Poverty,
Squatter Settlements and the Informal Sector:
Working
Bibliography
Ashwani Vasishth
ashwani@csun.edu
[Last Update: March 22, 2006]
Ardeshir,
Anjomani & Faizah Binti Ahmad.
1992. “Squatter Settlement
In Kuala Lumpur: Evaluation and Alternatives,” Ekistics,
v59n354-355 (May/Jun-Jul/Aug 1992): 159-165. [ Abstract: Squatter settlements in Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia date back to the Japanese Occupation. Alternatives and improvements to this lifestyle are
discussed.]
Ayres, Ed. 1996. “The
Expanding Shadow Economy,” World Watch, v9n4 (Jul 1996): 10-23. [Increasing globalization,
increasing informal-sector. Threat
to civil society, opportunity to reform business practice.]
Bayat,
Assef. 1997. Street Politics: Poor People's
Movements in Iran. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Bonine,
Michael E. (ed.). 1997. Population, Poverty, and Politics in Middle East Cities. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida. [Contents
Population, poverty, and politics: contemporary Middle East cities in crisis /
Michael E. Bonine -- Urbanization
and metropolitan municipal politics in Turkey / Metin Heper -- Ruptures in the
evolution of the Middle Eastern city: Amman / Mohammad Al-Asad -- Urban
conservation in the Old City of San'a / R. Brooks Jeffery -- Responding to Middle Eastern urban
poverty: the informal economy in Tunis / Richard A. Lobban, Jr. --
Devotion as distinction, piety as power: religious revival and the
transformation of space in the illegal settlements of Tunis / Elizabeth Vasile
-- Muscat: social segregation and comparative poverty in the expanding capital
of an oil state / Fred Scholz -- The crowded metropolis: health and nutrition
in Cairo / Osman M. Galal and Gail
G. Harrison -- Population,
poverty, and gender politics: motherhood pressures and marital crises in the
lives of poor urban Egyptian women / Marcia C. Inhorn -- Gender and health: abortion in urban Egypt /
Sandra D. Lane -- Urbanization and
political instability in the Middle East / Kirk S. Bowman and Jerrold D.
Green -- Urbanization, migration, and the politics of protest in Iran /
Farhad Kazemi and Lisa Reynolds Wolfe -- Islam, Islamism, and urbanization in
Sudan: contradictions and complementaries / John Obert Voll -- The new veiling
and urban crisis: symbolic politics in Cairo / Arlene Elowe MacLeod -- Are
cities in the Middle East sustainable? / Michael E. Bonine.]
Bromley, Ray. 1988. “Working in the Streets of Cali, Columbia: Survival
Strategy, Necessity, or Unavoidable Evil?” 124-138 in Josef Gugler (ed.), Cities
in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. [Categories and political economy
characteristics of street occupations based on increasing competition, reducing
cost of living, encouraging consumerism.
That, in the main, the informal sector is an asset and policies should
support rather than repress.]
Castells, Manuel &
Alejandro Portes. 1989. “World Underneath: The Origins,
Dynamics, and Effects of the Informal Economy,” 11-37 in Alejandro Portes &
Manuel Castells & Lauren A. Benton
(eds.), The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed
Countries. Baltimore, London:
The Johns Hopkins University Press
Cesar Pino,
Julio. 1997. Sources On the History of Favelas In
Rio de Janeiro,” Latin American
Research Review, v32n3 (1997):
111(12).
Chambers, R. 1995. “Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts?” Environment
and Urbanization, v7n1 (1995): 173-204
Collmann,
Jef. 1988. Fringe-dwellers and Welfare: The
Aboriginal Response To Bureaucracy.
St. Lucia ; New York:
University of Queensland Press ; Manchester, NH, USA: Distributed in the USA
and Canada by University of Queensland Press.
Currie, L. 1976. Taming the Megalopolis. Oxford: Pergamon
Danesh,
Abol H. 1987. Rural Exodus & Squatter
Settlements In the Third World: Case of Iran. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
de Jesus, Carolina
Maria. 1962. Child of the Dark: The Diary of
Carolina Maria de Jesus. New
York: The New American Library.
