Women and Gender in International Development
Working Bibliography
Ashwani Vasishth
ashwani@csun.edu
[Last Update: March 24, 2006]
Acosta-Belen, Edna & Christine E Bose. 2000. U.S. Latina and Latin American Feminisms: Hemispheric Encounters, Signs, v25n4 (Summer 2000): 1113-1119. [The growing globalization of the world capitalist economy represents a decisive turning point in the evolution of women's movements and conditions in the developed and developing countries of the Americas. Acosta-Belen and Bose discuss the major theoretical developments and realities shaping the experiences of US Latinas and Latin American women in this era of globalization.]
Afkhami, Mahnaz (ed.). 1995. Faith and Freedom: Women's Human Rights In the Muslim World. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Afshar, Haleh & Stephanie Barrientos (eds.). 1999. Women, Globalization, and Fragmentation in Developing Countries. New York, St. Martin's Press.
Agarwal, Bina. 1995. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ali, Syed Mohammed. 2004. The Position of Women In Islam: A Progressive View. Albany: State University of New York Press. [Roles of the Quran and the Hadith in Islamic law -- Reward and punishment of the sexes by God as prescribed by the Quran -- Origin of men and women according to the Quran -- Assessment ofsome alleged sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) -- Rules ofmarriage in Islamic law -- The position of husband and wife in Islamic law -- Rules of dissolution of marriage in Islamiclaw -- Rights of custody and access to children in Islamilaw -- Financial and economic provisions for women in Islamic law -- Rules regarding women as witnesses in Islamic law -- Rules regarding the seclusion of women (purdah) -- Women in politics and as the head of a state.]
Alvarez, Sonia E, & Elisabeth Jay Friedman & Ericka Beckman & Maylei Blackwell, et al. 2003. Encountering Latin American and Caribbean Feminisms, Signs, v28n2 (Winter 2003): 537-579. [From the perspective of participants in the Nov 1999 Latin American and Caribbean Feminist Encuentros, Alvarez et al reflect collectively on the past and present dynamics and future prospects of feminisms in Latin America, particularly movement-centered, intraregional feminist processes and their local effects, thereby underscoring the dynamic and mutually constitutive interplay of national and transnational feminist identities, discourses, and practices.]
Anderson, Elizabeth. 1995. "Feminist Epistemology: An Interpretation and a Defense," Hypatia, v10n3 (Summer 1995): 50-84 [Feminist epistemology as the branch of naturalized, social epistemology that studies the various influences of norms and conceptions of gender and gendered interests and experiences on the production of knowledge. This understanding avoids dubious claims about feminine cognitive differences.]
Anonymous. 2003. Celebrating the Creativity of Rural Women, Sister Namibia, v15n4 (Sep 2003): 17. [Hadjara Hassane (40) lives in M'Botch village in Niger. Born into a traditional healer's family that knows the value of each plant, her love for trees led her to become warden in the nearby natural reserve, horne to hundreds of palmyrah trees (Borassus aethiopum Mart). The palmyrah tree grows in dry and sub-humid areas and can reach 20 meters in height. It is of great importance to rural people because all of its parts are useful. Its very solid and dry wood is a source of income for many artisans and craftsmen; its leaves are used for making roofs and baskets; its fruits are an important source of food; and its sap and roots have many medicinal virtues, making it a natural pharmacy. But palmyrah trees are threatened by over-exploitation. Neela Thangavelu (36) from the Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India, was inspired by Mother Theresa's work and decided to work with downtrodden people in rural areas. Being a single mother (a huge handicap in India) and suffering from a physical disability never discouraged Neela. She formed more than 140 women's self-help groups, representing more than 3000 women living under the poverty line who benefited from Neela's training. Thresiamma Mathew]'s first challenge was to break traditional taboos and face the women's own disbelief. Since the project started in 1989, 1200 women have been trained as masons and allied workers, most of them illiterate and previously living below the poverty line. Together, they built over 15 000 latrines and 100 houses. Thresiamma also included a social training programme on personal development, social awareness and literacy as an integral part of masonry training. Thresiamma's initiative has dented the existing gender stereotype image and socio-economic relations by equiping poor women with non-traditional skills and confidence as well as with the means to earn a decent living.]
Anonymous. 1994. "Women in Development," WIN News (Women's International Network), v20n2 (Spring 1994): 36-37 [The importance of integrating women into AID's programs is discussed. The importance of women's contributions to households in LDCs is even more important today because they are often the sole bread winners.]
Anonymous. 1995. "Women and Development: World Bank Structural Adjustment and Gender Policies," WIN News (Women's International Network), v21n2 (Spring 1995): 31-33. [General analysis of structural adjustment programmes (SAPs), their impact on women and gender relations, reviews the roles of women and men in economy, society and policy-making. Several ways to modify SAPs based on an analysis of linkages between SAPs and changes in gender relations and women's positions.]
Anonymous. 1996. "Global Women and Shelters Strategies," Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996): 11-14. [A statement addressing women's habitat issues was presented to the Secretary General of the UN Commission on Human Settlements at the Non-Governmental Organization Forum in Beijing. The text of the statement is presented.] {Women; Housing needs; Human rights.}
Appleton, Simon & John Hoddinott & Pramila Krishnan. 1999. The Gender Wage Gap In Three African Countries, Economic Development and Cultural Change, v47n2 (Jan 1999): 289-312. [The presence of gender discrimination in labor markets has attracted the attention of economists for several reasons. Nondiscriminatory treatment of workers of different sexes, races, or religions can be regarded as a worthy social goal in itself. The elimination of discrimination can also improve both efficiency and growth. The size and determinants of the gender wage gap in three African countries - Ethiopia, Uganda, and the Cote d'Ivoire - are examined. The existing methods are extended in a way that addresses both the index number and the sectoral decomposition problem. In all three countries, the wage gap is narrowed because women are overrepresented in the higher-paying public sector.]
Armitage, Faith & Carolyn Pedwell. 2005. Putting Gender on the Map, LSE Gender Institute, New Working Paper Series, n16 (Sep 2005): 1-76 (77)
Awde, Nicholas (ed., trans.). 2000. Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Qur'an and Had'iths. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Babb, Florence E. 2001. After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics In Neoliberal Nicaragua. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Baldez, Lisa. 2002. Why Women Protest: Women's Movements In Chile. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Barazangi, Nimat H. 2004. Woman's Identity and the Qur'an: A New Reading. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Barlas, Asma. 2002. "Believing Women" In Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Basu, Srimati. 1999. She Comes To Take Her Rights: Indian Women. Property and Propriety. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Bayes, Jane H. & Nayereh Tohidi (eds.). 2001. Globalization, Gender, And Religion: The Politics of Women's Rights In Catholic and Muslim Contexts. Basingstoke, Hampshire [England] ; New York: Palgrave. [Women redefining modernity and religion in the globalized context/ Nayereh Tohidi and Jane H. Bayes -- United States Catholic women: feminist theologies in action / Susan Marie Maloney -- Implementing the Beijing commitments in Ireland / Yvonne Galligan and Nuala Ryan -- Implementing women's rights in Spain/ Celia Valiente -- The politics of implementing women's rightsin Catholic countries of Latin America / Laura Guzm{226}an Stein -- The politics of implementing women's rights in Turkey / Ay{240}se G{232}une{240}s-Ayata -- Women's strategies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999 / Mehranguiz Kar -- The politics of implementing women's rights in Bangladesh / Najma Chowdhury -- The silent Ayesha: an Egyptian narrative / Heba Raouf Ezzat.]
Beckman, Peter R. & Francine D'Amico (eds.). 1994. Women, Gender, and World Politics: Perspectives, Policies and Prospects. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey. [Critique of the gender blindness of the dominant International Relations (IR) theories. Offers gender analysis as an alternative approach to the study of world politics. Discusses issues such as: "how strategies for economic development and the operations of the international political economy affect women; how the interplay of class, nationality, ethnicity and gender characterizes the struggle of Third World women and create a tension between their gender interests and their national interests; how international development assistance affects women's roles and power in the developing world.]
Beneria, Lourdes & Amy Lind. 1995. "Engendering International Trade: Concepts, Policy, and Action," GSD Working Paper Series No. 5, July 1995. (Gender, Science and Development Programme) <http://www.ifias.ca/GSD/B eneria.Contents> [Explores the effects of trade policy on employment (specifically women's employment), issues of gender and technology, the feminization of the labour force, free trade zones (FTZs), and the gender and trade aspects of structural adjustment.]
Beoku-Betts, Josephine. 1990. Agricultural Development in Sierra Leone: Implications for Rural Women in the Aftermath of the Women's Decade, Africa Today, v37n1 (First Quarter 1990): 19(17). [The linkage between women's role in agriculture and current policies to promote agricultural development and food self-sufficiency in Sierra Leone is examined.]
Bliss, Katherine Elaine. 2001. Compromised Positions: Prostitution, Public Health, and Gender Politics In Revolutionary Mexico City. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Bodman, Herbert L. & Nayereh Tohidi (eds.). 1998. Women in Muslim Societies: Diversity Within Unity. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. [Introduction / Herbert L. Bodman -- Gender and religion in Hausaland: variations in Islamic practice in Niger andNigeria / Barbara M. Cooper -- When modernity confronts traditional practices: female genital cutting in Northeast Africa / Noor J. Kassamali -- Cultural diversity within Islam: veils and laws in Tunisia / M.M. Charrad -- Power, ideology, and women's consciousness in postrevolutionary Iran / Hisae Nakanishi -- Persisting contradictions: Muslim women in Syria /Bouthaina Shaaban -- From two states to one: women's lives in the transformation of Yemen / Linda Boxberger --"Guardians of the nation": women, Islam, and the Soviet legacy of modernization in Azerbaijan / Nayereh Tohidi -- Between Lenin and Allah: women and ideology in Tajikistan / Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh -- Kazak women: living the heritage of a unique past/ Paula A. Michaels -- Taslima Nasreen and others: the contest over gender in Bangladesh / Dina M. Siddiqi -- Urban Minangkabau Muslim women: modern choices, traditional concerns in Indonesia / Lucy A. Whalley -- Muslim women in India: a minority within a minority / Shahida Lateef -- The issues at hand / Nayereh Tohidi.]
Bolak, Hale Cihan. 1997. "Marital Power Dynamics: Women Providers and Working Class Households in Istanbul," 218-247 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press [Nice discussion of patterns of negotiation within traditional marital structures at the crossroads of urbanization. Discusses the ways in which "economic, cultural and affective dynimics" intersect, challenges stereotypes and conventional description.]
Bolles, A. Lynn. 1996. Sister Jamaica: A Study of Women, Work, and Household in Kingston. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Booth, Chris & Jane Darke & Susan Yeandle (eds). 1996. Changing Places: Women's Lives in the City. London: Paul Chapman.
Bossen, Laurel. 1996. "Wives and Servants: Women in Middle-Class Households, Guatemala City," 353-365 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press [Describes the socio-econmic stratification of women in an urban context, where the affluence of one group is related to the poverty of the other, and the tensions that arise from this.]
