Anonymous. 1995. "A Bank that Only Lends to the Poor," UNESCO Courier, n9 (Sep 1995): 15-16.

[Muhammad Yunus founded the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983 as an institution that lends money only to the very poor. In an interview, Yunus discusses the bank's founding and its operations.]     {Grameen bank; Banks; Loans; Poverty}

Anonymous. 1997. "Mundane Economics: Grameen Banking," Environment, v39n6 (Jul 1997): 14-15.

[The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is used as an example of the application of mundane science to sustainable development. The bank began making loans under the assumption that the poor can be trusted with money, and the practice has worked quite well and has generated much interest in its approach.]     {Grameen bank; Sustainable development; Banking; Lending}

Ayres, Ed. 1996. “The Expanding Shadow Economy,” World Watch, v9n4 (Jul 1996): 10-23.

[Increasing globalization, increasing informal-sector. Threat to civil society, opportunity to reform business practice.

Bernasek, Alexandra; Stanfield, James Ronald. 1997. "The Grameen Bank as Progressive Institutional Adjustment," Journal of Economic Issues, v31n2 (Jun 1997): 359-366 .

[Bernasek and Stanfield discuss the effect of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh on gender. Analysis of the Grameen Bank experience has been largely neoclassical, emphasizing the incentives that confront the rational individual. But there are important social aspects to the Grameen Bank. When queried about the group aspect, male borrowers emphasized the incentives created to select group members who were least likely to default and to monitor behavior after the loan is made. These emphases closely mirror the results presumed by conventional economic models. In contrast, in response to the same question, female borrowers emphasized mutual support and assistance and the sharing of information and advice among group members.]     {Sexes; Banks; Bank loans}

Bromley, Ray. 1988. “Working in the Streets of Cali, Columbia: Survival Strategy, Necessity, or Unavoidable Evil?” 124-138 in Josef Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Categories and political economy characteristics of street occupations based on increasing competition, reducing cost of living, encouraging consumerism. That, in the main, the informal sector is an asset and policies should support rather than repress.

Castells, Manuel & Alejandro Portes. 1989. “World Underneath: The Origins, Dynamics, and Effects of the Informal Economy,” 11-37 in Alejandro Portes & Manuel Castells & Lauren A. Benton (eds.), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Chakravorty, Sanjoy. 1994. “Equity and the Big City,” Economic Geography, v70n1 (Jan 1994): 1-22.

[Examines some of the causal and temporal relationships between the expected bell-shaped curves for population concentration, income inequality, and regional inequality.

Chambers, R. 1995. “Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts?” Environment and Urbanization, v7n1 (1995): 173-204.

de Jesus, Carolina Maria. 1962. Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus. New York: The New American Library.

[Powerful narrative of the everyday lives of the favelados, lived in monotony and hope. Radical in that some reforms took place after its publication.

Durning, Alan Thein & Christopher D. Crowther. Misplaced Blame: The Real Roots of Population Growth.

Dwyer, D.J. 1974. “Attitudes Towards Spontaneous Settlement in Third World Cities,” 204-218 in D.J. Dwyer (ed.), The City in the Third World, New York, NY: Harper and Row Publishers.

[Wordy survey of conditions. Mild critique Turnerís shelter strategies. Nice discussion of Hong Kongís policies.

Eames, Edwin & Judith Granich Goode. 1973. “Material Deprivation: A Cross-Cultural View in Contemporary Developing Societies,” 94-156 in Edwin Eames & Judith Granich Goode, 1973, Urban Poverty in a Cross-Cultural Context. New York, NY: Free Press.

Epstein, David G. 1972. “The Genesis and Function of Squatter Settlements in Brasilia,” 51-58 in Thomas Weaver and Douglas White (eds.) The Anthropology of Urban Environments, Society for Applied Anthropology Monograph No. 11. Washington, DC: Society for Applied Anthropology.

Gilbert, Alan & Joseph Gugler. 1992. Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanization in the Third World, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Goldberg, Michael A. 1989. On Systemic Balance: Flexibility and Stability In Social, Economic, and Environmental Systems. New York, NY: Praeger.

Goode, Judith G. & Edwin Eames. 1996. “An Anthropological Critique of the Culture of Poverty,” 405-417 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Goode, Judith G. 1972. “Poverty and Urban Analysis,” Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology, v3n2 (1972-1973): 1-19.

[Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 374-391.

Gugler, Josef. 1988. “Overurbanization Reconsidered,” 74-92 in Josef Gugler (ed.), The Urbanization of the Third World. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Overurbanization if shift in population causes misallocation of labor or increases social costs. Discusses the economic rationale for rural-urban migration, argues for targeted redistribution of surplus investment.

Haq, M. 1995. “The Vision and the Reality,” 26-33 in M. Haq & R. Jolly & P. Streeten & K. Haq (eds.), The United Nations and Bretton Woods Institutions: New Challenges for the Twenty-first Century. London: Macmillan.