[Powerful narrative of the everyday lives of the favelados, lived in
monotony and hope. Radical in that
some reforms took place after its publication.]
Dinero,
Steven C. 2005. “Urban Informality: Transnational
Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia,”. Domes, v14n2 (Fall 2005: 108+. [Abstract:
"Part III: Transnational Interrogation," provides some
interesting examples of the cross-border, "East/West" nature of informality
in the global age. In so doing,
the volume seeks to dispel notions of informality as yet another synonym for
"Third World," and that yet another synonym for "poor."
Rather, the volume seeks to bring the issue of informality full circle by
questioning if/how the privileged -- academics included -- act as agents of the
"mythicization" ([Ananya Roy]'s word, p. 301) of informality, if they are somehow innocent, pure and
undamaged? (p. 303) Indeed, this
section gave me pause as well. Am
I, as a suburbanized East Coast U.S.
academician, not also guilty of romanticizing those who still manage to
live life "off the grid"?
That said, one must question whether the increasing development of the
informal economy (informal labor practices, informal/illegal production
[knock-offs, pirating], informal markets), should be equated with the
development of informal urban environments such as squatter settlements. In so doing, the
"illegitimacy" of these economic behaviors becomes conflated with the
daily living spaces of millions of disenfranchised, "peripheral"
peoples, suggesting that these living arrangements are equally "invalid"
and/or "illegal."
Dunn, J. 1993. Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future,
2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Dwyer, D.J. 1974. “Attitudes Towards Spontaneous Settlement in Third World
Cities,” 204-218 in D.J. Dwyer (ed.),
The City in the Third World, New York, NY: Harper and Row
Publishers. [Wordy survey of
conditions. Mild critique Turnerís
shelter strategies. Nice
discussion of Hong Kongís policies.]
Eames, Edwin & Judith
Granich Goode. 1973. “Material Deprivation: A Cross-Cultural
View in Contemporary Developing Societies,” 94-156 in Edwin Eames & Judith
Granich Goode, 1973, Urban Poverty in a Cross-Cultural Context. New York, NY: Free Press
Epstein, David G. 1972. “The Genesis and Function of Squatter Settlements in
Brasilia,” 51-58 in Thomas Weaver and Douglas White (eds.) The Anthropology
of Urban Environments, Society for Applied Anthropology Monograph No. 11. Washington, DC: Society for Applied Anthropology
Fonseca,
Claudia. 2002. “Inequality Near and Far: Adoption As
Seen from the Brazilian Favelas,” Law
& Society Review, v36n2
(2002): 397-432. [Abstract:
Focusing on child circulation among the urban poor in Southern Brazil, this
article considers the parallels and divergences between local practice,
national legislation, and global policy involved in legal adoption. Following a brief ethnographic account
of child circulation among working-class families in Porto Alegre, Brazil, the
analysis focuses on adocao a brasileira (clandestine adoption) as one of the
ways in which the Brazilian poor bypass legal bureaucratic procedures in order
to adjust the State apparatus to their needs. Finally, the comparative analysis of Brazil and North
America centers on the evolution of adoption law and policies. Our approach highlights the variant
experiences of family and legal consciousness according to class and national
identity, while at the same time considering the political inequality implied
in the hierarchization of different cultural repertoires.]
Gay,
Robert. 1994. Popular Organization and Democracy
in Rio de Janeiro: A Tale of Two Favelas. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Gilbert, Alan & Joseph
Gugler. 1992. Cities, Poverty and Development:
Urbanization in the Third World, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gilbert,
Alan. 2000. “Financing Self-Help Housing: Evidence
from Bogota, Colombia,” International Planning Studies, v5n2 (Jun
2000)165-190. [Abstract: A
priority for housing policy and most Third World countries is to channel credit
to the poor. Unfortunately, this
has proved difficult to achieve as formal lending institutions are reluctant to
lend to the poor. This paper
examines how formal lenders deal with self-help housing in Bogota,
Colombia. It also compares how
housing construction or purchase is financed in 4 self-help settlements and in
2 formally constructed, low income estates in the city. Finally, some ideas are presented about
how housing finance for the poor might be improved.]
