PPD 461: Sustainability Planning	Home	ARCH 533a: Urban Ecology
URBS 350 : Cities and the Third World

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Ecological Planning & Ecosystem Management:

Working Bibliography

Ashwani Vasishth <ashwani@csun.edu> [Last Update: May 9, 2004]

Ahl, Valerie & Timothy F.H. Allen. 1996. Hierarchy Theory: A Vision, Vocabulary, and Epistemology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Alcamo, Joseph & Elena M.Bennett, et al. 2003. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Framework for Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press. [The first product of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a four-year international work program designed to meet the needs of decision-makers for scientific information on the links between ecosystem change and human well-being.]

Alexander, Thomas G. 2000. "The Fish and Wildlife Job on the National Forests: A Century of Game and Fish Conservation, Habitat Protection, and Ecosystem Management," Environmental History  5.2 (2000): 274.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Aley, Jennifer (ed.). 1999. Ecosystem Management: Adaptive Strategies for Natural Resources Organizations In theTwenty-First Century. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago University Press.

Allen, Timothy F.H. & Thomas W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward A Unified Ecology. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Alverson, William S. & Walter Kuhlman & Donald M. Waller. 1994. Wild Forest Conservation Biology and Public Policy. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Andersen, M.C. & D. Mahato. 1995. "Demographic-Models and Reserve Designs for the California Spotted Owl," Ecological Applications, v5n3 (Aug 1995): 639-647. [Models comparing many small reserves (2-3 nests) versus few large reserves (10-20 nests), under catastrophic perturbation. Latter have longer persistence times.]

Annan, Kofi A. 2002. "Toward A Sustainable Future," Environment  44.7 (2002): 10-15.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [In the approach to the World Summit on Sustainable Development, being held in Johannesburg, UN Secretary-General Annan prepared an address for the American Museum of Natural History's annual environmental lecture. Annan emphasizes five sustainable development priorities for which concrete results are both essential and achievable: Water and sanitation, biodiversity and ecosystem management, energy, agricultural productivity and health. An edited version of the speech is presented.]

Anonymous. 2000. "Essential Ingredients in an Ecosystem Approach to the Conservation of Tropical Wildland Biodiversity," Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy, v3n1 (Spring 2000): 98.

Anonymous. 2000. "Integrating Social Sciences with Ecosystem Management: Human Dimensions in Assessment, Policy, and Management," Journal of Forestry  98.1 (2000): 47.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Anonymous. 2000. "NWF's Smart Growth Campaign Targets Impact of Urban Sprawl On Wildlife," International Wildlife, v30n5 (Sept./Oct. 2000): 6. [The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) has launched a new campaign aimed at protecting wildlife and habitats at greatest risk from uncontrolled development on the outskirts of U.S. cities. According to John Kostyack, NWF attorney and endangered species expert, sprawl is one of the leading causes of species decline in America. the NWF has scheduled workshops for San Diego and Seattle in 2001 and South Florida and Washington, D.C., in 2002. These will bring together specialists in wildlife conservation, land-use planning, and grassroots organizing to formulate regional development strategies that respect wildlife. At a national level, NWF will be working to reform subsidies that encourage sprawl. It will also push for state growth-management plans and for reform of plans that do not address wildlife issues. the organization aims to organize and educate grassroots activists to claim smart growth for their communities.]

Anonymous. 2000. "Study Shows Benefits of Urban Trees," Journal of Environmental Health, v63n4 (Nov. 2000): 40. [A recent study indicates that the city of Garland, Texas, is saving more than $5 million per year because of its tree canopy. Officials of the Urban Forests Center of American Forests carried out an urban ecosystem analysis of the city of Garland to map, measure, and analyze the value of tree cover for stormwater management, air quality, and energy conservation. Their report illustrated the financial savings and positive consequences of trees in an urban area and how these benefits increase as tree cover increases.]

Applegate, David. 1997. "Federal Lands and the Geosciences," Geotimes, v42n5 (May 1997): 15(1). [Geoscientific methods for the evaluation of mineral and water resources have been utilized for the proper management of 1.7 billion acres of federal public land. the 625 million acres of US Federal public lands are jointly managed by government agencies such as the Dept. of Interior's Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Park Service. Resource assessments of minerals and hydrocarbons by geologists are also important for ecosystem managementand formulation of environment-oriented public land-use policies.]

Armstrong, Glen W. & Wiktor L. Adamowicz & James A. Beck Jr. & Steven G. Cumming & Fiona K.A. Schmiegelow. 2003. "Coarse Filter Ecosystem Management In A Nonequilibrating Forest," Forest Science  49.2 (2003): 209-223.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 http://www.proquest.com/

Ausubel, Jesse H. 1996. "The Liberation of the Environment," Daedalus, v125n3 (Summer 1996): 1-17. [Ausubel argues that well-established trajectories that raise the efficiency with which people use energy, land, water and materials can cut pollution and leave more soil unturned. In altering the landscape so dramatically, humans have secured a new insecurity in that more has been transformed than is needed or prudent.]