Hardoy, Jorge & David Satterthwaite. 1987. “The Legal and the Illegal City,” 304-338 in Lloyd Rodwin (ed.), Shelter, Settlement, and Development. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

Hartmann, Betsy. 1995. “Questioning the Population Consensus,” Earth Island Journal, v10n2 (Spring 1995): 34.

[Assesses the "Plan of Action" developed at last September's UN International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. Argues that the population consensus reached by governments at the conference is based on some powerful misconceptions concerning women's education and poverty.]     {Population; Conferences; Women; Education; Poverty}

Hartmann, Betsy & James K. Boyce.. 1979. Needless Hunger: Voices from a Bangladesh Village. San Francisco: Institute for Food and Development Policy.

Harvey, David L. & Michael H. Reed. 1996. “The Culture of Poverty: An Ideological Analysis,” Sociological Perspectives, v39n4 (1996): 465-495.

Hossain, Ishtiaq. 1998. "An Experiment in Sustainable Human Development: The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh," Journal of Third World Studies, v15n1 (Spring 1998): 39-55.

[Hossain examines the Grameen Bank--rural bank--of Bangladesh. It uses a sustainable human development approach to alleviate poverty among the rural poor by loaning very small amounts of money to people who cannot afford to offer banks property as collateral.]     {Rural areas Banking Poverty Sustainable development}

Kamarck, Andrew M. 1976. The Tropics and Economic Development: A Provocative Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. Baltimore, London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, published for The World Bank.

[Industrialized countries all in cold, temperate climates and developing countries all in hot, tropical. Rejects notion of sloth or inherent inferiority, traces characteristics of climate significant to different sectors in economic development.

Kates, Robert W. & Viola Haarmann. 1992. “Where the Poor Live: Are the Assumptions Correct?” Environment, v34n4 (May 1992): 4-11+.

[A review of recent reports and papers linking poverty and the poor to environmental concerns reveals limited and selective documentation of the causal relationships between poverty and environmental degradation, but implicitly assume of a strong relationship between the two. An assessment of what global overviews, country comparisons, and local and regional case studies exist that link poor people to threatened environments should provide insights into the validity of this assumption.

Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo O. 1991. “Reflections on the Absence of Squatter Settlements in West African Cities: The Case of Kumasi, Ghana,” Urban Studies, v28n1 (Feb 1991): 139-151.

Kothari, Smitu. 1997. “Whose Independence? The Social Impact of Economic Reform in India,” Journal of International Affairs, v51n1 (Summer 1997): 85-116.

[Kothari documents the social impact of economic liberalization in India. He contends that disparities between the poor and the wealthy have actually increased since 1991.

Lambert, Thomas. 1995. “What they Missed in Cairo: Defusing the Population Bomb,” USA Today: The Magazine of the American Scene, v123n2596 (Jan 1995): 33-35.

[Those at the Sep 5-13, 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo worked on the assumption that "overpopulation" is a problem. The widely held belief that the planet cannot sustain an increasing population is questioned.]     {Conferences; Population; Earth; Natural resources}

Landes, David S. 1990. “Why Are We So Rich and They So Poor?” American Economic Review, v80n2 (May 1990): 1-13.

Lewis, Oscar. 1966. “The Culture of Poverty,” Scientific American, v215n4 (Oct 1966): 19-25.

Linden, Eugene. 1996. “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,” Foreign Affairs, v75n1 (Jan 1996): 52-65.

[The rhythm of urban history as: the rise, collapse, and occasional rebirth of cities as disease, changes in trade and technology, and shifting political fortunes rewarded some cities and penalized others. Rhythm has been interrupted in the developing world, where urban populations almost always rise.

Malthus, Thomas R. & Julian Huxley & Frederick Osborn. 1963 (1960). On Population; Three Essays. New York: New American Library.

Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1992 (1798, 1803). An Essay on the Principle of Population, Or, A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness: With an Inquiry Into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which it Occasions. Cambridge UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.

[selected and introduced by Donald Winch using the text of the 1803 edition as prepared by Patricia James for the Royal Economic Society, 1990, showing the additions and corrections made in the 1806, 1807, 1817, and 1826 editions.

Mangin, William. 1967. “Squatter Settlements,” Scientific American, v217n4 (Oct 1962): 21-29.

[Excerpted in Press & Smith 1980: 362-369.

Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three Cities 1870-1914. Leicester, UK; New York: Leicester University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press

[The construction of “slum” stereotypes.

Meadows, Donella H. 1997. “The Key to Population Is Poverty,” Los Angeles Times (Sun, Oct 19, 1997): Opinion Section.

[When we take care of people, population growth will take care of itself.

Moser, C. 1995. “Urban Social Policy and Poverty Reduction,” Environment and Urbanization, v7(1995):159-171.

Moser, C., Herbert, A. & Makonnen, R. 1993. Urban Poverty in the Context of Structural Adjustment: Recent Evidence and Policy Responses. TWP DP No. 4, Urban Development Division, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Nussbaum, Martha & Amartya Sen (eds). 1993a. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon.