Bradshaw, York W. & Rita Noonan. 1997. "Urbanization, Economic Growth, and Women's Labour-Force Participation: A Theoretical and Empirical Reassessment," 6-22 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brettell, Caroline B. 1996. "Women are Migrants Too: A Portugese Perspective," 245-258 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. [Profiles the forces surrounding a Portugese woman who migrates to Lisbon, France, Venezuela, and back to Portugal, as a way of exploring the gender frame.]
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy (ed.). 1995. Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice. Oxford: Berg.
Bushby, Abby. 1996. "Intensified Communities Meet Women's Needs," Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996): 28-30. [Women's needs received little attention as North American cities grew. Information about techniques that can be used by women to make sure their needs are considered in the community planning is presented.] {Community development; Women}
Butterworth, Douglas S. 1962. "A Study of the Urbanization Process Among Mistec Migrants from Tilantrongo in Mexico City," American Indigena, v22n3 (1962): 257-274 [Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 241-256.]
Buxton, Julia & Nicola Phillips (eds.). 1999. Developments in Latin American Political Economy. States, Markets and Actors. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Campbell, Richmond. 1994. "The Virtues of Feminist Empiricism." Hypatia, v9n1 (Winter 1994): 90-115 [Despite the emergence of new forms of feminist empiricism, there continues to be resistance to the idea that feminist political commitment can be integral to hypothesis testing in science when that process adheres strictly to empiricist norms and is grounded in a realist conception of objectivity. "...feminist empiricism, when it is properly conceived, presents a conception of social knowledge that combines the ideal of realist objectivity with the virtues of being politically subversive, alive to the relevance of contextual values, diversely motivated, and able to view its own methodology as the product of social construction and hence subject to empirical inquiry and revision."
Carey, David. 2002. Technological and Gendered Pathways To Women's Empowerment and Community Development, TechTrends, v46n6 (Nov/Dec 2002): 32 (5).
Caulfield, Sueann, 2000. In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation In Early Twentieth-Century Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Chambers, Sarah C. 1999. From Subjects To Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics In Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Chant, Sylvia H. 1991. Women and Survival in Mexican Cities: Perspectives on Gender, Labour Markets, and Low-Income Households. Manchester, UK; New York Manchester University Press. Distributed in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press.
Chassen-Lopez, Francie R. 1997. From Casa To Calle: Latin American Women Transforming Patriarchal Spaces, Journal of Women's History, v9n1 (Spring 1997): 174 (18). [Chassen-Lopez reviews a number of books, including "Surviving Beyond Fear: Women, Children and Human Rights in Latin America" edited by Marjorie Agosin, "Translated Woman: Crossing the Border with Esperanza's Story" by Ruth Behar, "Women in the Latin American Development Process" edited by Christine E. Bose and Edna Acosta-Belen and "Revolutionizing Motherhood The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo" by Marguerite Guzman Bouvard.]
Chavez Metoyer, Cynthia. 2000. Women and the State in Post-Sandinista Nicaragua. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Christie, Nancy. 2000. Engendering the State: Family, Work, and Welfare in Canada. Toronto: The University of Toronto Press.
Cinar, E. Mine (ed.). 2001. The Economics of Women and Work in the Middle East and North Africa. Elsevier Science BV.
Claudia Maria Vargas. 2000. Community Development and Micro-Enterprises: Fostering Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, v8n1 (Feb 2000): 11. [Micro-enterprise efforts have focused mainly on economic development, although ignoring the social and environmental consequences can jeopardize success. This essay examines the characteristics of successful groups and the barriers they face. The lessons learned from successful micro-enterprises suggest that the key is to bring together the elements of sustainable development with the importance of the key fact that the micro-enterprises are community based. The thesis proposed is that micro-enterprises can foster sustainable development if, and only if, they are integrated in a view of community development that links the social, economic and environmental dimensions.]
Cooke, Miriam. 1996. War's Other Voices: Women Writers On the Lebanese Civil War. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Craske, Nikki & Maxine Molyneux (eds.). 2002. Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy In Latin America. New York: Palgrave Publishers.
Craske, Nikki. 1999. Women and Politics In Latin America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Cravey, Altha J. 1997. "The Politics of Reproduction: Households in the Mexican Industrial Transition," Economic Geography, v73n2 (Apr 1997): 166-186 [A household-level analysis of the transition in Mexican industrial strategy from the state-led import substitution strategy dominant from 1930 to 1976 to the neoliberal one dominant today. The results suggest that gender restructuring was a crucial element of industrial restructuring. The new industrial strategy has reshaped industrial household into a multitude of forms, range from huge company-run single-sex dormitories to a variety of extended family households. The gender division of domestic labor has been renegotiated. Indepth interviews reveal that such micro-scale struggles result from, and influence, the new factory regime. There is a dialectical connection between gender relations (that is, specific gender divisions of domestic labor) and production regimes in Mexico.] {Mexico; industrial restructuring; gender; household}
Cromley, Elizabeth Collins & Carter L. Hudgins (eds.). 1995. Gender, Class, and Shelter: Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, V. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press.
Dahl, Tove Stang. 1997. The Muslim Family: A Study of Women's Rights In Islam; translated from the Norwegian by Ronald Walford. Oslo ; Boston: Scandinavian University Press.
Dandekar, Hemalata C. (ed.). 1993. Shelter, Women, and Development: First and Third World Perspectives. Proceedings of an International Conference, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, the University of Michigan, May 7-9, 1992. Ann Arbor MI:: G. Wahr Pub. Co.
Daniels, Lisa & Donald C Mead. 1998. The Contribution of Small Enterprises To Household and National Income In Kenya, Economic Development and Cultural Change, v47n1 (Oct 1998): 45-71. [Micro and small enterprises (MSE) are a pervasive feature of the landscape in all developing countries. Recent studies in five countries of sub-Saharan Africa estimate that MSEs employ 17%-27% of the adult population. Considering that 60%-90% of the labor force in these countries works in agriculture, the role of MSEs in the nonagricultural labor force is considerably higher. During the 1980s, over 40% of the total increase in the labor force in these countries found work in MSEs. Many governments have come to recognize their importance and are placing considerable emphasis on the promotion of this segment of the economy. Results from a regression analysis show several significant factors that are associated with higher profit levels. In particular, the employment of paid workers and higher levels of proprietor education are associated with profitability. Furthermore, MSEs owned by men make significantly higher profits than those owned by women. MSEs that use unpaid employees are associated with lower profits.]
de Jesus, Carolina Maria. 1962. Child of the Dark: The Diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus. New York: The New American Library [Powerful narrative of the everyday lives of the favelados, lived in monotony and hope. Radical in that some reforms took place after its publication.]
Deere, Carmen Diana & Magdalena Len. 2001. Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights In Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Dhaouadi, Mahmoud. 2002. Globalization of the Other Underdevelopment: Third World Cultural Identities. Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen.
Dodson, Belinda. 2001. Discrimination by default? Gender concerns in South African migration policy, Africa Today, v48n3 (Fall 2001): 72-89. [Dodson offers a gender analysis of the South African government's proposed new policy on international migration, identifying several areas of gender discrimination. A development-centered approach to understanding international migration as a means of helping to solve the problem is also offered.]
Dore, Elizabeth & Maxine Molyneux (eds.). 2000. Hidden Histories of Gender and the State In Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Dore, Elizabeth (ed.). 1997. Gender Politics In Latin America: Debates In Theory and Practice. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Eichler, Margit (ed.). 1995. Change of Plans, Towards a Non-Sexist Sustainable City. Toronto: Garamond Press.
Eloundou-Enyegue, Parfait M. & Anne Emmanule Calvs. 2006. Till Marriage Do Us Part: Education and Remittances from Married Women in Africa, Comparative Education Review, v50n1 (Feb 2006): 1-20,172. [Important supply-side determinants in this perspective include daughters' control of resources and loyalty to their parents, all of which can be related to daughters' education.10 A third perspective, more eclectic in its disciplinary roots, focuses on the benefits of female schooling, with remittances as one possible benefit.11 Each of these three perspectives implies a different conceptual linkage between daughters' schooling and their remittances. Even if daughters' educational attainments and remittances derive endogenously from selective grooming by parents, this means that strategic investments in daughters' schooling can pay off, and it weakens the argument against preferential investment in boys, even among remittance-minded parents. second, parental investments in education can respond to socioeconomic change, particularly to women's increased access to marital resources.]
Elson, Diane (ed.). 1991. Male Bias in the Development Process. Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press. Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press.
Elson, Diane. 1995. "Gender Awareness in Modeling Structural Adjustment," World Development, v23n11 (Nov 1995): 1851-1868 [Discusses strategies for introducing gender analysis into macroeconomic models underpinning the design of structural adjustment programs. Evaluates strengths and weaknesses of the models from a gender perspective.]
Emeagwali, Gloria T. (ed.). 1995. Women Pay the Price: Structural Adjustment in Africa and the Caribbean. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.
Emmett, Ayala. 1998. Sex and Gender As Raw Political Material: Local Women Negotiate Globalization, Sex Roles, v39n7/8 (Oct 1998): 503-513. [In Mexico and around the world women face globalization processes and changing economies that they have little power to refuse. Yet, like other groups on the margins, women confront globalization and make local uses of it.]
Engineer, Asgharali. 1996 (1992). The Rights of Women In Islam. New York: St. Martin's Press. [Status of women during Jahiliya -- Concept of sexual equality -- Other aspects of equality of women -- Marital rights of women in Islam -- Women and divorce in Islam -- Islam and the individual dignity of women -- Muslim personal law: the need for reform.]
England, Kim. 1994. "From Social Justice and the City' to Women-Friendly Cities? Feminist Theory and Politics," Urban Geography, v15n7 (1994): 628-643 [Uses Harvey's piece as a foil to discuss North American feminist theory.]
Erman, Tahire. 1996. "Women and the Housing Environment: The Experiences of Turkish Migrant Women in Squatter (Gecekondu) and Apartment Housing," Environment and Behavior, v28n6 (Nov 1996): 764-798. [Erman investigates the experiences of rural migrant women in an apartment district and a squatter (gecekondu) settlement in Ankara Turkey. The significant role that housing environment plays in the lives of women is demonstrated.] {Housing; Lifestyles; Migrant workers; Women; Rural areas.}
Everts, Saskia. 1998. "Technology and Development: Strategies for the Integration of Gender," WE International, n42/43 (Fall 1997/Winter 1998): 40-41. [Discusses the TOOL and TOOLConsult's International Conference on Gender and Technology
Fallon, Kathleen M. 1999. Education and Perceptions of Social Status and Power Among Women In Larteh, Ghana, Africa Today, v46n2 (Spring 1999): 67-91. [In examining the status of women in developing countries, most research emphasizes the impact of development indicators, such as income or health, on women. Fallon moves beyond development indicators by discussing women's own perceptions of social status and power in Larteh, a rural town in Ghana.]
Fawcett, James T. & Siew-Ean Khoo & Peter C. Smith (eds.). 1984. Women in the Cities of Asia: Migration and Urban Adaptation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Fincher, Ruth & Jacinta McQuillen. 1989. "Women in Urban Social Environments," Urban Geography, v10n6 (1989): 604-613 [Review-type article, US.]