Ayres, Robert U. & Udo E. Simonis (eds.). 1994. Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development. Tokyo; New York: United Nations University Press. [Industrial metabolism: theory and policy / Robert U. Ayres --Ecosystem and the biosphere: metaphors for human-induced material flows / Rudolf B. Husar -- Industrial restructuring in industrial countries / Udo E. Simonis --Industrial restructuring in developing countries: The case of India / Rajendra K. Pachauri, Mala Damodaran, and Himraj Dang --Evolution, sustainability, and industrial metabolism / Peter M. Allen --Industrial metabolism at the national level : a case-study on chromium and lead pollution in Sweden, 1880-1980 / Ulrik Lohm, Stefan Anderberg, and Bo Bergb*ack -- Industrial metabolism at the regional level: The Rhine Basin / William M. Stigliani and Stefan Anderberg -- Industrial metabolism at the regional and local level: a case-study on a Swiss region / Paul H. Brunner, Hans Daxbeck, and Peter Baccini -- A historical reconstruction of carbon monoxide and methane emissions in the United States, 1880-1980 / Robert U. Ayres, Leslie W. Ayres, and Joel A. Tarr -- Sulphur and nitrogen emission trends for the United States: an application of the materials flow approach / Rudolph B. Husar -- Consumptive uses and losses of toxic heavy metals in the United States, 1880-1890 / Robert U. Ayres and Leslie W. Ayres -- theprecaution principle in environmental management / Timothy O'Riordan -- Transfer of clean(er) technologies to developing countries / Sergio C. Trindade -- A plethora of paradigms: outlining an information system on physical exchanges between the…]

Bailey, Robert G. 1996. Ecosystem Geography. New York: Springer, c1996.

Bak, Per. 1996. How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organizing Criticality. New York, NY: Copernicus.

Baker, R. J., and C. M. Schonewald-Cox. 1986. "Management Strategies forImproving Population Viability," pages 73-87 in B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, eds. the Management of Viable Populations: Theory, Applications and Case Studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Baker, William L. 1989. "Landscape Ecology and Nature Reserve Design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota," Ecology, v70n1 (Feb 1989): 23-35.

Baker, William L. 1994 (1992). "The Landscape Ecology of Large Disturbances in the Design and Management of Nature Reserves," in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Barbier, E.B. 1993. "Sustainable Use of Wetlands: Valuing Tropical Wetland Benefits - Economic Methodologies and Applications," Geographical Journal, v159suppl.1 (Mar, 1993): 22‑32.

Barbier, Edward B. 1994. "Valuing Environmental Functions: Tropical Wetlands," Land Economics, v70n2 (May 1994): 155(19).

Barker, Rocky. 1993. Saving All the Parts : Reconciling Economics and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Bean, Michael J. 1993. "Fortify the Act," National Parks, v67n5-6 (May 1993): 22-23.

Bean, Michael J. 1994. "Naysayers Downplay Species Act Successes," Insight on the News, v10n22 (May 30, 1994): 20-22.

Bean, Michael J. 1994. "Opinion: What the Endangered Species Act Procedural Reform Amendments of 1993 (H.R. 1490 and S. 1521) Would Have Meant for the Bald Eagle," Endangered Species Update, v11n5 (Mar 1994): 5. [Problems created for recovery by reforms.]

Bean, Michael J. & Melanie J. Rowland. 1997. the Evolution of National Wildlife Law. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 3d ed.

Bean, Michael J. & Merritt Clifton & Tom Regan. 1992. "Is the Endangered Species Act Endangered?" Animals’ Agenda, v12n5 (Jun 1992): 12-21.

Bean, Michael J. & Sarah G. Fitzgerald & Michael A. O’Connell. 1991. Reconciling Conflicts Under the Endangered Species Act : The Habitat Conservation Planning Experience. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.

Bean, Michael J.. 1983. the Evolution of National Wildlife Law. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Beatley, T. 1992. "Balancing Urban-Development andEndangered Species: The Coachella-Valley-Habitat Conservation Plan," Environmental Management, v16n1 (Jan-Feb 1992): 7-19. [Argues that the HCP less than successful, leaves fundamental ethical and policy questions unresolved.]

Beatley, Timothy. 1994. Habitat Conservation Planning: Endangered Species and Urban Growth. Austin, TX; University of Texas Press.

