Agrawal, A. 1995. "Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge," Development & Change, v26n3 (1995): 413-439.

Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago University Press.

Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward a Unified Ecology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Anonymous. 1996. "What Price Progress?," New Scientist, v151n2046 (Sep 7, 1996): 3.

[The UK's Office for National Statistics has produced a set of pilot accounts that attempt to set environmental costs of different sectors of the economy against their contribution to GDP. These measures will be beneficial in measuring the true costs of economic growth. The "genuine progress indicator" or "GPI" is an alternative indicator that includes the work done at home. The GPI is useful in assessing the true economic health of a nation.]

Ausubel, Jesse H. 1996. "The Liberation of the Environment," Daedalus, v125n3 (Summer 1996): 1-17.

[Ausubel argues that well-established trajectories that raise the efficiency with which people use energy, land, water and materials can cut pollution and leave more soil unturned. In altering the landscape so dramatically, humans have secured a new insecurity in that more has been transformed than is needed or prudent.]

Auty, R.N. 1997. "Pollution Patterns During the Industrial Transition," Geographical, v163n2 (1997): 206-215.

[In the transition from a traditional to a developed economy, pollution intensity first intensified and then eased. The total volume of emissions traced an S-shaped curve. As the industrial structure diversified from agro-processing into capital- and skill-intensive intermediates, and finally into research-intensive products, emissions shift from water-borne organic pollutants:to urban-centred airborne pollution and solid waste, followed by high growth of hazardous materials.]

Bak, Per. 1996. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organizing Criticality. New York, NY: Copernicus.

Bartone, C. & J. Bernstein & J. Leitmann & J. Eigen. 1994. Towards Environmental Strategies for Cities; Policy Considerations for Urban Enrironmental Management in Developing Countries. (UNDP/ UNCHS/World Bank Urban Management Program No.18.) Washington, DC: World Bank.

Beckerman, Wilfred. 1992. "Economic Growth and the Environment: Whose Growth? Whose Environment? (Special Issue: Linking Environment to Development: Problems and Possibilities)," World Development, v20n4 (Apr 1992): 481(16)..

[The call for action on the danger of global warming is an unjustifiable diversion of attention from the far more serious environmental problems facing developing countries. The likely economic damage done by climate change would be negligible compared to the results of inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation, or of urban air pollution. These should be given priority over the interests of future generations.]

Blaikie, P. 1985. The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. Development Series. London: Longman.

Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. London, UK; New York, NY: Methuen.

Burton, Ian & Robert W. Kates & Lydia Burton (eds.). 1965. Readings in Resource Management and Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Checkland, Peter. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. & Richard C. Bishop. 1975. "'Common Property' as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy," (reprint) in Richard C. Bishop & Stephen O. Andersen (eds.), 1985, Natural Resource Economics: Selected Papers, S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn (eds.) 1986. Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Coates, Peter. 1996. "Clio's New Greenhouse," History Today, v46n8 (Aug 1996): 15-22.

[Trends and categories in env. history.]

Costanza, Robert (ed.). 1991. Ecological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Cotgrove, Stephen. 1982. Catastrophe or Cornucopia: The Environment,??? New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Daly, Herman E. 1977. Steady State Economics :The Economics of Biophysiscal Equilibrium and Moral Growth. San Fransisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Co.

Daly, Herman. (1991). "From Empty-World to Full-World Economics: Recognizing an Historical Turning Point in Economic Development,". in Robert Goodman, Herman Daly & Salah El Serafy (eds.), Environmentally Sustainable Development: Building on Brundtland. World Bank Working Paper No. 46. (July 1991): 18-26.

Detweiler, Robert & Jon H. Sutherland & Michael S. Werthman (eds.). 1973. Environmental Decay in its Historical Context. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Drakakis-Smith, David. 1995. "Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development. (Part 1)," Urban Studies, v32, n4-5 (May 1995): p659(19).