Forcione, Carlo; Breslow, Marc. 1995. "Measuring Women's Progress," Dollars and Sense, n202 (Nov 1995): 43 [The latest "Human Development Report" from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) includes indexes that take into account gender differences. The report shows that men have generally benefited more from economic growth than women, and it also shows development rankings among various countries.] {Sexes Economic growth Ratings and rankings Reports Indexes}
Freeman, Carla. 2001. Is Local: Global As Feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the Gender of Globalization, Signs, v26n4 (Summer 2001): 1007-1037. [Freeman argues that subjectivity makes any gender neutral analysis of globalization problematic. She examines women workers in the electronics industry in Trinidad who supplement their wages by participating in informal sector markets, and shows that their agency comes from being workers and consumers as well as entrepreneurs.]
Friedman, Elisabeth J. 2000. Unfinished Transitions: Women and the Gendered Development of Democracy In Venezuela, 1936-1996. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Gangadharan, Lata & Pushkar Maitra. 2001. Two Aspects of Fertility Behavior In South Africa, Economic Development and Cultural Change, v50n1 (Oct 2001): 183-200. [This article analyzes 2 aspects of female fertility using unit record data from South Africa. It examines the effect of individual, household, and community characteristics on the age at first conception and the number of pregnancies for a natioal sample of women. The first aspect of fertility behavior examined is the age at first conception. The 2nd aspect of fertility examined is the number of times a woman had been pregnant. The study examines the effect of various individual, household and community characterists on the number of times each woman in the reproductive age range has been pregnant.]
Garber, Judith A. & Robyne S. Turner. 1995. Gender in Urban Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gerami, Shahin. 1996. Women and Fundamentalism: Islam and Christianity. New York: Garland Pub.
Gibson-Graham, J.K. (Julie Graham & Katherine Gibson). 1996. The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy. New York: Blackwell Publishers.
Gilbert, Alan. 1994. "Third World Cities: Poverty, Employment, Gender Roles and the Environment During a Time of Restructuring," Urban Studies, v31n4-5 (May 1994): 605-633 [Third in trilogy of review articles. Considers four key elements of urban life in third world cities--poverty, work, gender roles and the environment. The ways in which these have been affected by shifts in the nature of world organization and development. Some nay-saying, some slippery preconceptions.]
Gladwin, Christina H. & Della McMillan. 1989. Is a Turnaround in Africa Possible Without Helping African Women to Farm? Economic Development and Cultural Change, v37n2 (Jan 1989): 345(25). [Some Africanists claim that small farmers, including women farmers, cannot feed sub-Saharan Africa. An investigation is conducted into whether a turnaround in African agriculture can be achieved without helping African women farmers, mostly small holders in the traditional sector, to farm. The evidence supports the position that a turnaround in the short run (one decade) is not possible without helping women farmers, due to the active participation of so many women in farming. In the long run, a turnaround is possible without helping women to farm because women farmers will be displaced as agriculture intensification occurs. However, because the intensification process will be extremely uneven both within and between African countries, the displacement of women farmers will also be uneven. Policy planners should communicate the need to incorporate women as agricultural producers with full access to yield-increasing inputs in development projects.]
Glasberg, Davita Silfen & Kathryn B. Ward,. 1993. "Foreign Debt and Economic Growth in the World System," Social Science Quarterly, v74n4 (Dec 1993): 703-720 [It is argued that the present phase of world-system development is shaped by finance capital and debt dependency. Although debt might once have stimulated economic growth, current levels of debt service and stocks on nonconcessional loans may hinder growth.]
Gonzalez de la Rocha, Mercedes . 1994. The Resources of Poverty: Women and Survival in a Mexican City. Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell [Study of "Guadalajara's working-class households poised on the cusp of Mexico's "lost decade" of debt crisis, structural adjustment, and neoliberal reform. Her project is squarely situated at the end of an era that has been called the "paradox of modern Mexico," involving the persistence and indeed growth of poverty within a context of overall dynamic economic growth."
Gonzalez, Victoria & Karen Kampwirth (eds.). 2001. Radical Women In Latin America: Left and Right. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Gordon, April A. 1996. Transforming Capitalism and Patriarchy: Gender and Development in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Greed, Clara. 1995. "The Changing Position of Women in Town Planning," Women and Environments, v14n2 (Spring 1995): 9-11. [Although there has always been a "woman and planning" movement, the movement is often presented in both Europe and the US as if it were something relatively recent, starting the 1980s as a result of the second wave of feminism. Women's influence in town planning is examined.] {Feminism; Area planning and development; Women}
Griffin, Eric. 1996. "Gender Analysis and International Financial Institutions: The Perspective of a Grassroots Environmental NGO," Natural Resources Forum, v20n2 (May 1996): 153-161 [An attempt is made to reconcile the opinions of various activist-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the use of gender analysis as a policy tool in the field of international development and macroeconomic policy. The evolving relationship between international financial institutions and grassroots environmental NGOs seeking reform in macroeconomic policy is described.]
Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck & John L. Esposito (eds.). 1998. Islam, Gender, & Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press. [Women in Islam and Muslim societies / John L. Esposito -- Islam and gender: dilemmas in the changing Arab world / Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad -- Gender issues and contemporary Quran interpretation / Barbara Stowasser -- Islam, social change, andthe reality of Arab women's lives / Nadia Hijab -- Feminism in an Islamic republic: "Years of hardship, years of growth" / Afsaneh Najmabadi -- Secularist and Islamist discourses on modernity in Egypt and the evolution of the postcolonialnation-state / Mervat Hatem -- Women and the state in Jordan: inclusion or exclusion? / Laurie A. Brand -- Slow yet steady path to women's empowerment in Pakistan / Anita M. Weiss -- Changing gender relations and the development process inOman / Carol J. Riphenburg -- Women and religion in Bahrain: an emerging identity / May Seikaly -- Gender, Islam, and the state: Kuwaiti women in struggle, pre-invasion to postliberation / Margot Badran -- Philippine Muslim women: tradition and change / Vivienne SM. Angeles.]
Haeri, Shahla. 2002. No Shame for the Sun: Lives of Professional Pakistani Women. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. [Stating the problems: theoretical contemplation -- Identity: contested visions of womanhood and society -- Violence: woman's body, nation's honor -- Legitimacy: in the boots of a feudal lord -- Marriage: making a culture of her own -- Kinship: the crime of being a widow -- Religion: reinterpreting the text, reinventing the self.]
Hallum, Anne Motley. 2003. Taking Stock and Building Bridges: Feminism, Women's Movements, and Pentecostalism In Latin America, Latin American Research Review, v38n1 (2003): 169-186. [As one moves from the social science literature of religion and politics to the literature of women's movements in Latin America, the "silence is deafening" regarding the phenomenon of Pentecostalism, a movement primarily made up of women. This article argues that Pentecostalism does fit into the newer analyses of feminism and women's movements in the region in a much-needed interdisciplinary approach. The research is a literature review reinforced by field study in Central America. Pentecostalism provides an arena where women help each other and can learn civic skills to participate in fledgling democracies in Latin America.]
Hamill, Pete. 1996. Piecework: Writings on Men and Women, Fools and Heroes, Lost Cities, Vanished Friends, Small Pleasures, Large Calamities, and How the Weather Was. Boston: Little, Brown and Company [Partial contents: The cities of New York; The lawless decades; Mexico; Out there; The talent in the room; Position papers; Rolling the dice.]
Hays-Mitchell, Maureen. 1995. "Voices and Visions from the Streets: Gender Interests and Political Participation Among Women Informal Traders in Latin America," Society and Space, v13n4 (1995): 445-470.<
Higgs, Catherine. 2004. Zenzele: African Women's Self-Help Organizations in South Africa, 1927-1998, African Studies Review, v47n3 (Dec 2004): 119-141. [The Zenzele clubs of the Eastern Cape of South Africa, which date from the late 1920s, were founded by mission-educated African women who sought to improve the lives of rural African women by enhancing their subsistence farming and cooking skills and educating them about household cleanliness, basic child care, and health care. Unlike associations for African women in British colonial Africa, Zenzele clubs did not evolve into political organizations. In the white-run segregated and apartheid states that persisted through 1994, Zenzele women did not engage in direct political action; rather, they sought to unite African women across class and ethnic lines and focused their efforts on community development.]
Hirsch, Susan F. 2002. The Power of Participation: Language and Gender In Tanzanian Law Reform Campaigns, Africa Today, v49n2 (Summer 2002): 50-75,171. [Over the last decade, donor nations have focused considerable proportions of their development funding for Africa on "democratization" projects. As part of this initiative, Tanzania has experienced a remarkable growth of diverse projects on law and gender. Many of these projects endeavor to involve a wide range of Tanzanians-police, gender activists, ordinary citizens, judicial personnel-in such concerns as reforming specific laws, prosecuting sex crimes and domestic violence, and fostering understanding of rights and laws. Donor-sponsored interactive, educational workshops are a popular format for providing information about law and gender to legal personnel and the general population. As demonstrated in this paper, law and gender workshops-characterized by foreign sponsorship, local target constituencies, and participatory ideologies-are a window onto the complex power dynamics of the development process in the democratization era. In addition to highlighting contemporary struggles over power and authority in relation to development, the paper's linguistic analysis of one workshop reveals that attempts to transform gender relations through law reform campaigns face complex challenges, not the least of which is posed by the nature of linguistic interaction itself.]
Humphrey, John. 1996. "Responses to Recession and Restructuring: Employment Trends in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, 1979-87," Journal of Development Studies, v33n1 (Oct 1996): 40-62 [Examines the impact of recession and restructuring on the labor markets and households, focusing on the differential impact of recession and restructuring on men and women in Greater Sao Paulo.]
Humphrey, John. 1997. "Gender Divisions in Brazilian Industry," 171-183 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press [The segmentation of labour markets, the gender division of labour, and the implications for these of recent manufacturing techniques such as Just in Time and Total Quality Management.]
Hurtig, Janise & Rosario Montoya. 2005. Women's Political Lives In Latin America: Reconfiguring Terrains of Theory, History, and Practice, Latin American Research Review, v40n1 (2005): 187(15).
Hutchison, Elizabeth Quay. 2001. Labors Appropriate to the Their Sex: Gender, Labor, and Politics in Urban Chile, 1900-1930. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Hutson, Alaine S. 1999. The Development of Women's Authority In the Kano Tijaniyya, 1894-1963, Africa Today, v46n3/4 (Summer 1999): 43-64. [Hutson acknowledges Kano Muslim women's contributions to their faith through their activities within the Kano Tijaniyya. She discusses two women from the first generation of Kano Tijani muqaddamat, Hijiya Iya and Umma Makaranta, who were active during the period 1937-63.]
Ibrahim, Farah A.. 1992. "A Course on Asian-American Women: Identity Development Issues," Women's Studies Quarterly, v20n1-2 (Spring 1992): 41-58. [The ways in which a course on Asian-American women can be structured to provide sociohistorical, cultural information and facilitate the gender/race/cultural identity development of Asian-American women and women in general are discussed. Such a course was taught for the first time in 1990 at the University of Connecticut with overwhelming feedback from students.] {Curricula Asian Americans Women}
Jackson, Cecile. 1996. "Rescuing Gender from the Poverty Trap," World Development, v24n3 (Mar 1996): 489-504 [Argues that the concept of poverty cannot serve as a proxy for the sub-ordination of women, that anti-poverty policies cannot be expected to improve the position of women and that there's no substitute for a gender analysis.]