Beatley, Timothy. 2000. "Preserving Biodiversity: Challenges for Planners," Journal of the American Planning Association, v66n1 (Winter 2000): 5-20. [Lyn Sedlak-Ford's the Great Return reflects both the beauty of salmon and their plight in finding it increasingly difficult to return to their spawning grounds each year (represented by their swimming in opposing directions). Several species of salmon throughout the Pacific Northwest are threatened or endangered. Timothy Beatley's article proposes a new approach to helping these and other endangered species survive. the artist, who holds degrees in psychology and art therapy, has been creating works in clay since 1989 after working 9 years as an art therapist. She resides on Lacamas Lake in Camas, Washington, and her works can be seen in galleries throughout Washington and Oregon and in private collections across North and South America. Thanks to the Riversea Gallery in Astoria, Oregon, for their help in putting us in touch with this artist. Preserving biodiversity represents a major challenge for American planners, as threats to biodiversity are increasingly the result of urbanization and land use change. Present and past conservation strategies, including the federal Endangered Species Act, have not been successful; new, bolder strategies are needed. Long-range land use planning, aimed at creating large-scale integrated ecological systems of connected greenspace and habitat, is the key. Nested approaches in which regional systems of protected greenspace connect with and link to larger statewide and continental systems are necessary. Habitat conservation goals must be more ambitious and wasteful development patterns must be checked if biodiversity is to be preserved. Other elements of the conservation strategy must include new approaches to funding acquisition, creative incentives for conservation on private lands, envisioning new roles for cities in restoring and conserving biodiversity, and giving greater attention to biodiversity conservation in planning curricula. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.]

Beckerman, Wilfred. 1992. "Economic Growth and the Environment: Whose Growth? Whose Environment? (Special Issue: Linking Environment to Development: Problems and Possibilities)," World Development, v20n4 (Apr 1992): 481(16).. [The call for action on the danger of global warming is an unjustifiable diversion of attention from the far more serious environmental problems facing developing countries. the likely economic damage done by climate change would be negligible compared to the results of inadequate access to safe drinking water and sanitation, or of urban air pollution. These should be given priority over the interests of future generations.]

Bedward, M. & R.L. Pressey & D.A. Keith. 1992. "A New Approach for Selecting Fully Representative Reserve Networks: Addressing Efficiency, Reserve Design and Land Suitability with an Iterative Analysis," Biological Conservation, v62n2, (1992): 115-125.

Beebee, Trevor. 1988. "How Not to Save a Species," New Scientist, v120n1640 (Nov 26 1988):64(2). {United Kingdom - Environmental policy - Wildlife habitat improvement - Laws, regulations - Environmental law - Wildlife conservation}

Belbin, L. 1995. "A Multivariate Approach to the Selection of Biological Reserves," Biodiversity and Conservation, v4n9, (Dec. 1995): 951-963.

Bergstrom, J.C. & J.R. Stoll. 1993. "Value Estimator Models forWetlands-Based Recreational Use Values," Land Economics, v69n2 (May 1993): 132-137.

Berkes, Fikret & Carl Folke & Johan Colding (eds.). 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Berkes, Fikret & Carl Folke & Johan Colding (eds.). 1998. Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. [People, refugia, and resilience / Madhav Gadgil, Natabar Shyam Hemam, and B. Mohan Reddy -- Learning by fishing: practical engagement and environmental concerns / Gísli Pálsson -- Dalecarlia in central Sweden before 1800: a society of social stability and ecological resilience / Ulf Sporrong -- Indigenous knowledge and resource management systems in the Canadian subarctic / Fikret Berkes -- Resilience and neo-traditional populations: The caiçaras (Atlantic Forest) and the caboclos (Amazon, Brazil) / Alpina Begossi -- Indigenous African resource management of a tropical rainforest ecosystem: a case study of the Yoruba of Ara, Nigeria / D. Michael Warren and Jennifer Pinkston -- Managing for human and ecological context in the Maine soft-shell clam industry / Susan S. Hanna -- Resilient resource management in Mexico's forest ecosystems: The contribution of property rights / Janis B. Alcorn and Victor M. Toledo -- the resilience of pastoral herding in Sahelian Africa / Maryam Niamir-Fuller -- Reviving the social system-ecosystem links in the Himalayas / Narpat S. Jodha -- Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: The commercial extinction of northern cod / A. Christopher Finlayson and Bonnie J. McCay -- Science, sustainability, and resource management / C.S. Holling, Fikret Berkes, and Carl Folke -- Integrated management of a temperate montane forest ecosystem through wholistic forestry: a British Columbia example / Evelyn Pinkerton -- Managing chaotic fisheries / James A. Acheson, James A. Wilson, and Robert S. Steneck -- Ecological practices and social mechanisms for building resilience and sustainability / Carl Folke, Fikret Berkes, and Johan Colding.] [Human ecology. Social ecology. Social systems. Ecosystem management. Sustainable development.} GF21 .L55 1998.

Berkowitz, Alan R. & Charles H. Nilon & Karen S. Hollweg (eds.). 2003. Understanding Urban Ecosystems: A New Frontier for Science and Education. New York: Springer, c2003. [Cary Conference (8th: 1999: Institute of Ecosystem Studies)]

Berry, Joyce & Garry D Brewer & John C Gordon & David R Patton. 1998. "Closing the Gap Between Ecosystem Management and Ecosystem Research," Policy Sciences  31.1 (1998): 55-79.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [There exists a large gap between the operational needs of those responsible for ecosystems management and the knowledge required to meet those needs. the gap exists generally despite numerous calls to align resource and environmental management with essential natural and biological scientific realities. More surprisingly, the gap persists even where notable efforts have been made to close it. Moving beyond honest diagnosis to find ways to close the gap between ecosystem management and the knowledge it requires to operate is a demanding task. It is also absolutely essential if science is indeed ever going to serve in the fashion it must. An assessment of the current state of ecosystem management research in the Pacific Northwest region is described and possible solutions are presented.]