[Cities in developing countries are mired in environmental problems, including overcrowding, pollution and inadequate waste disposal facilities. Since cities draw a large number of rural migrants, they transform into volatile areas, where residents dissatisfied with the delivery of social services could create social disorder. The central government cannot provide everything for the city dwellers. The private sector should play a bigger role in the delivery of social services and in the promotion of sustainable urban development.]

Dunham, Peter S. 1994. "Into a Mirror Darkly: The Ancient Maya Collapse and Modern World Environmental Policy," in James E. Hickey, Jr. & Linda A Longmire (eds.) The Environment: Global Problems, Local Solutions, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Dyke, Charles. 1988. T he Evolutionary Dynamics of Complex Systems: A Study in Biosocial Complexity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Finger, M. 1992. "The Changing Green Movement: A Clarification," 229-246 in M. Finger (ed.), The Green Movement Worldwide. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Founex Report.

Forsyth, T. 1996. "Science, Myth, and Knowledge: Testing Himalayan Environmental Degradation in Thailand," Geoforum v27n3 (1996): 375 92.

Gandy, hz. 1996. "Crumbling Land: The Postmodernity Debate and the Analysis of Environmental Problems," Progress in Human Geography, v20n1 (1996): 23-40.

Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholaus. 1971. The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Giampietro, Mario. 1994. "Using Hierarchy Theory to Explore the Concept of Sustainable Development," Futures, v26n6 (Jul/Aug 1994): 616-625.

Goldberg, Michael A. 1989. On Systemic Balance: Flexibility and Stability In Social, Economic, and Environmental Systems. New York, NY: Praeger.

Golley, Frank B. (ed.). 1977. Ecological Succession. Benchmark Papers in Ecology, v5 (1977). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.

Golley, Frank B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More Than The Sum of the Parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Goodland, Robert et al. (eds.). 1991. Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Building on Brundtland. Paris: UNESCO.

Gunderson, Lance H. & C.S. Holling & Stephen S. Light (eds.). 1995. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Hagen, Joel B. 1992. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Hardoy, Jorge E. & Diana Mitlin & David Satterthwaite. 1992. Environmental Problems in Third World Cities. London: Earthscan.

[Report prepared for the Earth Summit (the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, at the request of the UK Overseas Development Administration.]

Holling, Crawford S. & Michael A. Goldberg. 1971. "Ecology and Planning," AIP Journal [now JAPA] (July 1971):221-230.

Holling, Crawford S. 1986. "The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change," in Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn (eds.), 1986, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Holling, Crawford S. 1994. "Simplifying the Complex: The Paradigms of Ecological Function and Structure," Futures v26n6 (Jul./Aug. 1994). p598-609.

Hughes, J. Donald. 1975. Ecology In Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Jackson, C. 1995. "RadicaL Environmental Myths: A Gender Perspective," New Left Review, v210 (1995): 124-140.

Johnson, C.W. 1995. "Planning And Designing For The Multiple-Use Role Of Habitats In Urban Suburban Landscapes In The Great-Basin," Landscape and Urban Planning, v32n3 (Aug 1995): 219-225.

[The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play. Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated. The challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met. Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces.]

Kates, Robert W. & William C. Clark. 1996. "Expecting the Unexpected?" Environment, v38n2 (Mar 1996): 6-7+.

[Four characteristics of environmental surprises: they confound social expectations; they are not completely unpredictable; they are often dangerous; and they open a window for increasing capabilities to deal with environmental problems.]

Kates, Robert W. 1996. "Population, Technology, and the Human Environment: A Thread Through Time," Daedalus, v125n3 (Summer 1996): 43-71.

[Employs a sequence of four temporal frames--ages, millenia, centuries and decades--to examine the dynamics of population, resources and technology. It appears that the Earth is about halfway in numbers into the third great population surge.]