Goode, Judith G. & Edwin Eames. 1996. “An Anthropological Critique of the Culture of Poverty,”
405-417 in George Gmelch & Walter P.
Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
Goode, Judith G. 1972. “Poverty and Urban Analysis,” Western Canadian Journal of
Anthropology, v3n2 (1972-1973): 1-19. [Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 374-391.]
Haq, M. 1995. “The Vision and the Reality,” 26-33 in M. Haq & R. Jolly & P.
Streeten & K. Haq
(eds.), The United Nations and Bretton Woods Institutions: New Challenges
for the Twenty-first Century.
London: Macmillan.
Hardoy, Jorge & David
Satterthwaite. 1987. “The Legal and the Illegal City,”
304-338 in Lloyd Rodwin (ed.), Shelter, Settlement, and Development. Boston: Allen & Unwin.
Hardoy,
Jorge E & David Satterthwaite.
1995. Squatter Citizen:
Life In the Urban Third World.
London: Earthscan.
Harris,
Richard. 1999. “Slipping Through the Cracks: The
Origins of Aided Self-Help Housing, 1918-53,” Housing Studies, v14n3 (May 1999):
281-309. [Abstract:
The history of aided self-help housing, that is, of housing built with state
assistance by families for their own use, is largely unknown. There is a widespread misapprehension
that such a policy was first discussed and practised during the 1960s, in the
context of the Third World.]
Harvey, David L. & Michael H. Reed. 1996. “The
Culture of Poverty: An Ideological Analysis,” Sociological Perspectives,
v39n4 (1996): 465-495.
Jacobsen,
Kurt & Sayeed Hasan Khan & Alba Alexander. 2002. “Building
A Foundation: Poverty, Development, and Housing in Pakistan,” Harvard International Review, v23n4 (Winter 2002): 20-24. [Abstract: The ranks of the urban poor are rising
in Third World countries. Most
families arriving in cities are pushed into squatter settlements, where they
suffer from shoddy housing, thugs, discrimination, poor infrastructure, sparse
health care, insecurity of property, and unspeakably poor sanitation. More than one half of Asia's urban
poor-over one billion people-live in squalid shantytowns. While often seen as a spreading blight
and an incurable nuisance, these vulnerable people can be transformed into a
social boon. If development
experts in Pakistan are viewing the urban housing crisis with renewed optimism,
Tasneem Ahmad Siddiqui, the savvy chief of the Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority
(SKAA) in Pakistan, should be credited for assembling a realistic and humane
policy. The Sindh, which includes
the cities of Hyderabad and Karachi, is the southernost of Pakistan's
provinces. A katchi abadi is a
"temporary settlement," a euphemism for the local version of the
slums mushrooming in Third World cities everywhere. Nearly one half of Karachi's five million people live in
illegal settlements, and it is the Herculean task of Siddiqui's agency to
"regularize" as many katchi abadis as possible by providing legal
titles, upgraded building materials, and basic urban services.]
Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo
O. 1991. “Reflections on the Absence of Squatter Settlements in West
African Cities: The Case of Kumasi, Ghana,” Urban Studies, v28n1 (Feb
1991): 139-151.
Lewis, Oscar. 1966. “The Culture of Poverty,” Scientific American, v215n4
(Oct 1966): 19-25.
Lloyd,
Peter C. 1979. Slums of Hope?: Shanty Towns of the
Third World. New York:
St. Martin's Press.
Lobo,
Susan. 1982. A House of My Own: Social
Organization In the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona
Press.
Loewenberg,
Samuel. 2005. “Tackling the Causes of Ill Health In
Rio's Slums,” The Lancet, v365n9463 (Mar 12-Mar 18, 2005):
925-926. [Abstract: [Daniel Becker]'s programme allows the
poor of the favelas "to get help where normally they wouldn't get
it", says Len Duhl, a professor of public health and urban planning at the
University of California at Berkeley, who has surveyed the CEDAPS projects
several times. Because of the lack
of general health services in the favelas, "active participation of the
community members is really important", he says.]
Lomnitz,
Larissa A. 1977. Networks and Marginality: Life In A
Mexican Shantytown.