Bingham, B.B. & B.R. Noon. 1997. "Mitigation of Habitat Take: Application To Habitat Conservation Planning," Conservation Biology, v11n1 (Feb 1997): 127-139. [A biologically based method for estimating the areal requirements to mitigate incidental take of essential habitats based on the ‘’core area’‘ concept.]

Binkley, Dan & Jose Luiz Stape & Michael G. Ryan. 2004. "Thinking About Efficiency of Resource Use In Forests," Forest Ecology and Management, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 12 March 2004, [The growth of forests can be described as a function of the supply of resources, the proportion of resources captured by trees, and the efficiency with which trees use resources to fix carbon dioxide. This function can be modified to explain wood production by subtracting the allocation of biomass to other tissues and to respiration. At the scale of leaves and seconds, rates of net photosynthesis typically show declining marginal gains with increasing rates of light absorption and transpiration. However, these trends may not represent those that occur at the scale of forests and years, owing to more complete biomass accounting (including costs of synthesis and maintenance of tissues), interactions among resources, and adaptation of biomass partitioning to optimize resource capture and use. Patterns in the growth of forests, across environmental gradients or silvicultural treatments, demonstrate that the efficiency of resource use at the scale of forests and years can increase with increasing rates of resource use. Case studies from Eucalyptus plantations indicate that more productive sites tend to have higher efficiency of resource use than less productive sites, and silvicultural treatments may increase both resource supplies and efficiency of resource use. the questions raised here apply to all forests, but the level of confidence in our general conclusions remains limited by the small number of studies available with complete estimates of rates of resource use and production.]

Bishop, Richard. 1978. "Endangered Species and Uncertainty: The Economics of A Safe Minimum Standard." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. v60 (1978): 10-18.

Blaikie, P. 1985. the Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. Development Series. London: Longman.

Blockstein, David E. 1999. "Diversity - Integrated Science forEcosystem Management: An Achievable Imperative," Conservation Biology, v13n4 (Jun 1999): 682(4). [Integrated science for ecosystem management is an achievable goal and a must, although the challenges are difficult ones in the real world. the science of conservation biologists may not be adequate for the task of identifying opportunities for improvement. Someone must pay for the changes in study, practice, field work and research that are to come, but funding shapes educational priorities on North American campuses. Funding is usually from the government, which has shownsome reluctance to fund the needed programs. Conservation biologists trying to find interdisciplinary approaches may find it hard to even find places to apply for funding, although some 70 conservation biology programs can be found in colleges and universities in the US and Canada. Conservation biologists must work with managers and educate politicians. US government agencies that relate to these problems and are in many cases in transition are reviewed with some recent history.]

Blomquist, G.C. & J.C. Whitehead. 1991. the Effect of Alternative andReclaimed Areas On the Value of Wetlands. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, Technical Report 597, Pittsburgh, PA.

Bosselman, Fred P. & A. Dan Tarlock. 1994. "The Influence of Ecological Science on American Law: An Introduction," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 847-873. [History of interactions between ecology and law from 1890s onward. Roscoe Pound, Frederick Clements, Arthur Tansley, Eugene Odum as specific cases.]

Botkin, Daniel B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twentyfirst Century. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Boucher, Norman. 1995. "Species of the Sprawl," Wilderness, v58n209 (Summer 1995): 10(15). [MSCP and urban sprawl.]

Boyden, Stephen. 1992. Biohistory: The Interplay Between Human Society and the Biosphere. Parkridge, NJ; Parthenon Publishing Group.

Breckenridge, Lee P. 1995. "Reweaving the Landscape: The Institutional Challenges of Ecosystem Management for Lands in Private Ownership," Vermont Law Review, v19n2 (Winter 1995): 363-

Breckenridge, Lee P. 1999. "The Role of the Nonprofits, Watershed Organizations, and the Unorganized Public in Environmental Decisionmaking - Nonprofit Environmental Organizations and the Restructuring of Institutions for Ecosystem Management," Ecology Law Quarterly, v25n4 (1999): 692-

Brimblecombe, Peter. 1987. the Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times. London, UK; New York, NY: Methuen.

Brock, William & Anastasios Xepapadeas. 2002. "Optimal Ecosystem Management When Species Compete for Limiting Resources," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management  44.2 (2002): 189-220.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Resource-based models of species competition have been introduced recently as an alternative to the classical theory based on the Lotca-Volterra methodological approach to species competition. We consider economic management of an ecosystem for a Tilman model of mechanistic resource-based species competition where the growth of species is limited by resource availability. We analyze the equilibrium ecosystem state resulting from Nature's equilibrium, and two basic management problems: The privately optimal management problem and the socially optimal management problem. Under private optimization agents do not take into account externalities associated with the effects of their management practices on ecosystem service flows, while these effects are accounted for at the socially optimal management.]