Kates, Robert W. 1996. "Population, Technology, and the Human Environment: A Thread Through Time," Daedalus, v125n3 (Summer 1996): 43-71.

Korten, David C. 1991. "Sustainable Development," World Policy Journal. (Winter 1991-92): 157-190.

Krieger, Martin H. 1989. Marginalism and Discontinuity: Tools For the Crafts of Knowledge and Decision. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Leach, M. & R. Mearns (eds). 1996. The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment. Oxford: James Currey.

Lele, Sharachandra M. 1991. "Sustainable Development: A Critical Review," World Development, v19n6 (1991). 607-621.

Lele, Sharachandra M. 1991. "Sustainable Development: A Critical Review," World Development, v19n6 (1991). p607-621.

Lents, James M. & William J. Kelly. 1993. "Clearing the Air in Los Angeles (California)," Scientific American, v269n4 (Oct 1993): 32(8).

[Ozone levels and smog levels in Los Angeles, CA, have fallen since the 1970s as a result of pollution research and control efforts that began in the 1940s. Pollution-control measures include reducing certain pollutants and using technologies that do not pollute the air.]

Levin, Simon A. 1992. "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology," Ecology, v73n6 (Dec 1992): p1943-1967.

MacNeill, Jim & John E. Cox & Ian Jackson. 1991. "Sustainable Development: The Urban Challenge. (Nature and Urban Nature)," Ekistics: The Problems and Science of Human Settlements, v58, n348-49 (May-August 1991): p195(4).

Major, David C. & Peter Brimblecombe & Michael Cohen. 1996. "Mexico City: Metaphor for the World's Urban Future. (responses to Exequiel Ezcurra and Marisa Mazari-Hiriart in this issue, p. 6)," Environment, v38, n1 (Jan-Feb 1996): p32(4).

[Mexico City exemplifies the megacities of the Third World. Like other megalopolises in developing countries, the Mexican capital is plagued by such problems as heavily polluted air, land subsidence due to pumping groundwater and poor solid waste management.]

Malthus, Thomas R. & Julian Huxley & Frederick Osborn. 1963 (1960). On Population; Three Essays. New York: New American Library.

Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1992 (1798, 1803). An Essay on the Principle of Population, Or, A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness: With an Inquiry Into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils Which it Occasions. Cambridge UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.

[selected and introduced by Donald Winch using the text of the 1803 edition as prepared by Patricia James for the Royal Economic Society, 1990, showing the additions and corrections made in the 1806, 1807, 1817, and 1826 editions.]

McDonnell, Mark J. & Steward T.A. Pickett, (eds.). 1993. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York, NY; Springer-Verlag.

McDonnell, Mark J. & Steward T.A. Pickett, (eds.). 1993. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Mcguckin, C.P. & R.D. Brown. 1995. "A Landscape Ecological Model for Wildlife Enhancement of Stormwater Management-Practices in Urban Greenways," Landscape and Urban Planning, v33n1-3 (Oct 1995): 227-246.

[A spatial distribution model has been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in developing urban areas. The model has been validated through comparison of predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest neighbour analysis. Simulations of various scenarios for incorporating stormwater catchment facilities into greenways have been tested with the model and the resultant land use patterns compared with the status quo, through measures of landscape ecological integrity such as connectivity and porosity. The results demonstrated that landscape integrity could be increased, urban wildlife habitat enhanced, and opportunities for residential non-consumptive wildlife recreation improved through integration of the evolving 'blue-green' open space provided by urban stormwater management facilities into existing greenways.]     {Diversity; Patterns; Nearest Neighbour Analysis}

McHarg, Ian L. 1997. "Natural Factors in Planning," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v52n1 (Jan 1997): 13-17.

[The tremendous increase in urban concentrations, combined with exponential population growth and the reduction of the agricultural component in society and economy, have produced asphalt people who know little of nature and care less. A list of baseline natural resource data necessary for ecological planning is presented.]     {Natural resources; Resource management; Environmental protection}

Mearns, Robin. 1991. Environmental Implications of Structural Adjustment: Reflections on Scientific Method. (IDS discussion paper ; no. 284.) Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.