[Translated by Cinna Lomnitz ; foreword by Eric R. Wolf] New York: Academic Press
Luxner,
Larry. 2000. “Destination Favelas,” Americas, v52n6 (Nov/Dec 2000):
4-5. [Abstract: Tourists learn
what life is like on the "other side" of Rio de Janeiro on tours of
the favelas, or slums. Tourists
provide a source of income to the slum inhabitants, who sell souvenirs and
handicrafts as well as receive part of the tour profits.]
Mangin, William. 1967. “Squatter Settlements,” Scientific American, v217n4
(Oct 1962): 21-29.
[Excerpted in Press & Smith 1980: 362-369.]
Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three
Cities 1870-1914. Leicester,
UK; New York: Leicester University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press. [The construction of “slum” stereotypes.]
Moser, C. 1995. “Urban Social Policy and Poverty Reduction,” Environment
and Urbanization, v7(1995):159-171.
Moser, C., Herbert, A. & Makonnen, R. 1993. Urban Poverty in the Context of Structural Adjustment:
Recent Evidence and Policy Responses.
TWP DP No. 4, Urban
Development Division, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Neuwirth,
Robert. 2005. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters,
A New Urban World. New York:
Routledge. [Contents Rio de
Janeiro: city without titles -- Nairobi: the squatter control -- Mumbai:
squatter class structure -- Istanbul: the promise of squatter self-government
-- The 21st century medieval city -- Squatters in New York -- The Habitat
fantasy -- Are squatters criminals? -- Proper squatters, improper property --
The cities of tomorrow.]
Nussbaum, Martha &
Amartya Sen (eds). 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon.
Peattie, Lisa. 1987. “Shelter, Development, and the Poor,” 263-280 in Lloyd
Rodwin (ed.), Shelter, Settlement, and Development. Boston: Allen & Unwin.
Rakodi, C. 1995. “Poverty Lines or Household Strategies? A Review of the
Conceptual Issues in the Study of Urban Poverty,” Habitat International,
v19 (1995): 407-426.
Roy, Ananya
& Nezar AlSayyad (eds.).
2004. Urban Informality:
Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. [Contents Prologue/dialogue,
Urban informality: crossing borders / Nezar AlSayyad and Ananya Roy -- Urban
informality as a "new" way of life / Nezar AlSayyad -- Love in the
time of enhanced capital flows: reflections on the links between liberalization
and informality / Alan Gilbert -- Changing nature of the informal sector in
Karachi due to global restructuring and liberalization, and its repercussions /
Arif Hasan -- Globalization and the politics of the informals in the global
South / Asef Bayat. Marginality:
from myth to reality in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, 1969-2002 / Janice
E. Perlman -- Gentlemen's city:
urban informality in the Calcutta of New Communism / Ananya Roy -- Tilting at
sphinxes: locating urban informality in Egyptian cities / Ahmed M. Soliman -- Control, resistance, and
informality: urban ethnocracy in Beer-Sheva, Israel / Oren Yiftachel and Haim
Yakobi -- Informality of housing production at the urban-rural interface: the
"not so strange case" of the Texas colonias / Peter M. Ward -- Power, property, and poverty: why
De Soto's "Mystery of Capital" cannot be solved / Ray Bromley. Transnational trespassings: the
geopolitics of urban informality / Ananya Roy.]
Roy,
Ananya. 2005. “Urban Informality: Toward an
Epistemology of Planning,” Journal of the American Planning Association, v71n2 (Spring 2005: 147-158. [Abstract: Many of the significant urban
transformations of the new century are taking place in the developing
world. In particular, informality,
once associated with poor squatter settlements, is now seen as a generalized
mode of metropolitan urbanization.
This article focuses on urban informality to highlight the challenge of
dealing with the "unplannable" - exceptions to the order of formal
urbanization. It argues that
planners must learn to work with this state of exception. Such policy epistologies are useful not
only for "Third World" cities but also more generally for urban
planning concerned with distributive justice.]