Jacobsen, Joyce. 1994. The Economics of Gender. Cambridge MA: Blackwell.
Jacobson, Jodi L. et al. 1992. Gender Bias: Roadblock to Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute [The dimensions of gender bias -- Sustenance from the commons -- Cash crops vs. food security -- Who manages the forests -- Female poverty and the population trap -- A new framework for development.]
James, Daniel. 2000. Dora Maria's Story: Life History, Memory, and Political Identity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Jawad, Haifaa A. 1998. The Rights of Women In Islam: An Authentic Approach. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press ; New York:St. Martin's Press. [The legal status of women in Islam -- Islam and women's education-- Women and marriage in Islam -- Women and the question of polygamy in Islam -- Female circumcision: religious obligation or cultural deviation? -- Islam and women's inheritance -- The dissolution of marriage in Islam -- Women and political action.]
Jellinek, Lea. 1997. "Displaced by Modernity: The Saga of a Jakarta Street-Trader's Family from the 1940s to the 1990s," 139-155 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press [Account of a woman's efforts to keep pace with changing circumstances.]
Jiggins, Janice. 1994. Changing the Boundaries: Women-Centered Perspectives on Population and the Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Joseph, Suad (ed.). 1999. Intimate Selving In Arab Families: Gender, Self, and Identity. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. [Intimate selving as a practice of biography and autobiography in Arab families. The context ; Teta, mother, and I / Jean Said Makdisi ; Searching for Baba / Suad Joseph ; The poet who helped me shape my childhood / Maysoon Melek ; My sister Isabelle / Scheherazade -- Ethnographic and historical excavations of the self. The context ; Brother-sister relationships: connectivity, love, and power in the reproduction of patriarchy in Lebanon / Suad Joseph ; Wives or daughters: structural differences between urban and Bedouin Lebanese co-wives / Najla S. Hamedeh ; My son/myself, mymother/myself: paradoxical relationalities of patriarchal connectivity / Suad Joseph ; The microdynamics of patriarchal change in Egypt and the developemnt of an alternative discourseon mother-daughter relations: the case of {176}A{174}isha Taymur -- Literary imaginings of intimate selving. The context ; Patriarchy and imperialism: father-son and British-Egyptian relations in Najib Mahfuz's trilogy / Soraya Altorki -- Constructions of masculinity in two Egyptian novels / Magda M. Al-Nowaihi.]
Kabeer, Naila. 1994. Reversed Realities : Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London, New York: Verso.
Kampwirth, Karen. 2002. Women and Guerrilla Movements: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas, Cuba. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Karan, P. P. 1994. "Environmental Movements in India," Geographical Review, v84n1 (Jan 1994): 32-41 [Grassroots environmental movements following Gandhian nonviolent tradition are expanding in India. The Chipko movement in the Himalaya, Save the Narmada movement in central India and the Silent Valley movement in the Malabar region of southern India are discussed.]
Keller-Herzog, Angela . 1996. Globalisation and Gender Development: Perspectives and Interventions. <http://www.ifias.ca/g sd/trade/gagdindex.html> (Dec 1996). (Prepared for: Women in Development and Gender Equity Division, Policy Branch, Canadian International Development Agency) [Excerpt, Chapter 4, "Globalisation: Gender Implications." Examines how globalization affects the work of different groups of women and men in developing countries. General discussion. Two short lists of obstacles and disadvantages.]
Khoury, Nabil F. & Valentine M. Moghadam (eds.). 1995. Gender and Development in the Arab World: Women's Economic Participation Patterns and Policies. London; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Published for the United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research by Zed Books and United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
Klasen, Stephan. 2002. Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence On the Effect of Gender Inequality In Education On Economic Development, The World Bank Economic Review, v16n3 (2002): 345-373. [Using cross-country and panel regressions, this article investigates how gender inequality in education affects long-term economic growth. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth that is robust to changes in specifications and controls for potential endogeneities. The results suggest that gender inequality in education directly affects economic growth by lowering the average level of human capital. In addition, growth is directly affected through the impact of gender inequality on investment and population growth. Some 0.4-0.9 percentage points of differences in annual per capita growth rates between East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East can be accounted for by differences in gender gaps in education between these regions.]
Korzeniewicz, Roberto Patricio & William C Smith. 2000. Poverty, Inequality, and Growth In Latin America: Searching for the High Road To Globalization, Latin American Research Review, v35n3 (2000): 7-54. [Korzeniewicz and Smith revisit debates concerning poverty, inequality, and development in Latin America and explores a possible "high road" to globalization capable of achieving both more rapid economic growth and significant and lasting reductions in poverty and inequality.]
Koskela, Hille. 1997. "Bold Walk and Breakings': Women's Spatial Confidence versus Fear of Violence," Gender, Place and Culture, v4n3 (Nov 1997): 301-319 [Koskela explores women's fear of urban violence from a spatial perspective, then considers how and why fear of violence undermines some women's confidence, restricting their access to public space.] {Urban areas Violence Fear and phobias Women Confidence}
Lacey, Linda & Irit Sinai, Irit. 1996. "Do Female-Headed Households Have Different Shelter Needs Than Men? The Case of Monrovia, Liberia," Journal of Comparative Family Studies, v27n1 (Spring 1996): 89-108 [Analysis of survey data of male and female heads of households in low-income settlements in Monrovia Liberia, Lacey and Sinai to explore the shelter and related needs of female-headed households. Results indicate that while women represent the poorest families in the settlements, they obtain shelter of similar quality to that of men.] {Women; Households; Houses; Families and family life}
Lansky, Mark. 2001. Gender, Women and All the Rest (part II), International Labour Review, v140n1 (2001): 85-115. [In this article the current scenario of the higher education - female employment relationship in a developing country - is presented. Some demographic data, and other data related to social development in Mexico, serve as the context to analyse national higher education in relation to other countries in Latin America and the world, as well as the professional situation of female graduates. The data shows the disadvantages for women even in the higher educational level in a social order of male predominance; the analysis invites reflection in the inter- and intra-gender distances and the final prospectus recovers the role of higher education for social development.]
Leacock, Eleanor & Helen I. Safa (eds.). 1986. Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor by Gender. South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey.
Leon, Magdalena (ed.). 1994. Mujeres Y Participacion Politica: Avances Y Desafios En America Latina. Bogota: Tercer Mundo.
Lerman, Nina & Arwen Mohun & Ruth Oldenziel. 1997. "Versatile Tools: Gender Analysis and the History of Technology," Technology and Culture v38n1 (January 1997): [Also at: <http://hfm.umd. umich.edu/tc/Jan97/Jan97_intro.html>
Lind, Amy. 2003. Feminist Post-Development Thought: "Women in Development" and the Gendered Paradoxes of Survival in Bolivia, Women's Studies Quarterly, v31n3/4 (Fall 2003): 227-246. [D[rawing from her 1999 research on women's movements in Bolivia, Lind addresses the dilemmas of researching about women's lives in global perspective and examines feminist post-development thought and its potential contributions to women's studies curriculum and scholarship. The research analyzed how community-based women's organizations negotiate the terms of international development agency agendas in their local struggles for survival.]
Lind, Amy. 1997. "Gender, Development and Urban Social Change: Women's Community Action in Global Cities," World Development, v25n8 (Aug 1997): 1205-1223 [Addresses the gender dimensions of women's community action in global cities, focusing on two types of women's organizations--food provision and anti-violence.]
Little, Jo & Linda Peake & Pat Richardson. 1988. Women in Cities : Gender and the Urban Environment. New York: New York University Press.
Little, Jo & Linda Peake & Pat Richardson. 1988. "Introduction: Geography and Gender in the Urban Environment," in Jo Little & Linda Peake & Pat Richardson (eds.), Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment. New York: New York University [Focuses on Britain.]
Lockwood, Matthew. 1992. Engendering Adjustment ar Adjusting Gender?: Some New Approaches to Women and Development in Africa. Brighton: University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies.
Logan, Kathleen. 1996. "Urban Women as Political Activists: Mrida, Yucatan, Mexico," 445-458 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
MacFarlane, Lindsay. 1996. "Growing Awareness of Gender in Urban Policies," Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996): 32-34 [The growing awareness of gender in the urban policies of OECD nations is discussed. The discussion in several OECD committees has helped strengthen the integration of the gender variable into OECD policies.]
MacGregor, Sherilyn. 1996. "Rethinking Planning--Reframing Difference," Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996): 22-25. [In order for planning theory to understand the full range of visions and choices that are available to communities, it must be more open to different types of knowledge and new methods of obtaining information.]
Mackenzie, Suzanne. 1989. "New Models in the City," 109-126 in Richard Peet & Nigel Thrift, (eds.), New Models in Geography: The Political Economy Perspective, Volume 2. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Majaj, Lisa Suhair & Paula W. Sunderman & Therese Saliba (eds.). 2002. Intersections: Gender, Nation, and Community In Arab Women's Novels. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. [Modernist Arab women writers: a historical overview / Salma Khadra Jayyusi -- Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab feminism in a transnational world / Amal Amireh -- Reenvisioning national community in Salwa Bakr's The golden chariot / Magda M. al-Nowaihi -- The sixth day of compassion: the im/possible communities of life toward death / Mary N. Layoun -- Partitionsand precedents: Sahar Khalifeh and Palestinian political geography / Barbara Harlow -- A country beyond reach: Liana Badr's Writings of the Palestinian diaspora / Therese Saliba --Strategic androgyny: passing as masculine in Barakat's The stone of laughter / Mona Fayad -- The fourth language: subaltern expression in Djebar's Fantasia / Nada Elia -- Voice,representation, and resistance: Etel Adnan's Sitt Marie Rose / Lisa Suhair Majaj -- Hanan al-Shaykh's Hikayat Zahra: acounter-narrative and a counter-history / Sabah Ghandour.]
Marchand, Marianne H. & Jane L. Parpart (eds.). 1995. Feminism/postmodernism/development. London; New York: Routledge.
Margaret Snyder. 2004. Women Determine Development: The Unfinished Revolution, Signs, v29n2 (Winter 2004): 619-632. [Snyder discusses the women's role in development and how they have struggled to promote gender equity. Their revolution may be unfinished, but their impact on the entrenched structures of the privileged world can draw sustenance from history.]
Marston, Sally. 1990. "Who are The People'?: Gender, Citizenship, and the Making of the American Nation," Society and Space, v8n4 (1990): 449-458.