Miller, Donald & Gert de Roo. 1996. "Integrated Environmental Zoning: An Innovative Dutch Approach to Measuring and Managing Environmental Spillovers in Urban Regions," Journal of the American Planning Association, v62n3 (Summer 1996): 373-380.

[The Dutch development of Integrated Environmental Zoning is an advanced effort to account cumulatively for several environmental spillovers from manufacturing, and to manage their impacts on surrounding residential areas. This policy initiative involves is described.]     {Environmental policy Environmental impact Zoning Environmental protection Manufacturing}

Mitlin, D. & D. Satterthwaite. 1996. "Sustainable Development and Cities," 23-61 in Cedric Pugh (ed.), Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanization. London: Earthscan:

Munasinghe, Mohan & Walter Shearer (Eds.). 1995. Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and The World Bank.

Munasinghe, Mohan & Walter Shearer (eds.). 1995. Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and The World Bank.

Nitecki, Matthew H. 1988. Evolutionary Progress. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

O'Neill, R.V., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide & T.F.H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Odum, Eugene P. 1969. "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," Science, v164 (18 Apr. 1969):262-270).

Odum, Eugene P. 1997. Ecology: A Bridge Between Science and Society. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Ojima, D. S. & K.A. Galvin & B.L. Turner II. 1994. "The Global Impact of Land-Use Change," Bioscience, v44n5 (May 1994): 300-304.

[Key research issues relative to rapid changes in land use and land cover that affect the global environment are discussed, including social-economic factors. It is difficult to predict how social-economical factors affecting land-use practices will be affected by changes in climate or atmospheric chemistry.]     {Land use; Social conditions and trends; Economic conditions; Environment}

Olpadwala, Porus & William W. Goldsmith. 1992. "The Sustainability of Privilege: Reflections on the Environment, The Third World City, And Poverty. (Special Issue: Linking Environment to Development: Problems and Possibilities)," World Development, v20, n4 (April 1992): p627(14).

[Urbanization, problems of the environment, and poverty have all grown dramatically over the past quarter century in many countries. We combine discussion of these three phenomena, using concepts of social class to make the connections. This approach stresses the human element over matters of inanimate technology or nature. By disaggregating society into competing groups it reveals environmental problems to be essentially those of people and social and political organization, not of nature and technology. We conclude that improvement of the environment in large cities of the Third World will require social change.]

Pickett, Stewart T.A. & P.S. White (eds.). 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Ponting, Clive. 1992. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Postel, Sandra L. & Gretchen C. Daily & Paul R. Ehrlich. 1996. "Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water," Science, v271n5250 (Feb 9, 1996): 785-788.

[Estimate how much of Earth's renewable fresh water is realistically accessible to humanity; what portion of this accessible supply humanity now uses directly, diverts into human-dominated systems, or appropriates; and by how much human access to fresh water is likely to expand over the next 30 years. Derive an indicator of Earth's carrying capacity, as well as a measure of the sustainability of current water trends.]

Pugh, Cedric. 1995. "International Structural Adjustment and its Sectoral and Spatial Impacts," Urban Studies, v32n2 (Mar 1995): 261-285.

[Relevance of structural economic adjustment to countries in transition from socialism to capitalism and to LDCs. Evalutes structural adjustment process, and argues the emergence of a dominant new political economy (NPE) as the basis for a new city-regional theory and practice of development, written as operating guidelines.]

Rebele, F. 1994. "Urban Ecology and Special Features of Urban Ecosystems," Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, v4n6 (Nov 1994): 173-187.

