
Wiewel, Wim & Joseph Persky
& Mark Sendzik. 1999. "Private Benefits and Public
Costs: Policies To Address Suburban Sprawl," Policy Studies Journal, 27.1 (1999): 96-114. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[The uneven
development and disparities that exist in most metropolitan regions are the
consequence of a combination of private decisions and public policies.]
Williams, Donald C. 2000. Urban Sprawl: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
Yaro, Robert D. "Growing and
Governing Smart: A Case Study of the New York Region," in Bruce Katz
(ed.), Reflections On Regionalism.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. <http://www.brookings.edu/es/urban/reflections/essay2.pdf>
Young, Dwight (ed.). 1995. Alternatives To Sprawl. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. [Report of a conference cosponsored by the
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy,
the Brookings Institution, and the
National Trust for Historic Preservation, held March 22, 1995, at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.]
Yu, Tyler & Victoria Johnson
& Miranda Zhang. 2004. "Urban Sprawl: Myth or
Reality?" Journal of American Academy of Business,, Cambridge 4.1/2 (2004): 1-8. ProQuest. LA Public Library, Los
Angeles, CA. 7 Apr. 2004
<http://www.proquest.com/>
[Last
Update: April 12, 2004]