McClaurin, Irma. 1996. Women of Belize: Gender and Change in Central America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
McDowell, Linda. 1999. Gender, Identity and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Melendez, Edwin & Clara Rodriguez & Janis Barry Figueroa (eds.). 1991. Hispanics in the Labor Force: Issues and Policies. New York: Plenum Press [Hispanics in the labor force : an introduction to issues and approaches / Edwin Melendez, Clara E. Rodriguez, and Janis Barry Figueroa -- An even greater "u-turn": Latinos and the new inequality / Raul Hinojosa-Ojeda, Martin Carnoy, and Hugh Daley -- The effects of literacy on the earnings of Hispanics in the United States / Francisco L. Rivera-Batiz -- The effect of race on Puerto Rican wages / Clara E. Rodriguez -- Labor market structure and wage differences in New York City : a comparative analysis of Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites / Edwin Melendez -- Latinos and industrial change in New York and Los Angeles / Vilma Ortiz -- Hispanic employment in the public sector : why is it lower than Blacks'? / Cordelia Reimers and Howard Chernick. Racial, ethnic, and gender employment segmentation in New York City agencies / Walter Stafford -- A comparison of labor supply behavior among single and married Puerto Rican mothers / Janis Barry Figueroa -- Work and family responsibilities of women in New York City / Terry J. Rosenberg -- Wage policies, employment, and Puerto Rican migration / Carlos E. Santiago -- Latino research and policy : the Puerto Rican case / Andres Torres and Clara E. Rodriguez -- Latinos, class, and the U.S. political economy : income inequality and policy alternatives / Rodolfo D. Torres and Adela de la Torre -- Epilogue / Edwin Melendez, Clara E. Rodriguez, and Janis Barry Figueroa.]
Mills, Sara. 1995. "Discontinuity and Postcolonial Discourse," Ariel, A Review of International English Literature, v26n3 (Jul 1995): 73-88 [A picture taken after the free elections in South Africa in 1994 depicts a black man and a white woman showering off together at a beach. Mills considers the contradictions that the photograph presents in order to explore some of the difficulties of theorizing postcolonialism and its constitution in discursive structures.|
Mills, Sara. 1996. "Gender and Colonial Space," Gender, Place & Culture, v3n2 (1996): 125-148. [Scholarly article, i.e., obscure. Lots of references, though.]
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. 1999. Islam and Gender: The Religious Debate In Contemporary Iran. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Mohanty, C.T. (1991). "Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses." 51-80 in C.T. Mohanty (ed.), Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Molyneux, Maxine. 2001. Women's Movements In International Perspective: Latin America and Beyond. New York: Palgrave.
Momsen, Janet Henshall & Vivian Kinnaird (eds.). 1993. Different Places, Different Voices: Gender and Development in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. London; New York: Routledge.
Moser, Annalise. 2004. Happy Heterogeneity? Feminism, Development, and the Grassroots Women's Movement in Peru, Feminist Studies, v30n1 (Spring 2004): 211-237,241 (28). [Moser discusses the politics of elite and grassroots volunteer women's organization in Peru and the shifting politics of cooperation and competition among women's groups, which often opens the door for manipulation by the state as well as non-governmental organizations. She also highlights the voices of working-class women, who are often sidelined by more visible elite women activists.]
Moser, Caroline O. N.. 1989. "Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs," World Development, v17n11 (Nov 1989): 1799-1825 [The development of gender planning, which in identifying that women and men play different roles in Third World society and thus have different needs, provides the conceptual framework and methodological tools for incorporating gender into planning. The capacity of different interventions to meet gender needs are illustrated.] {Sexes Developing countries LDCs Social life and customs}
Moser, Caroline O.N. 1993. Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice, and Training. London; New York: Routledge
Murata, Sachiko. 1992. The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook On Gender Relationships In Islamic Thought. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Mutersbaugh, Tad. 1999. Bread Or Chainsaws? Paths To Mobilizing Household Labor for Cooperative Rural Development In A Oaxacan Village (Mexico), Economic Geography, v75n1 (Jan 1999): 43-58. [This ethnographic case study of a rural production co-op in the indigenous community of Santa Cruz (Oaxaca, Mexico) documents men's efforts to enlist women's participation in men's co-op projects. Over an eight-year period, men initiated a number of production projects, only to see them fail when women refused to participate.]
Mvududu, Sara. 2001. Leveling the Playing Field: Social Policy And Gender Issues In Southern Africa, Southern African Feminist Review, v4/5n2 (Mar 31, 2001): 43. [This paper recognizes that persistent gender disparities hamper economic efficiency growth and development in general, and it attempts to reveal that the gendered bases of inequity are powerful and pervasive. The author recognizes the fact that social/public policy can make a difference in closing the gender gap. Most countries in the region have adopted gender policies aimed at reducing gender disparities and enhancing women's participation and involvement in the politics and economy of their societies at large. The commitment to women's progress has also been expressed through the ratification of regional and international treaties. The approaches commonly adopted have tried to design gender -sensitive policies and programmes. The focus has therefore been increasingly to emphasize the practical gender needs of women. Strategic gender interests are those derived from an analysis of women's subordinate position to men in society. They relate to gendered decisions about labour power and control, and may include such issues as legal rights, domestic violence, equal wages and women's control over their bodies. The identification of women's strategic gender interests is part of a feminist attempt at changing the existing power relations between women and men which structure all areas of life - the family, worlds of work and politics, culture and leisure. Practical gender needs, on the other hand, revolve around the immediate material needs of women in relation to their existing gender roles (mainly as mothers and housewives). Programmes designed to meet practical needs are usually oriented to the domestic and community arena, and to the fulfillment of requirements surrounding food, water, shelter, urban services and so on which enable women to perform their reproductive tasks more efficiently (Moser 1993:39). Latterly mainstreaming strategies have become the focus of efforts to institutionalize gender within state bureaucracies. These strategies seek to go beyond traditionally "female" arenas into "hard" ministries such as finance, planning and agriculture. Gender mainstreaming should be understood as a process that brings about a kind of institutional transformation. In most of the Southern African countries, as with the rest of the world, women's units, ministries and departments have been tasked with promoting and protecting gender in policies and programmes respectively.]
Mwenda, Kenneth Kaoma & Gerry Nkombo Muuka. 2004. Towards Best Practices for Micro Finance Institutional Engagement In African Rural Areas: Selected Cases and Agenda for Action, International Journal of Social Economics, v31n1/2 (2004): 143-158. [Micro-finance institutions are critical to Africa's quest for solutions to the continent's development challenge. The area of their greatest potential impact, rural Africa, is not only home to the bulk of the continent's population, but also the vast majority of Africa's poor. This paper not only defines MFIs with examples from Zambia, South Africa, Mali and Zimbabwe, it also establishes a clear link between MFIs and both poverty eradication and the empowerment and equality of women, two of the major Millennium Development Goals. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations and a set of "best practices" for the future success of MFIs on the continent, including the need to ensure flexibility and careful government regulation and supervision of MFIs.]
Namaste, Ki. 1996. "Genderbashing: Sexuality, Gender, and the Regulation of Public Space," Society and Space, v14n2 (1996): 221-240.
Nashat, Guity & Judith E. Tucker. 1999. Women In the Middle East and North Africa: Restoring Women to History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Nauman, Ann K. & Mireille Hutchinson. 1997. The Integration of Women Into the Mexican Labor Force Since NAFTA, The American Behavioral Scientist, v40n7 (Jun/Jul 1997): 950-956. [The changes that have taken place in the Mexican labor force since, and sometimes as a result of, NAFTA, with particular concern for the maquiladoras, tax-free assembly plants that use large numbers of low-paid Mexican women, are examined.]
Navarro, Marysa & Virginia Sanchez Korrol. 1999. Women In Latin America And The Caribbean: Restoring Women to History. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Nelson, Julie A. 1996. "The Masculine Mindset of Economic Analysis," Chronicle of Higher Education, v42n42 (Jun 28, 1996): B3 [Scholars need to recognize how sexist biases shape the assumptions, models and methods of analysis used in the field of economic analysis, which reflects deep-seated, gender-related biases closely linked to cultural notions of masculinity.]
Nelson, Nici. 1996. "Surviving in the City: Coping Strategies of Female Migrants in Nairobi, Kenya," 259-278 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Nelson, Nici. 1997. "How Women and Men Got By, and Still Get By (Only Not So Well): The Gender Division of Labour in a Nairobi Shanty-Town," 156-170 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Neuhouser, Kevin. 1995. ""Worse Than Men": Gender Mobilization in an Urban Brazilian Squatter Settlement, 1971-91," Gender and Society, v9n1 (Feb 1995): 38-59 [Gender plays a significant role in generic movements. Over a 20-year period, an urban squatter settlement in Brazil experienced five collective campaigns, not one of which was gender conscious not had gender-specific goals, but all were shaped by gender. In these campaigns, everything was grounded in the gender-based division of labor in the community.]
Njoh, Ambe J. & Platon N Rigos. 2003. Female Participation In the Formal Sector and Development In Sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Third World Studies, v20n2 (Fall 2003): 93-111. [Njoh and Rigos discuss the findings of a study designed to contribute to efforts aimed at addressing the impact of the increasing number of women in the formal sector on development in sub-Saharan African countries. The findings suggest that the increasing female participation in the formal economy constitutes a viable strategy for promoting national development.]
Nussbaum, Martha C. & Amartya Sen (eds). 1993. The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1990. Love's Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1995. "Human Capabilities, Female Human Beings," in Martha C. Nussbaum & J. Glover (eds.), Womnen, Culture and Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
O'Bannon, Brett. 1994. "The Narmada River Project: Toward a Feminist Model of Women in Development," Policy Sciences, v27n2-3 (May 1994): 247-267 [Discusses competing models of women in development, and compares the merits of the liberal integration model, the marginalization model, the capitalist exploitation model and the socialist feminist model.]
Onyejekwe, Chineze J. 2001. Micro-finance and Economic Empowerment: Women's Cooperatives in Nigeria, Asian Journal of Women's Studies, v7n4 (Dec 31, 2001): 70. [Similarly, the historical pattern of development in Nigeria is one in which investment was skewed in favor of industrialization in urban areas, resulting in rural areas lagging behind in their development. The industrialization process in Nigeria was dominated by foreign technology, with all the complexities of modern methods of production, investment, marketing, and planning, which require higher levels of knowledge and skill. The male bias, especially in educational attainment, was a strong feature of the colonial government's policies and programs in Nigeria. Women, therefore, were greatly disadvantaged in the sphere of formal education. As complexities of formal industry and the modern sector intensify, formal education increasingly becomes a key factor in the economic and social development of society. Many responsibilities of Nigerian women, as elsewhere, fall in the three major categories, namely, bearing and rearing of children, maintaining of the family/household, and working to earn income in cash or kind. Thus, an educated woman is able to make informed choices and cope with the technological pressures of the new age. Discussing the relationship between technology, gender, and development in Africa, Patricia Stamp (1990) asserts that the given sex-gender system and historical experience created a unique technology- transfer problem for women. The World Bank believed that the introduction of labor saving devices would relieve rural folk, notably women, of many backbreaking and under-productive chores on the farm and in homes and it was assumed that this would result in increased productivity. Thus, the introduction of new technological devices was considered necessary in certain areas such as fuel and energy. It is estimated that two in five people worldwide rely on fuel-wood or charcoal as their main sources of domestic energy for cooking and heating. One half of today's 2,000 million people face fuel shortages as supplies of wood are dwindling. Estimates also suggest that the number of people relying on wood will increase to 3,000 million by the end of the last century. An exploding population and uncontrolled development policies and programs have led to rapid deforestation and soil erosion in Nigeria, notwithstanding the use of gas and kerosene that is now quite popular. However, most rural women -- comprising about 80 percent of the rural population and 70 percent of the total population -- are still dependent on firewood. A population explosion and uncontrolled development have led to rapid deforestation and soil erosion. The Nigerian rainforests have been so badly affected that the country has only 5 percent of its original rain forest cover left (Tenquist, 1996: 44). Added to health risks often associated with the use of firewood by rural women, is the problem of environmental degradation. Hence, fuel energy was one of the major areas of interest for the government in the implementation of the Better Life for Rural Women (BLFRW) program.]