Brody, Samuel D. 2003. "Implementing the Principles of Ecosystem Management Through Local Land Use Planning," Population and Environment  24.6 (2003): 511-540.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [While ecosystem approaches to management focus on broad spatial scales, decision makers increasingly recognize that implementation must occur at the local level with local land use decisions. This article examines the ability of local comprehensive plans in Florida to incorporate the principles of ecosystem management. It seeks to understand how comprehensive plans can effectively contribute to the management of ecological systems by systematically evaluating local plans against a conceptual model of what makes for a high quality ecosystem plan. Results measure the relative strengths and weaknesses of local plans to achieve the objectives of ecosystem management and provide direction on how communities can improve their environmental frameworks.]

Brown, James D. 2002. "The Integration of Man and the Biosphere," Georgetown International Environmental Law Review  14.4 (2002): 741-765.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The concept of the biosphere reserve incorporates the focus of ecosystem management. for the international community the biosphere concept has had its most successful incarnation in the form of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program. This note examines the Man and the Biosphere model for ecosystem management, and discusses how it contributes to the conservation of biodiversity. This examination includes more than MAB in an effort to fully illustrate the advantages of the biosphere reserve ecosystem management concept. the MAB model provides only the skeleton of the biosphere structure, the success of the biosphere concept requires putting a functional body around these bones. To some extent, the MAB program has become a recognized name attached to successful ecosystem management projects around the world. However, the full potential of a world network of biosphere reserves has not been realized, in part because national implementation limitations have not been addressed in a comprehensive manner.]

Budiansky, Stephen. Nature's Keepers: theNew Science of Nature Management. New York: Free Press.

Burton, Ian & Robert W. Kates & Lydia Burton (eds.). 1965. Readings in Resource Management and Conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bush, George H. 1992. "Remarks to Natural Communities Conservation Planning Organizations in San Diego, California (Pres. Bush) (Transcript)," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, v28, n38 (Sept 21 1992): p1645(4). [Pres George Bush spoke on the damage Hurricane Iniki wrought on Hawaii and the coming presidential elections in remarks made before the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Organiations in San Diego, CA. Bush expressed concern regarding the massive destruction in Hawaii and announced that the federal government was taking measures to assist the victims of the disaster. He also criticized the Democrats, saying that their electoral platform was misguided.] {United States economic conditions}

Butler, Kent. S. 1992. Protecting Wildlife and Open Space [videorecording]. Chicago: AICP’s Planners Training Service. [Videocassette (90 min.): col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 set of training materials. "A product of the 1992 Environmental Protection Planning, Law and Design workshop series." This videotape training package provides an overview of the tools and techniques available for assisting planners in learning how to prepare effective Habitat Conservation Plans while achieving community consensus on local development goals.] {United States Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Zoning law - Wildlife conservation - Wildlife management - Land use - Planning.}.

Cairns Jr., John. 1998. "The Zen of Sustainable Use of the Planet: Steps On the Path To Enlightenment," Population and Environment, v20n2 (Nov 1998): 109(15). [At its best, the quest for sustainable use of the planet aspires to a harmonious relationship between human society and natural systems. At its worst, sustainable use is an assertion that human ingenuity and technology can free humankind from biophysical constraints and its dependence upon ecological life support systems. Although science guided by reason is essential to reaching informed decisions on sustainability, it must be accompanied by a new ethos, or set of guiding beliefs. Science cannever reduce uncertainty on the complex multivariate systems called ecosystems to the degree that explicit legislation would be possible to protect the components on a species by species, habitat by habitat, ecosystem by ecosystem, and landscape by landscape basis without going to ridiculous extremes. This circumstance does not, however, invalidate attempting to define conditions appropriate to achieving sustainability. Some consensus must be reached on the broad, general conditions governinghuman society's relationship to the environment. A shared ethos would promote sustainable use and reduce the possibility of harsh penalties exacted upon species that do not respond adequately to alteration in their environment.]