Ruthven,
Orlanda. 2002. “Money Mosaics: Financial Choice and
Strategy In A West Delhi Squatter Settlement,” Journal of International Development, v14n2 (Mar 2002)249. [Abstract: This paper examines the financial
services and devices used by dwellers of Kalibasti, a squatter settlement in
West Delhi. It discusses to what
extent people ware able to put together effective money management strategies
through available devices and to what extent we might perceive 'service' or
'product gaps' which point to where new or existing providers could step in. It highlights the embeddedness of
financial devices used by residents in wider kinds of relationships with
relatives, co-residents, employers, 'patrons' and others. The paper concludes that access to
adequate services does not necessarily correspond with access to formal or
semi-formal services as is often presented by micro-finance advocates. Rather it reflects people's awareness,
job and income security, and capacity to leverage personal networks, all of
which contribute to the capability of squatter residents to make financial relations
and services work for them. The
paper ends by making some tentative suggestions as to how our findings might be
of interest to prospective microfinance providers in squatter settlements such
as Kalibasti.]
Saglamer,
Gulsun & Pelin Dursun.
1998. “Applying
Morphological Analysis To A Semi-Squatter Settlement In Istanbul,” Ekistics, v65n391-393 (Jul/Aug-Nov/Dec 1998):
272(11). [Abstract:
Squatters in developing countries provide an alternative solution to meeting
the housing demands of the urban poor who have migrated to big urban
areas. Squatters build their
houses illegally on land belonging to other parties, and represent a major
problem for metropolitan areas because of their unplanned formations, yet
provide an interesting point of reference for the planners who seek to find
solutions to these people's housing problems by creating new environments. Saglamer and Dursun examine the
presence and impact of squatters in Istanbul, Turkey.]
Sanyal, Bishwapriya. 1988. “The Urban Informal Sector Revisited: Some Notes on the
Relevance of the Concept in the 1980s,” Third World Planning Review,
v10n1 (Feb 1988): 65-83.
Sassen, Saskia. 1994. "The Informal Economy: Between New Developments and Old
Regulations,” Yale Law Journal, v103n8 (Jun 1994): 2289-2304.
Sethuraman, S.V. 1997. Urban Poverty and the Informal Sector: A Critical
Assissment of Current Strategies.
Development Policies Department, International Labour Organization:
Geneva; United Nations Development Programme: New York. <http://www.ilo.org/public/english/125polde/papers/urbpover.htm> [This policy paper addresses the
issue of raising incomes of workers in the informal sector. The paper identifies a number of areas
where both policies and action programmes can be improved. More importantly it emphasizes the need
to consider certain reforms and the creation of an enabling environment for the
poor to help themselves.]
Smart,
Alan. 2001. “Unruly Places: Urban Governance and
the Persistence of Illegality In Hong Kong's Urban Squatter Areas,” American Anthropologist, v103n1 (Mar 2001): 30-44. [Abstract: Smart discusses unruly
places where governments have less control than usual: Squatter settlements in
Hong Kong. Smart draws on
documentary analysis and field research from 1982-85 and 1999-2000 to examine
changes in the way that the government attempts to regulate these illegally
occupied spaces and the ways in which interaction between administrative
interventions and the responses of those living there makes the persistence of
illegal occupation possible.]
Stewart, F. 1995. Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices. London: Routledge.
Strassman,
W. Paul. 1982.
“Upgrading in Squatter Settlements: Test of a Marxist Hypothesis,” Journal of Economic Issues, v16n2: (Jun 1982): 515(9).
Tulchin,
Joseph S. (ed.). 1986. Habitat, Health, and Development: A New Way of Looking At
Cities In the Third World.
Boulder, CO: L. Rienner.
UNEP. 1987. Improving Environmental Health Conditions In Low-Income
Settlements: A Community-Based Approach To Identifying Needs and Priorities. [prepared under the joint
sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health
Organization]. Geneva: The World
Health Organization.
Van Der Hoeven, R. & Anker, R. (eds). 1994. Poverty
Monitoring: An International Concern.
New York: St Martin's Press.
World Bank. 1990. World Development Report: Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wratten, E. 1995. “Conceptualizing Urban Poverty,” Environment and
Urbanization, v7 (1995): 1136.
[Last Update: march 22,
2006]