Orloff, Ann. 1996. "Gender in the Welfare State," Annual Review of Sociology, v22 (1996): 51-78 [Summarizes the current state of understanding about the varying effects of welfare states on gender relations and vice versa, using a comparative historical approach.]
Osman, Khadiga M.; Suliman, Mamoun. 1996. "Spatial and Cultural Dimensions of the Houses of Omdurman, Sudan," Human Relations, v 49n4 (Apr 1996): 395-428 [This paper summarizes the results of a concurrent investigation of extant housing patterns and daily domestic habits conducted in an urban Sudanese context. A combination of standard social sciences' research procedures and a modified space syntax/graph theory technique are employed to investigate society-space relationship. The social study reveals gender division in the conduct of activities and use of space, whereas the spatial analysis highlights a morphological pattern of gender segregation in the Sudanese house. The findings suggest that applying both spatial and aspatial methods of analysis is invaluable for eliciting and interpreting society's cultural norms.]
Ostergaard, Lise (ed.). 1992. Gender and Development: A Practical Guide. (Based on a study prepared for the Directorate-General for Development Commission of the European Communities.) London; New York: Routledge.
Ottes, Liesbeth, et al. (eds.). 1995. Gender and the Built Environment : Emancipation in Planning, Housing and Mobility in Europe. Assen: Van Gorcum
Overholt, Catherine & Kathleen Cloud & Mary B. Anderson. 1991 "Gender Analysis Framework," 9-20 in Aruna Rao & Mary B. Anderson & Catherine A. Overholt (eds.), Gender Analysis in Development Planning: A Case Book. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Pamela Kea. 2004. Maintaining Difference and Managing Change: Female Agrarian Clientelist Relations In A Gambian Community, Africa, v74n3 (2004): 361-382. [The introduction of dry-season vegetable cultivation on a large scale in Brikama, The Gambia in the early 1970s has led to the development of a new labour system amongst female farmers whereby strangers or clients are given access to land primarily in the dry season for vegetable cultivation in exchange for providing unremunerated labour for hosts for the cultivation of rice in the rainy season. Hosts, who either claim descent from the founding families or have married into founding families, have access to land and control its distribution for women's crops. This article examines the way in which social difference is played out in the acquisition of land and labour through the establishment of agrarian clientelist relations. Agrarian clientelist relations are about the maintenance of host-stranger distinctions and the management of social difference within a rapidly changing Gambian political economy. The nature of these clientelist relations is changing because of the changing relations of agrarian production, related in turn to the introduction of cooperative gardens in the region, the increasing scarcity of farming land and the increasing political power of strangers on a local and national level. The youth, particularly those who are educated, are moving out of farming altogether. Consequently, female hosts are increasingly reliant on their clients' labour. I argue that female hosts attempt to manage these processes of change out of a need to maintain the particular power relations that form the basis for host-stranger distinctions and their existing claims to land and labour. The article examines the tensions and the intra-gender struggles that emerge between female hosts and their client-strangers. In refusing to take the initiative to set up cooperative gardens, female hosts have maintained what they see as their rightful claims to their land and their clients' labour. Hegemonic notions of 'the correctness of practices', associated with host-stranger identities, have informed hosts' behaviour and that of their clients, and ultimately influenced the nature of resource allocation.]
Parpart, Jane L. 1995. "Deconstructing the Development "Expert": Gender, Development, and the "Vulnerable Groups"," 221-243 in Marianne H. Marchand & Jane L. Parpart (eds.), Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. London; New York: Routledge [History of the development expert from engineering and technology to economics. Cooptation of gender protests by creation of WID experts. WID to WAD to GAD.]
Pearson, Ruth. 1995. "Bringing It All Back Home: Integrating Training for Gender Specialists and Economic Planners," World Development, v23n11 (Nov 1995): 1995-1999 [Commentary on the absence of macroeconomic training for gender specialists and macroeconomists' lack of knowledge of gender analysis. Reports on a training course designed to integrate gender analysis and macroeconomics.]
Pile, Steve. 1996. The Body and the City: Psychoanalysis, Space & Subjectivity. London; New York: Routledge.
Power, Margaret. 2002. Right-Wing Women In Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle Against Allende 1964-1973. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Pratt, Geraldine. 1990. "Feminist Analysis of the Restructuring of Urban Life," Urban Geography, v11n6 (1990): 594-605 [Review article, mainly US.]
Rabh, Kefa. 2003. Community-Based Integrated Approach to Overall Sustainable Women Development of Rural Kenya, Kadin Woman 2000, v4n2 (Dec 2003): 85. [In this paper we are going to highlight some of the fundamental features of the integrated approach (IA), as a way forward to sustainable women development in rural Kenya. This approach is based on integrated women's indigenous and traditional knowledge, tasks, experiences, and concerns about problems and community needs that are essential and, which they have been using for many generations, in tackling crucial environmental problems such as deforestation, soil erosion and the scarcity of food, fodder, fuel wood and water in rural Kenya. Indigenous knowledge and practices, often enhances the conservation of biodiversity and, can be used as the basis for rural development. By documenting and adding to their own knowledge, this system of approach will help rural women farmers integrate into the mainstream sustainable rural and national socio-economic development. The IA programme covers sustainable agricultural development and income-generating schemes, new technology transfer including access to credit and small-scale enterprises. It will contribute towards independence and sustainability of rural-based women groups, thereby allowing them to take control of their indigenous resource-base and also be more confident of the future. Further, it is expected that rural women, in the long run, would be able to meet the general economic objectives of their family, through improved quality of life and education for their children. We will also present the overall advances so-far made and obstacles that still remain to be tackled. In Kenya, for example, 40% of its population of over 29 million people lives below poverty line. Malnutrition among children in Kenya is also on the increase with up to 50 % of rural children below five years of age being malnourished. About 80% of Kenyan natives live in rural areas, and 70% of them are women, while nationally, women comprise over 55 %. At the rural level, women are the main social and labor forces. They prepare the land, work in the fields, feed and meet the requirements of other family members. Further, over 85 % of all rural women contribute to sustainable national development through their work as small-scale farmers, providing the bulk of the nation's food supply. Moreover, their role as the gatekeepers to family and child welfare is also a common knowledge in Kenya and Africa in general (see Table 1). As such they are keenly aware of the connections between local poverty, the lack of available and affordable technologies, and the problems of socio-economic in rural areas. For this reason, their role and status becomes a key critical factor in enviro-socio-economic and policy development in Kenya. There is a ray of hope for these rural folks. GARN is currently taking advantage of traditional women knowledge in clay-pot making. The answer comes from a very simple and oldest known and frequently used traditional cooking clay-pot. The traditional cooking pot, which is found in virtually every rural household, and particularly reputed for cooking an excellent meal of maize (corn) mixed with beans, has found itself a new use which when fully developed, will drastically improve rural public health in drinking water. The improved traditional clay-pot with reduced thickness, usually used for water-cooling in rural hot spot areas, has proved to be very effective in purifying untreated water. The reduced size is necessary as it enables water to flow through the pores, unlike the ordinary cooking pots, which must be thick enough to withstand the high cooking temperatures. And with external coat of just a thin layer of silver, the clay/ceramic pot virtually rid the untreated or contaminated water of most germs, such that it can be safely drank without boiling. The pot-for-a-filter, have been shown to remove up to 90 % of bacteria contained in the untreated river water. How silver kills the microorganisms is still not very clearly understood, but we think it must be something to do with the toxic amounts of silver ingested by the microorganisms. However, far ultimate safety precaution, boiling of water is still recommended to kill the microorganisms that may still be present, before it can be considered ultimately safe for drinking. The research team of GARN is currently carrying out tests on other metals with a view to replace the more expensive silver by some chemicals (e.g., copper which is in the same category as silver), which is readily available and comparatively cheaper and affordable by the rural people.]
Radcliffe, Sarah A. & Nina Laurie & Robert Andolina. 2004. The Transnationalization of Gender and Reimagining Andean Indigenous Development, Signs, v29n2 (Winter 2004): 387-416. [Radcliffe et al call for an indigenous framework of analysis and demonstrate how transnational forces have an impact on indigenous gender relations in the Andes. They challenge the erasure of gender from grand theories of globalization and provide an alternative analysis of the interconnected gender and racial hierarchies that the prevailing Western norms of efficiency and disembodiment tend to reinforce during the process of global restructuring.]
Radcliffe, Sarah. 1996. "Gendered Nations: Nostalgia, Development and Territory in Ecuador," Gender, Place & Culture, v3n1 (1996): 5-22 [Lots of detailed cases. Thick writing.]
Rahimieh, Nasrin. 2001. Missing Persians: Discovering Voices In Iranian Cultural History. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Rai, Shirin M. & Geraldine Lievesley (eds.). 1996. Women and the State: International Perspectives. London: Taylor and Francis.
Rao, Aruna & Mary B. Anderson & Catherine A. Overholt (eds.). Gender Analysis in Development Planning: A Case Book. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Rathgeber, Eva M. 1990. "WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in Research and Practice," The Journal of Developing Areas, v24n4 (Jul 1990): 489-502 [A history of efforts to recognize gender and gender roles in development efforts. Traces connections between gender-driven theories and development theories--modernization, dependency.]
Razavi, Shahrashoub & Carol Miller. 1995. From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Occasional Paper No.1, for UN Fourth World Conference On Women. <http://ww w.unicc.org/unrisd/html/op/opb/opb1/op1_gop.txt>
Richter, Kerry. 1996. "Living Separately as a Child-Care Strategy: Implications for Women's Work and Family in Urban Thailand," Journal of Marriage and the Family, v58n2 (May 1996): 327-339. [An examination of child-care arrangements that involve mothers living separately from their children under 5 years of age in Bangkok was conducted. The relationship between changes in women's roles and family structure and the likelihood of dependence on child care outside the maternal household is discussed.] {Child care; Families and family life; Working mothers}
Roberts, Marion. 1998. "Urban Design, Gender and the Future of Cities," Journal of Urban Design, v3n2 (Jun 1998): 133-135. [As the debate about the future of urban areas increases in intensity, the need to include gender relations becomes more acute. Research indicating that women are vulnerable to the fear of attack considerably limits their use and enjoyment of public spaces within the city.] {Women; Sexes; Urban planning; Cities}
Rodriguez, Ileana. 1996. Women, Guerrillas, and Love: Understanding War In Central America. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra. 2000. Gendered Compromises: Political Cultures and the State In Chile, 1920-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Rowbotham, Sheila & Swasti Mitter (eds.) 1994. Dignity and Daily Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing Among Poor Women in the Third World and the First. New York: Routledge. [ "Compares the lives of women in the First and Third Worlds, and examines how women around the world have resisted and reorganized existing forms of production to create alternative, more human circumstances of work and daily life. Offering a wide range of stories - from street vendors of India and garment workers of Mexico, to homeworkers in Britain - the contributors work to break down the ideological barriers that imperial colonialism and racism have built among women." ]
Ruathail, Gearoid O. 1995. "Political Geography I.: Theorizing History, Gender and World Order Amidst Crises of Global Governance," Progress in Human Geography, v19n2 (1995): 260-272.