Cairns, Jr., John (ed.). 1995. Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers. [Contents: Restoration ecology: protecting our national and global life support systems / John Cairns, Jr. -- Decision analysis: an integrated approach to ecosystem exploitation and rehabilitation decisions / Lynn A. Maguire -- Making watershed restoration happen: what does economics offer? / Leonard A. Shabman -- Principles and guidelines for restoration of river/floodplain ecosystems - Kissimmee River, Florida / Louis A. Toth -- Salt marsh restoration: lessons from California / Joy b. Zedler -- Mitigation banks : a strategy for sustainable ecosystem function / Daniel E. Willard, John Klarquist -- Restoration and management of ecosystems for nature conservation in Germany / Diedrich Bruns, Sabine Gilcher -- Alternative endpoints for reclamation / Anthony D. Bradshaw -- Improving coal surface mine reclamation in the central Appalachian region / W. Lee Daniels, Carl E. Zipper -- Nuclear winter: is rehabilitation possible? / Anne H. Ehrlich -- River and stream restoration / James A. Gore, Franklin L. Bryant, Dina J. Crawford. Political and social factors in the Patuxent River cleanup agreement / Peter N. Klose, Elizabeth L. Rich, Peter Schneider -- Re-creation of ecosystems at Mount S. Helens: contrasts in artificial and natural approaches / Jerry F. Franklin, Peter M. Frenzen, Frederick J. Swanson -- Insect pests and plant stress as considerations for revegetation of disturbed ecosystems / Svaia M. Louda -- Variation in undisturbed plant and animal populations and its implications for studies of recovering ecosystems / David W. Inouye -- Restoration ecology: a synthetic approach to ecological research / William R. Jordan III -- Abandoned mines in Illinois and North Dakota : toward an understanding of revegetation problems / Claus Grunwald, Louis R. Iverson, Diane B. Szafoni.]

Caldwell, Lynton Keith. 1994. "Disharmony in the Great Lakes Basin: Institutional Juridictions Frustrate the Ecosystem Approach," Alternatives  20.3 (1994): 26. Multicultural Module. ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Jurisdiction represents a major problem to ecosystem management in North America. the Great Lakes-St Lawrence Basin watershed is used as an example of the conflict between the ecosystem approach and political jurisdictions.]

Callicott, J Baird. 2000. "Harmony Between Men and Land: Aldo Leopold and the Foundations of Ecosystem Management," Journal of Forestry  98.5 (2000): 4.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Callicott, J. Baird & Roger T. Ames. 1989. Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Cantrill, James G. 1998. "The Environmental Self and A Sense of Place: Communication Foundations for Regional Ecosystem Management," Journal of Applied Communication Research, v26n3 (Aug 1998): 301(18). [The views of people living in the Lake Superior basin were studied regarding their identification with a sense of place. Examination of interview and survey information indicated that participants related themselves to their region and environment mainly through the natural and social aspects of their daily lives. Also, a person's focus on either of the two dimensions, and their views of different activities, is affected by how long they have lived in the area.]

Cao, Y. Q. & Y. S. Yang & K. R. Hu & R. M. Kalin. 2004. "Ecological and Geochemical Modelling of Hydrogeological System with Particular Connection To Human Health," Ecological Modelling, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 7 February 2004. [Environment and human health are closely connected. Ecological, hydrogeological and geochemical factors affect the physical environment in which people live. the niche theory and Schroeder principle that reveal relationship between ecological effects and element contents have important implication on hydrogeochemical study in the respect of human health. the zones of hydrogeochemistry were studied in the term of ecological, physiological and epidemical effects on organisms based on the ecological rationales and element contents. In the hydrogeochemical zone lack of some elements due to the leaching and transferring, the biological and physiological effect is negatively correlated to the elements contents; whilst in the zone of element enrichment resulting from leaching and concentration, they are positively correlated to the element contents. the appropriate concentration for the organisms is ranged between these two zones. the relationships between environmental elements (e.g. Se, I and F) and endemic diseases, KBD, IDD and dental fluorosis/caries, were analysed in the Li-Liu area, Shanxi province, northern China. In this hydrogeochemical system, the prevalence and severity of these endemic diseases were caused by deficient or excessive contents of Se, I and F in water and soil. Detailed correlation models were established based on epidemical and medical surveys and hydreogeochemical sampling and analyses.]

Caparrós, Alejandro & Frédéric Jacquemont. 2003. "Conflicts Between Biodiversity and Carbon Sequestration Programs: Economic and Legal Implications," Ecological Economics, v46n1 (August 2003): 143-157. [The economic and legal implications of the interrelationship between carbon sequestration programs and biodiversity are analyzed. Firstly, the current treatment of this issue under the Framework Convention on Climate Change process is presented. Secondly, the implications of carbon incentives for existing forests are studied (basing the analysis on an extension of the Hartman model including carbon sequestration and biodiversity values). Then, the expected influence of this policy on decisions about which type of forest to use for afforestation and reforestation is discussed. An optimal control model is used to analyze the choice between two types of forests: (i) one with high timber and carbon sequestration values but lower, or negative, biodiversity values; and (ii) one with lower timber and carbon sequestration benefits, but with high biodiversity values. Finally, the relationship between the Kyoto process and the Convention on Biological Diversity is investigated, to assess whether or not the latter is expected to have any influence on the outcomes obtained in the analysis above. Results show that creating economic incentives for carbon sequestration may have negative impacts on biodiversity, especially for afforestation and reforestation programs.]