[Deals with urban ecology as a biological science and applies some of the topics of general importance in ecology to the special conditions found in towns and cities. Argues that the proportion of successfully established introduced species is higher in cities than in rural or forest areas due to the high habitat diversity of urban and industrial areas. Since most urban communities are in a state of inequilibrium, theories of stability based on equilibrium are inadequate for urban ecosystems. The productivity of the 'ecosystem city' mainly depends on the area of unsealed open space and the successional stage of the plant communities of the various habitats.]     {Diversity; Stability; Competition; Complexity; Insects; Trees; Soils}

Rees, W.E. 1992. "EcologicaL Footprints and Appropriated Carrying Capacity," Environmental Urbanization, v4n2 (1992): 121-30.

Repetto, Robert (1992). "Accounting for Environmental Assets," Scientific American, (Jun. 1992): 94-100.

Rittel, Horst W.J. & Melvin M. Weber. 1973. "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Sciences, v4n2 (June 1973):155-169.

Rittel, Horst W.J. & Melvin M. Weber. 1973. "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Sciences, v4n2 (June 1973):155-169.

Runge, Carlisle F. (1984). "The Fallacy of 'Privatization'," Journal of Contemporary Studies, v71 (1984): 3-17.

Russett, Cynthia Eagle. 1966. The Concept of Equilibrium in American Social Thought. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

Satterthwaite, David. 1996. "Revisiting Urban Habitats. ('The Human Face of the Urban Environment: Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development' report)," Environment, v38, n9 (Nov 1996): p25(4).

[Interest on urban environmental issues has been growing following Habitat II, the second UN Conference on Human Settlements held in June 1996. A report examines urban infrastructure in developing countries and details efforts to build sustainable economies. Disagreements by analysts are included.]

Serageldin, Ismail & Andrew Steer (eds.). 1994. Valuing the Environment: Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development held at the World Bank, Washington, D.C., September 30-October 1, 1993. (Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series ; No. 2.) Washington, D.C. : World Bank.

Serageldin, Ismail & Michael A. Cohen & K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.). 1995. The Human Face of the Urban Environment: A Report to the Development Community on the Second Annual Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development sponsored by the World Bank and held at the National Academy of Sciences and the World Bank, Washington, D.C., September 19-23, 1994. (Environmentally sustainable development proceedings series ; no. 5.) Washington, DC: World Bank.

Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993. "Environmental Planning, Ecosystem Science, and Ecosystem Approaches for Integrating Environment and Development," Environmental Management, v17n3 (1993). p289-303.

Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993a. "Environmental Planning, Ecosystem Science, and Ecosystem Approaches for Integrating Environment and Development," Environmental Management, v17n3 (1993). p289-303.

Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993b. "Implementing Ecosystem-based Management: Development of Theory, Practice, and Research for Planning and Managing a Region," BioScience, v43n9 (Oct 1993). p612-622.

Solecki, W.D. & J.M. Welch. 1995. "Urban Parks: Green Spaces Or Green Walls," Landscape and Urban Planning, v32n2 (Jun 1995): 93-106.

[Parks as an urban landscape feature serve as providers of passive and active recreation, environmental benefits, and wildlife habitat, and also as boundary landscapes separating neighborhoods of distinct socioeconomic characteristics. When an urban park functions as a boundary, it impoverishes neighborhoods because it often leads to less use of the open space resource, which then can become a derelict landscape. Four parks in Boston's neighborhoods of Roxbury and North Dorchester served as study sites to evaluate the hypothesis that parks located between socioeconomically distinct neighborhoods function as boundary landscapes. The characteristics examined include species diversity, size class diversity, and percent in good condition. The results show that while white and non-white populations were distinct, the spatial clustering of the populations were random. All four of the study-site parks manifest some characteristics of boundary parks, but two parks were below average for all three measures of urban forest structure condition.]

Soule, Michael E. 1991. "Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance: Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape," Journal of the American Planning Association, v57, n3 (Summer 1991): p313(11).