Rwebangira, Magdalena K. 1996. The Legal Status of Women and Poverty in Tanzania. Research Report 100, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Rwebangira, Magdalena K. 1996. The Legal Status of Women and Poverty in Tanzania Research Report 100, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996, 58 pp., 5.95, ISBN 917106 3919 (paperback).
Rwomire, Apollo (ed.). 2001. African Women and Children: Crisis and Response. Praeger Publishers. [Introduction -- Females and Gender Status in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Comparative Critique by Anthony Hopkin -- The Impact of Parental Separation and Divorce on Children: A Southern African Perspective by Tapologo Maundeni -- Child Abuse: A Sociological Perspective by Norma Romm and Apollo Rwomire -- Traditional Institutions and the Violation of Women's Human Rights in Africa: The Nigerian Case by Abdul-Mumin Sa'ad -- The Trokosi System in Ghana: Discrimination against Women and Children by Nana Boaten -- Feminization of Poverty: Effects of the Arable Lands Development Programme, Botswana by Gwen Lesetedi -- Prostitution, Patriarchy, and Marriage: A Zimbabwean Case Study by Ishmael Magaisa -- Unequal Opportunities and Gender Access to Power in Nigeria by Roseline Onah -- Constaints on Women's Participation in Zambian Politics: A Comparative Analysis of the First, Second, and Third Republics by Bertha Osei-Hwedie -- Street Children: A New Liberation Movement? by Arnon Bar-On -- Housing Delivery Systems in Botswana: Inadequacy of Gender Neutral Policies by Faustin Kalabaum -- Women, Knowledge, and Power in Environmental and Social Change by Mark Chingono]
Sadik, Nafis. 1997. "Women, Population and Sustainable Development in South Asia," Journal of International Affairs, v51n1 (Summer 1997): 147-168. [ Sadik focuses on key issues that countries in South Asia must address to achieve sustainable development, including population growth, empowerment of women, gender equality and equity, reproductive health and family planning.] {Sustainable development; Population growth; Women; Family planning; Health care}
Safa, Helen I. 1995. The Myth of the Male Breadwinner: Women and Industrialization in the Caribbean. Boulder: Westview Press.
Saliba, Therese & Carolyn Allen & Judith A. Howard (eds.). 2002. Gender, Politics, and Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Islamic feminism and its discontents: towards a resolution of thedebate / Valentine M. Moghadam -- The politics of feminism in Islam / Anouar Majid -- The power paradox in Muslim women's Majales: North-West Pakistani mourning rituals as sites of contestation over religions politics, ethnicity, and gender / Mary Elaine Hegland -- Icons and militants: mothering in the danger zone / Julie Peteet -- Elusive bodies: the politics of aesthetics among Yemeni elite women / Gabriele von Bruck -- Contesting the illicit: gender and the politics of Fatwas in Bangladesh / Elora Shehabuddin -- Women in the era of modernityand Islamic fundamentalism: the case of Taslima Nasrin of Bangladesh / S.M. Shamsul Alam -- Framing Nawal El Saadawi: Arab feminism in a transnational world / Amal Amireh -- Muslim women: negotiations in the third space / Shahnaz Khan.]
Scott, Catherine V. 1995. Gender and Development: Rethinking Modernization and Dependency Theory. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner Publishers.
Seguino, Stephanie. 2003. Why Are Women In The Caribbean So Much More Likely Than Men To Be Unemployed? Social and Economic Studies, v52n4 (Dec 2003): 83-120.
Shefali, Mashuda Khatun. 1996. "Women's Housing Conditions in Bangladesh," Women and Environments, n39/40 (Summer 1996): 25-27 [Although the Bangladesh constitution affirms sexual equality, it is a class and male dominated society. Inheritance structures are patrilineal and family institutions patriarchal. Age and number of sons increase women's authority and help protect women's shelter needs. As a result women are subjected to threats of homelessness, desertion, violence, divorce, separation and abandonment. Without men their status in the community is not legitimated, and they have little rights to property or housing.] {Women Housing Social conditions and trends}
Siddique, Kaukab. 1986. The Struggle of Muslim Women. Springfield, VA, U.S.A.: Available from American Society for Education & Religion.
Simonsen, Kirsten; Vaiou, Dina. 1996. "Women's Lives and the Making of the City: Experiences from North' and South' of Europe," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v20n3 (Sep 1996): 446-465 [Simonsen and Vaiou discuss women's lives and women's experiences and forward an approach that sees urban space as both peopled and gendered. An emphasis on everyday practices and experiences leads them to a methodological approach which proceeds through different levels of abstraction--from descriptions of women's lives, through empirical analysis of the lives of groups of women, toward the development of conceptual dimensions by the help of which urban development and women's roles in the making of the city can be approached and interpreted.] {Women; Urban areas; Lifestyles}
Singerman, Diane & Homa Hoodfar (eds.). 1996. Development, Change and Gender in Cairo: A View from the Household. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Smith, Barbara. 1997. "Behind the Chador," Economist, v342n8000 (Jan 18, 1997): S9-S10 [Compared with Arab women in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states, Iranian women are doing well. However, the Islamic law that is strictly enforced in Iran keeps women in a much inferior role than in Western societies.] {Women Islam Law Social life and customs}
Snyder, Margaret C. & Mary Tadesse. 1995. African Women and Development: A History. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; London: Zed Books.
Snyder, Margaret C. & Mary Tadesse. 1995. African Women and Development: A History. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press; London: Zed Books.
Snyder, Monteze; Berry, Fran; Mavima, Paul. 1996. "Gender Policy in Development Assistance: Improving Implementation Results," World Development, v24n9 (Sep 1996): 1481-1496 [Snyder et al outline a framework for improving the performance of gender-inclusive policies in developing countries. International development projects since the 1970s have not been successful in reaching women.] {Developing countries LDCs Women Public policy}
Socolow, Susan Migden. 2000. The Women of Colonial Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Somerville, Jennifer, 2001. Feminism and the Family; Politics and Society in UK and USA. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
Sonbol, Amira El-Azhary (ed.). 2005. Beyond the Exotic: Women's Histories In Islamic Societies. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. [History then, history now: the role of medieval Islamic religio-political sources in shaping the modern debate on gender / Denise A. Spellberg -- The Qur'an and history / Barbara Freyer Stowasser -- Muslim women: public authority, scriptures, and "Islamic law" / Haifaa Khalafallah -- Gendered sources in ethnohistorical research: the study of emigration from a Lebanese village / Patricia Mihaly Nabti -- Individualism and political modernity: devout Catholic women in Aleppo and Lebanon between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries / Bernard Heyberger -- Women, patronage, and charity in Ottoman Istanbul / Fariba Zarinebaf -- Consciousness of self / Randi Deguilhem -- Sources for the study of slave women and concubines in Ottoman Egypt / Nelly Hanna -- Thoughts on women and slavery in the Ottoman era and historical sources / Madeline Zilfi -- Observations on the use of sharia court records as a source of social history / Ramadan al-Khowli -- Mahkama records as a source for women's history / Fatima Zohra Guechi -- And God knows best: the fatwa as a source for the history of gender in the Arab world / Judith E. Tucker -- Gender violence in Ottoman law / Elyse Semerdjian -- Mixed and other courts / Amira El-Azhary Sonbol -- Islamic personal law in American courts / Richard Freeland -- Learning gendered modernity / Lisa Pollard -- The use of textbooks as a source ofhistory for women / Mona Russell -- Sources on the education ofOttoman women in the prime ministerial Ottoman archive for the period of reforms in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries / Sel{240}cuk Ak{246}sin Somel -- The history of the discourseson gender and Islamism in contemporary Egypt (1980-1990) / Mervat F. Hatem -- Female patronage of Mamluk architecture in Cairo / Howayda al-Harithy -- Islamic art as a source for the study of women in premodern societies / Sheila S. Blair -- Discerning the hand-of-Fatima: an iconological investigation of the role of gender in religious art / Diane Apostolos-Cappadona -- Oral traditions as a source for the study of Muslim women / Valerie J. Hoffman -- Political science without clothes: the politics of dress, or, contesting the spatiality of the state in Egypt / Mamoun Fandy.]
Spain, Daphne. 1992. Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.
Stack, Carol B. 1996. "The Kindred of Viola Jackson: Residence and Family Organization of an Urban Black American Family," 323-334 in George Gmelch & Walter P. Zenner (eds.), 1996, Urban Life: Readings in Urban Anthropology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. [In the case of the stereotypical fatherless household, challenges explanations from matrifocality in explaining survival strategies. Argues a dynamic, adaptive and process-driven conception.]
Stephen, Lynn. 1997. Women and Social Movements In Latin America: Power from Below. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Storrs, Landon R. Y. 2000. Civilizing Capitalism: The National Consumers' League, Women's Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press.
Stowasser, Barbara F. 1994. Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sundstrom, Eric & Paul A. Bell & Paul L. Busby & Cheryl Asmus. 1996. "Environmental Psychology 1989-1994," Annual Review of Psychology, v47 (1996): 485-512. [In an overview of research and theory on transactions between people and physical environments, new contributions to theory and empirical research published in major journals of environmental psychology, 1989-1994, are emphasized. Field settings were favored over the laboratory, and increasingly diverse methods, populations and cultures were used.] {Environment; Social psychology}
Talcott. Molly. 2004. Gendered Webs of Development and Resistance: Women, Children, and Flowers in Bogota, Signs, v29n2 (Winter 2004): 465-489. [New identities and new environment emerge from Talcott's nuanced and richly detailed ethnography of the Colombian flower industry's success story. By analyzing the forms of women's involvement in flower production in Bogota, she considers the lived realities of those who labor in the field while community mothers care for the children. She develops an account of the informal support networks, the modes of resistance, and the gendered webs of development that allow women to envision alternative ways of relating to one another within a global economy that need not produce the inequality that it does.]
Taraki, Lisa. 1996. "Jordanian Islamists and the Agenda for Women: Between Discourse and Practice," Middle Eastern Studies, v32n1 (Jan 1996): 140-158 [An examination of Islamist discourse and practice reveals that in Jordan, as in most other Arab countries, the Islamists have yet to elucidate a consistent and coherent societal project. The renegotiation of Islamist practice pertaining to women and lack of attention paid to the changing status of women in the discourse of Jordan's Islamist movement are discussed.] {Islam Women Social change}
Tessler, Mark; Jesse, Jolene. 1996. "Gender and Support for Islamist Movements: Evidence from Egypt, Kuwait and Palestine," Muslim World, v86n2 (Apr 1996): 200-228 [Tessler and Jesse discuss gender and support for Islamist movements in Egypt, Kuwait and Palestine. Support for political Islam is not necessarily associated with attitudes about the status of women.] {Sexes Politics Islam}
Tetreault, Mary Ann. 1994. Women and Revolution In Africa, Asia, and the New World. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Thomas-Slayter, Barbara et al. 1995. Gender, Environment, and Development In Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
Thompson, Elizabeth. 1999. Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. New York: Columbia University Press.