Carey, Andrew B. & Robert O. Curtis. 1996. "Conservation of Biodiversity: A Useful Paradigm forForest Ecosystem Management," Wildlife Society Bulletin, v24n4 (Winter 1996): 610(11). [Management of the Western Hemlock Zone in the Pacific Northwest has to balance the short-term interests of those involved in commodity extraction and the long-term interests of local, rural communities. Such a forestry management system must incorporate sustainable forestry with the provision of wildlife habitats and recreational facilities. the biodiversity pathway is suggested as a solution to the problem.]

Carey, Andrew B. & Robert O. Curtis. 1996. "Conservation of Biodiversity: A Useful Paradigm for Forest Ecosystem Management," Wildlife Society Bulletin  24.4 (1996): 610-620.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Conservation of biodiversity offers a paradigm for ecosystem management that incorporates ecological, social, and economic values. Careful application of the paradigm may help manage confilcts among interest groups.]

Carpenter, Stephen R. & Lance H. Gunderson. 2001. "Coping with Collapse: Ecological and Social Dynamics In Ecosystem Management," Bioscience  51.6 (2001): 451-457.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [There is a grave mismatch between the kinds of ecosystems that people want and the kinds of ecosystems that are attainable, although there may be a zone of intersection between the imagined and the possible. Like flight simulators that train would-be aviators, simple models can be used to evoke people's adaptive, forward-thinking behavior, aimed in this instance at sustainability of human-natural systems.]

Carter, Douglas R. & Moschos Vogiatzis & Charles B Moss & Loukas G Arvanitis. 1998. "Reply: Ecosystem Management Or Infeasible Guidelines? Implications of Adjacency Restrictions for Wildlife Habitat and Timber Production," Canadian Journal of Forest Research  28.7 (1998): 1095-1095.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

CDFG & CRA. 1993. Southern California Coastal Sage Scrub: Natrual Community Conservation Planning Process Guidelines. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Fish and Game & California Resources Agency. @

Chakravorty, Sanjoy. 1994. "Equity and the Big City," Economic Geography, v70n1 (Jan 1994): 1-22. [Examines some of the causal and temporal relationships between the expected bell-shaped curves for population concentration, income inequality, and regional inequality.]

Checkland, Peter. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Cheng, Antony S. & Steven E. Daniels. 2003. "Examining the Interaction Between Geographic Scale and Ways of Knowing in Ecosystem Management: A Case Study of Place-Based Collaborative Planning," Forest Science  49.6 (2003): 841-854.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [This article examines the interaction between geographic scale and ways of knowing in the context of collaborative stakeholder participation in ecosystem analysis and management. the examination uses data from a qualitative comparative case study of two watershed councils in western Oregon. the results tentatively support the proposition that geographic scale can significantly affect individual stakeholder ways of knowing. for smallscale places, stakeholder ways of knowing tend to be particularistic and rely on diverse personal experiences and specific place features; for large-scale places, stakeholder ways of knowing tend to be aesthetic and rely primarily on recreational experiences and scientific analyses. However, the results also indicate that geographic scale combines with at least three factors to affect the development of shared ways of knowing: (1) tensions between experts and laypersons; (2) primacy of organizational representation in stakeholder interactions; and (3) discovery of common group identity based on long-term communication and shared on-the- ground experiences, such as field trips. This examination suggests that geographic scale in ecosystem management is likely an important factor affecting working relationships in a collaborative stakeholder participation process. These relationships, in turn, can affect the perceived credibility and legitimacy of outcomes.]

Chertow, Marian R. & Daniel C. Esty (eds.). 1997. Thinking Ecologically: theNext Generation of Environmental Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press. [Contents: Industrial ecology: overcoming policy fragmentation / Charles W. Powers and Marian R. Chertow -- Ecosystem management and economic development / John Gordon and Jane Coppock -- Property rights and responsibilities / Carol M. Rose -- Land use: The forgotten agenda / John Turner and Jason Rylander -- Sorting out a service-based economy / Bruce Guile and Jared Cohon -- Globalization, trade, and interdependence / Elizabeth Dowdeswell and Steve Charnovitz -- Market-based environmental policies / Robert Stavins and Bradley Whitehead -- Privately financed sustainable development / Stephan Schmidheiny and Bradford Gentry -- Technology innovation and environmental progress / John T. Preston -- Data, risk, and science : foundations for analysis / James K. Hammitt -- Toward ecological law and policy / E. Donald Elliott -- Coexisting with the car / Emil Frankel -- Environmental protection from farm to market / C. Ford Runge -- Energy prices and environmental costs / Todd Strauss and John A. Urquhart -- A vision for the future / Daniel C. Esty and Marian R. Chertow.]