[The study of plants and animals on islands, both natural and artificial, has produced a body of generalizations immediately useful to land use planners concerned with minimizing the impacts of habitat destruction on the environment. A case study of 37 isolated chaparral fragments in San Diego, California, demonstrates the consequences of habitat fragmentation, including rapid and predictable extinctions of native birds in isolated canyons. This study and others can be used to generate planning guidelines for the prevention of such disappearances. Among the most important measures that can be taken are consolidation of open space set-asides and the provision of corridors linking habitat patches. Corridors can mitigate some of the negative effects of development on wildlife, especially where they facilitate the movement of large predators. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)]     {City planning - Habitat (Ecology) - Research - Land use Planning - Wildlife conservation - Analysis}

Stephens, C. 1996. "Healthy Cities or Unhealthy Islands: The Health and Social Implications of Urban Inequality," Environmental Urbanization, v8n2 (1996): 9 30.

Stern, Paul C. & Oran R. Young & Daniel Druckman (eds.). 1992. Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. (Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council.) Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

Stone, Christopher D. 1974. Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights For Natural Objects. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, Inc.

Strange, Carolyn J. 1997. "Trampled By Our Own Ecological Footprints," Bioscience, v47n6 (Jun 1997): 337-338.

[A new tool called ecological footprint analysis is providing sobering peoof that humanity is living beyond the Earth's means. The technique is also providing a yardstick for measuring sustainability.]     {Environmental impact Environmental monitoring Ecology Sustainable development}

Thomas, D. & N. Middleton. 1994. Desertification: Exploding the Myth. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Thomas-Slayter, Barbara et al. 1995. Gender, Environment, and Development In Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Thompson, M. & M. Warburton & T. Hatley. 1986. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale: An Institutional Theory of Environmental Perception and a Strategic Framework for the Sustainable Development of the Himalayas. London: Ethnographica, Milton Ash Publications.

Thompson, M. 1993. "Good Science for Public Policy," International Development, v5n6 (1993): 669-679.

Tiffen, M. & M. Mortimore & F. Gichuki. 1994. More People, Less Erosion? Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Turner, B.L. II & W, Clark & R. Kates & J. Richards & J. Mathews & W. Meyer (eds). 1990. The Earth Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge: C.U.P.

UNCHS. 1996. An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

UNEP/WHO. 1994. "Air Pollution in the World's Megacities: A Report from the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization," Environment, v36n2 (Mar 1994): 4+.

[Excerpts from the Global Environment Monitoiing System/Air (GEMS/Air) 1992 report, Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the World, published by Blackwell Publishers, 1992, on behalf of WHO and UNEP.]

Waggoner, Paul E. & Jesse H. Ausubel & Iddo K. Wernick. 1996. "Lightening the Tread of Population on the Land: American Examples," Population and Development Review, v22n3 (Sep 1996): 531-545. <http://phe.rockefeller.edu/tread />

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Weiner, Johnathan. 1990. The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

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[The Earth is in the midst of a global "extinction event" resulting from an internally generated dynamic--seemingly unrestrained human population growth and the pattern of accentuated parasitism that it has unleashed. Theories of human survival of population growth are discussed.]

WHO. World Resources Institute. 1996. World Resources 1996-97: The Urban Environment. Oxford: O.U.P.

Williams, Stephen Wyn. 1997. "'The Brown Agenda': Urban Environmental Problems and Policies in the Developing World," Geography, v82, n1 (Jan 1997): p17(10).

[Examines the nature of environmental problems in Third World cities and the relationship between the environment, poverty and shelter. Illustrates themes by reference to a case study of Calcutta. The question of how best to manage and plan the urban environment is examined. In particular, recent proposals by influential international agencies such as the World Bank are considered.]

World Bank. 1992. World Development Report 1992. Washington, DC: World Bank.

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World Bank. 1997. Five Years After Rio : Innovations in Environmental Policy. (Environmentally sustainable development studies and monographs series ; no. 18.) Washington, D.C. : World Bank.

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