Thorbek, Susanne. 1994. Gender and Slum Culture in Urban Asia. Translated by Brian Fredsfod. London; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
Tinsman, Heidi. 2002. Partners in Conflict: The Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Labor in the Chilean Agrarian Reform, 1950-1973. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Torstendahl, Rolf (ed.). 1999. State Policy and Gender System in the Two German States and Sweden, 1945-1989. Opuscula Historica Upsaliensia 22. Uppsala: Department of History.
Townsend, Janet Gabriel & Emma Zapata & Joanna Rowlands & Pilar Alberti & Marta Mercado. 1999. Women and Power: Fighting Patriarchies and Poverty. London: Zed Books.
Tsai, Kellee S. 1996. "Women and the State in post-1949 Rural China," Journal of International Affairs, v49n2 (Winter 1996): 493-524 [Position of women in rural China in both the Mao and post-Mao reform periods. Persistence of gender inequalities in socialist countries despite their ideological commitment to the emancipation of women. Proposes a synthesis of state-centered and women-in-development (WID) theories for explaining gender inequalities under socialism.]
Udayagiri, Mridula. 1995. "Challenging Modernization: Gender and Development, Postmodern Feminism and Activism," 159-177 in Marianne H. Marchand & Jane L. Parpart (eds.), Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. London; New York: Routledge. [Examines the political significance of postmodern discourse analyses of women in the South. Argument for applying situational and historical contingency to generalization and essentialism.]
van Wijk, Christine; de Lange, Esther; Saunders, David. 1996. "Gender Aspects in the Management of Water," Natural Resources Forum, v20n2 (May 1996): 91-103 [The different interests of men and women in the use of water resources and what effects the neglect of female interests have on development are noted. Water pricing, property rights and management structures are three key aspects where a gender approach is needed.] {Men Women Water supply Area planning and development Management}
Venkateswaran, Sandhya. 1995. Environment, Development and the Gender Gap. New Delhi; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Verhoef, Grietjie. 1998. Informal Financial Service Institutions for Survival: African Women and Stokvels In Urban South Africa, 1930-1998, Enterprise & Society, v2n2 (Jun 2001): 259-296. [Traditional kinship relations denied African women access to property and cash income. As they moved out of the traditional sector to urban centers, women created opportunities for independent earnings, and they displaced remarkable entrepreneurial spirit in undertaking informal economic activities. One of their tactics was the utilization of a type of rotating credit and savings organization, the stokvel, to mobilize savings outside the formal financial structure. This article brings together scattered research on stokvels, traces their past and present uses by African women, and concludes with an exploration of the reasons for the persistence of these forms despite the development of sophisticated financial structures in modern South Africa.]
Visvanathan, Nalini & Lynn Duggan & Laurie Nisonoff & Nan Wiegersma (eds.). 1997. The Women, Gender, and Development Reader. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books.
Wakoko, Florence & Linda Labao. 1996. Reconceptualizing Gender and Reconstructing Social Life: Ugandan Women and the Path To National Development, Africa Today, v43n1 (Jul/Sep 1996): 307(16).
Wallace, Tina & Candida March (eds.). 1991. Changing Perceptions Writings on Gender and Development. Oxford: Oxfam.
Wallman, Sandra. 1996. Kampala Women Getting By: well-being in the time of AIDS. London: James Currey, 1996, 248 pp., 35.00, ISBN 0 8214 1159 4 (hard covers), 14.95, ISBN 0 85255 241 6 (paperback).
Wallman, Sandra. 1996. Kampala Women Getting By: Well-Being in the Time of AIDS. London: James Currey.
Wanjiku, Rebecca. 2004. Women In Zanzibar Forge Ahead, Appropriate Technology, v31n2 (Jun 2004) 65-66. [The women on the island of Zanzibar have taken a more pro-active role in steering development. Armed with their traditional skills, both the educated and uneducated women have joined hands and vowed to beat poverty and illiteracy. Members of Tuoneni Women group have uplifted their economic ability and that of the Island. They are weaving baskets and exporting to Europe and Southern Africa. They are determined to make a name internationally. Another impressive venture is that of Mwanzo mgumu women group. They are making coconut oil and baskets for local and regional consumption.]
Ward, Kathryn B. 1984. Women in the World System: Its Impact on Status and Fertility. New York: Praeger.
Ward, Kathryn B. 1985. "Women and Urbanization in the World-System," 305-323 in Michael Timberlake (ed.), Urbanization in the World-Economy. New York, NY: Academic Press [Review of access and participation by women in different sectors, differences in migration patterns, etc. Quite dated, somewhat forced. Positions seem preconceived and disconnected from data.]
Watts, Linda S. 1998. Subverse Women: Women's Movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean; Feminist Nationalism, Transformations, v9n2 (Sep 30, 1998): 286. [Among [Saskia Wieringa]'s previous publications is the co-authored Women, the Environment, and Sustainable Development (Zed Books, 1994) and Women's Struggles and Strategies (Gower, 1989). Subversive Women was conceived during the 1975 conference on the Decade for Women, and was carried out by fieldwork teams coordinated by the Hague's Institute of Social Studies (ISS), where Wieringa is a lecturer on women and development. The ISS is a multi-disciplinary center for postgraduate teaching and research, offering degrees in Women and Development, as well as Alternative Development Strategies. Wieringa's collection of essays, consisting of twelve chapters and an introduction, was ten years in the making. Contributors to the book examine women's movements, both historical and contemporary, in Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Somalia, Western Sumatra, India, and the Sudan. A clear emphasis within this volume is on the debates surrounding a social science informed by feminism -- its methodologies, its theories, and its praxis. As Wieringa attests, "It is important that feminist scholars create among themselves new forms of discourse which will lead to a collective knowledge" about the history and prospects of women's movements. (46) Where Wieringa's central focus is on women and development, then, [Lois A. West] writes of three ideal types of feminist nationalist movements: (1) historical, national liberation social movements, (2) movements against neocolonialism, and (3) identity-rights movements that wage struggles internal to societies. Of particular note within the book are two chapters devoted to cases corresponding most closely to West's third ideal movement type: Alma M. Garcia's "The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse" and Haunani-Kay Trask's "Feminism and Indigenous Hawai'ian Nationalism." Garcia helps readers see and understand in context the process of coalition building among Chicana groups -- labor unions, student populations, political groups. Trask's piece, a first-person testimony, will surprise students previously unaware of the indigenous Hawai'ian struggle for land rights, language preservation, and Native sovereignty. Trask concludes that self-determination for indigenous persons, male and female, is "a larger reality than women's `rights.'" Her hard-won alliances are not defined by gender, but rather formed among subcultures within the fight for Hawai'ian nation.]
Weisman, Leslie Kanes. 1992. Discrimination by Design: A Feminist Critique of the Man-Made Environment. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Weiss, Anita M. 1998. "The Gendered Division of Space and Access in Working Class Areas of Lahore," Contemporary South Asia, v7n1 (Mar 1998): 71-89. [Lahore Pakistan has undergone a profound transformation in the century since Rudyard Kipling popularized it to the West. Weiss seeks to understand the gendered division of space in Lahore and looks at ways in which the allocation and use of physical space in the Walled City translates into differential gendered access in new working class neighborhoods of Lahore.] {Cities; Sexes; Social classes}
Wieringa, Saskia (ed.). 1995. Subversive Women: Women's Movements In Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. London: Zed.
Williams, Lydia & Fran P. Hosken & Pamela Sparr. 1998. "Women and Development," WIN News (Women's International Network), v24n1 (Winter 1998): 7-21 [Women's issues that were recently dealt with by international development organizations including the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the USAID Office of Women in Development (WID) are presented. Various WID initiatives and projects within their Gender Plan for Action are described.]
Wilson, Elizabeth. 1991. The Sphinx in the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford: University of California Press.
Wydick, Bruce. 1999. The Effect of Microenterprise Lending On Child Schooling In Guatemala, Economic Development and Cultural Change, v47n4 (Jul 1999): 853-869. [In recent years, the link between human capital investment and economic growth has grown tighter in the minds of a broad spectrum of economists and development policy makers. Although the precise nature of the relationship between human capital investment and economic growth is still unclear and a subject of much research, it is difficult to find cases in which broadly based economic growth has occurred without substantial levels of investment in human capital. The new growth theory in particular reflects the belief that human capital investment is crucial to economic growth. In both developed and developing countries, human capital investment is typically a household-level decision made in the form of schooling for children. For families who operate household enterprises in developing countries this decision involves an economic trade-off between future returns to schooling and the current return to children's labor in the household enterprise. It is analyzed how access to credit in developing countries can affect the child-schooling decision.]
Yelvington, Kevin. 1995. Producing Power: Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in a Caribbean Workplace. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Yeoh, Brenda S. A.; Huang, Shirlena. 1998. "Negotiating Public Space: Strategies and Styles of Migrant Female Domestic Workers in Singapore," Urban Studies, v35n3 (Mar 1998): 583-602 [Focuses on migrant domestic workers as a marginalized group in Singapore's urban landscape by examining the ways in which their social maps are structured and negotiated in relation to public space. Argues that the phenomenon of the divided city' evident in capitalist societies which reflects and reinforces the sexual division of labour in general is even more salient in the lived experiences of migrant female domestic workers. However, it is clear that these women are not entirely passive recipients of dominant practices and ideas, but are capable of different styles and strategies in the use, colonisation and even contestation of public domains.]
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Zabludovsky, Gina. 2001. Women Managers and Diversity Programs In Mexico, The Journal of Management Development, v20n4 (2001): 354-370. [Up to three or four years ago, practically no private company in Mexico was concerned with implementing specific policies to support and advance women executives. However, recently this prospect has begun to change. This paper provides information on the mission, objectives and targets and results of two companies that are starting to introduce special programs to support women's careers in Mexico and Latin America. In addition, it discusses some research results on the opinions of corporate presidents and human resource directors of the leading corporations.]
Zein-Elabdin, Eiman. 1996. "Development, Gender, and the Environment: Theoretical or Contextual Link? Toward an Institutional Analysis of Gender," Journal of Economic Issues, v30n4 (Dec 1996): 929-947 [The current discourse on gender, development, and the environment has emerged from a convergence of feminist and environmentalist critiques of economic development. Zein-Elabdin proposes an alternative conceptual framework for redrawing this discourse, particularly with regard to the treatment of gender.]
Zulawski, Ann. 1990. "Social Differentiation, Gender, and Ethnicity: Urban Indian Women in Colonial Bolivia, 1640-1725," Latin American Research Review, v25n2 (1990): 93-113 [The range of Indian women's market participation and the ways in which gender, class and ethnicity interacted to foster considerable diversity in women's activities and at the same time limit their economic possibilities are explored.]
Zulu, Lindiwe. 1998. Role of Women In the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa, Feminist Studies, v24n1 (Spring 1998): 147-157. [In a speech given at the Sixth International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women, Zulu discusses the role that women have played in the new democratic South Africa. Poverty and violence are two of the biggest threats facing the new democracy.]
Zweifel, Helen. 1997. The Gendered Nature of Biodiversity Conservation, NWSA Journal, v9n3 (Fall 1997): 107-123. [Zweifel explores gendered roles, skills, and knowledge in the fields of conservation, development, and management of genetic resources in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Globally, biodiversity is women's work.]