Ojima, D. S. & K.A. Galvin & B.L. Turner II. 1994. “The Global Impact of Land-Use Change,” Bioscience, v44n5 (May 1994): 300-304.

[Key research issues relative to rapid changes in land use and land cover that affect the global environment are discussed, including social-economic factors. It is difficult to predict how social-economical factors affecting land-use practices will be affected by changes in climate or atmospheric chemistry.]     {Land use; Social conditions and trends; Economic conditions; Environment}

Osborn, Fairfield (ed.). 1962. Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Sponsored by the Conservation Foundation. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday.

Papa, Michael J.; Auwal, Mohammad A.; Singhal, Arvind. 1997. "Organizing for Social Change Within Concertive Control Systems: Member Identification, Empowerment, and the Masking of Discipline," Communication Monographs, v64n3 (Sep 1997): 219-249.

[Papa et al use the theory of concertive control to gain insight into why members and workers identify so strongly with the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and how participation within the organization offers opportunities for empowerment.]     {Banks; Communication; Power}

Peattie, Lisa. 1987. “Shelter, Development, and the Poor,” 263-280 in Lloyd Rodwin (ed.), Shelter, Settlement, and Development. Boston: Allen & Unwin.

Rakodi, C. 1995. “Poverty Lines or Household Strategies? A Review of the Conceptual Issues in the Study of Urban Poverty,” Habitat International, v19 (1995): 407-426.

Sanyal, Bishwapriya. 1988. “The Urban Informal Sector Revisited: Some Notes on the Relevance of the Concept in the 1980s,” Third World Planning Review, v10n1 (Feb 1988): 65-83.

Sassen, Saskia. 1994. "The Informal Economy: Between New Developments and Old Regulations,” Yale Law Journal, v103n8 (Jun 1994): 2289-2304.

Sen, Amartya. 1994. “Population: Delusion and Reality,” New York Review of Books, v41n15 (Sep 22, 1994): 62-71.

[The upcoming International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo Egypt has focused considerable attention on the divisive subject. Problems of migration, income, food supply, poverty and women's rights are discussed.]     {Population; Conferences; Migration; Income; Economic development; Food supply}

Sethuraman, S.V. 1997. Urban Poverty and the Informal Sector: A Critical Assissment of Current Strategies. Development Policies Department, International Labour Organization: Geneva; United Nations Development Programme: New York.

[This policy paper addresses the issue of raising incomes of workers in the informal sector. The paper identifies a number of areas where both policies and action programmes can be improved. More importantly it emphasizes the need to consider certain reforms and the creation of an enabling environment for the poor to help themselves.

Stephens, C. 1996. “Healthy Cities or Unhealthy Islands: The Health and Social Implications of Urban Inequality,” Environmental Urbanization, v8n2 (1996): 9 30.

Stewart, F. 1995. Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices. London: Routledge.

Strange, Carolyn J. 1997. “Trampled By Our Own Ecological Footprints,” Bioscience, v47n6 (Jun 1997): 337-338.

[A new tool called ecological footprint analysis is providing sobering peoof that humanity is living beyond the Earthís means. The technique is also providing a yardstick for measuring sustainability.]     {Environmental impact Environmental monitoring Ecology Sustainable development}

Tiffen, M. & M. Mortimore & F. Gichuki. 1994. More People, Less Erosion? Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Turner, B.L. II & W. Clark & R. Kates & J. Richards & J. Mathews & W. Meyer (eds). 1990. The Earth Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

UNCHS. 1996. “The Global Context: Global Population Change and Urbanization,” 11-31 in UNCHS, An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, 1996. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT).

Van Der Hoeven, R. & Anker, R. (eds). 1994. Poverty Monitoring: An International Concern. New York: St Martin's Press.

Weiskel, Timothy C. 1995. “Can Humanity Survive Unrestricted Population Growth?” USA Today: The Magazine of the American Scene, v123n2596 (Jan 1995): 38-40.

[The Earth is in the midst of a global “extinction event” resulting from an internally generated dynamic--seemingly unrestrained human population growth and the pattern of accentuated parasitism that it has unleashed. Theories of human survival of population growth are discussed.

World Bank. 1990. World Development Report: Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Wratten, E. 1995. “Conceptualizing Urban Poverty,” Environment and Urbanization, v7 (1995): 1136.

Yunus, Muhammad. 1997. "A Bank for the Poor," UNESCO Courier, n1 (Jan 1997): 20-23.

[Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank, describes the genesis of a pioneering institution that has encouraged the social and political emancipation of needy women in Bangladesh.]     {Financial institutions; Women; Social change; Poverty; Loans; Financial services}

Yunus, Muhammad. 1997. "Empowerment of the Poor: Eliminating the Apartheid Practiced by Financial Institutions," Humanist, v57n4 (Jul 1997): 25-28.

[Yunus discusses his experience in Bangladesh of seeing poor people, particularly women, unable to work and earn money because banks will not give them business loans. He founded the Grameen Bank to help these people have successful businesses.]     {Commercial banks Small business Women Poverty Bank loans}/SMALL>

Return to top of page