Chertow, Marian R. & Esty, Daniel C. 1997. "Environmental Policy: The Next Generation," Issues in Science and Technology, v14n1 (Fall 1997): 73-80 [Today's environmental problems are subtler and less visible than years past, so new strategies, institutions and tools are needed. the need to overhaul current US environmental policy to address important issues of the 1990s and beyond is addressed.] {Environmental policy Environmental protection Policy making}

Christensen, Norman L. & James K. Agee & Peter F. Brussard & Jay Hughes & Dennis H. Knight & G. Wayne Minshall & James M. Peek & Stephen J. Pyne & Frederick J. Swanson et al. 1989. "Interpreting the Yellowstone Fires of 1988," BioScience, v39, n10 (Nov 1989): p678(8). {Biological diversity - Research; Forest fires - Prevention and control; Biotic communities; Fire ecology; Yellowstone National Park - Fires}

Church, Richard L. & Alan T. Murray & Michael A. Figueroa & Klaus H. Barber. 2000. "Support System Development for Forest Ecosystem Management," European Journal of Operational Research  121.2 (2000): 247-258.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Issues and requirements associated with the development of a spatial decision support system for the USDA Forest Service are discussed. A system was developed which integrates optimization based management planning models using map based representations of the spatial area being analyzed. This system was designed to address the decidedly hierarchical planning environment of the USDA Forest Service through the presentation of management alternatives in various forms, including impact visualization. Some of the features of the developed spatial decision support system are detailed, and it is demonstrated how optimization models are currently being made more informative through the presentation of results and further integrated within the planning structure of the USDA Forest Service.]

Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. & Richard C. Bishop. 1975. "‘Common Property’ as a Concept in Natural Resources Policy," (reprint) in Richard C. Bishop & Stephen O. Andersen (eds.), 1985, Natural Resource Economics: Selected Papers, S. V. Ciriacy-Wantrup. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Cissel, John H. & Frederick J. Swanson & Peter J. Weisberg. 1999. "Landscape Management Using Historical Fire Regimes: Blue River, Oregon," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1217-1231. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Clark, John R. & Paul J. Sarokwash. 1975. Principles of Ecosystem Management. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation. [Series: (Rookery Bay land use studies: environmental planning strategies for the development of a mangrove shoreline, no.9)]

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Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn (eds.) 1986. Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Coates, K Dave & Philip J. Burton. 1997. "A Gap-Based Approach for Development of Silvicultural Systems to Address Ecosystem Management Objectives," Forest Ecology and Management, v99n3 (1997): 339-

Coates, Peter. 1996. "Clio’s New Greenhouse," History Today, v46n8 (Aug 1996): 15-22. [Trends and categories in env. history.]

Coggins, George Cameron. ****. "Conserving Wildlife Resources: An Overview of the Endangered Species Act of 1973," North Dakota Law Review, ****: 315-340. @

Cohen, Joel E. 1995. "Population Growth and Earth's Human Carrying Capacity," Science, v269n5222 (Jul 21, 1995): 341-346. [Earth's capacity to support people is determined both by natural constraints and by human choices concerning economics, environment, culture and demography. Mathematical models of the relation between human population growth and human carrying capacity are discussed.] {Mathematical models Population Earth}

Collinge, S.K. 1996. "Ecological Consequences of Habitat Fragmentation: Implications forLandscape-Architecture and Planning," Landscape and Urban Planning, v36n1, (Oct 1996): 59-77.

Conroy, M.J & B.R. Noon. 1996. "Mapping of Species Richness for Conservation of Biological Diversity: Conceptual and Methodological Issues," Ecological Applications, v6n3, (Aug. 1996): 763-773.

Corbin, Greg D. 1999. "The United States Forest Service's Response to Biodiversity Science," Environmental Law, v29n2 (1999): 377. [The National Forest Management Act and its implementing regulations require the United States Forest Service to manage the national forests' biodiversity based on a set of science-based management prescriptions. Corbin argues that while the Forest Service adopted a regulatory program designed to incorporate the new understanding of biodiversity science into the forest planning process, the agency's litigation posture and proposed regulatory changes in favor of ecosystem management ignore the science of biodiversity to preserve broad regulatory discretion and maximum on-the-ground management flexibility.]

Cordell, H. Ken & Linda Caldwell & Shela Mou (eds.). 1995. Integrating Social Science and Ecosystem Management: A National Challenge. Proceedings of the Conference on Integrating Social Sciences and Ecosystem Management, Helen, GA, December 12-14, 1995. Asheville, NC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Electronic access: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS2248

Corn, M. Lynne. 1997. "HCPs: The Light of Yesterday?" Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n7-8 (Jul 1997): 12-14. [The first habitat conservation plan (HCP) was in 1983 for the San Bruno elfin butterfly near San Francisco. Past HCPs and how best to develop future HCPs are discussed.] {Habitats Wildlife conservation History Environmental management Endangered and extinct species}

Cortner, Hanna J. & Mary G. Wallace & Sabrina Burke & Margaret A. Moote. 1997. "Institutions Matter: The Need To Address the Institutional Challenges of Ecosystem Management," Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 159-

Cortner, HHanna & Margaret A. Moote. 1999. thePolitics of Ecosystem Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Costanza, R. & S.O. Funtowicz & J.R. Ravetz. 1992. "Assessing and Communicating Data Quality In Policy-Relevant Research," Environmental Management, v16n1 (Jan-Feb 1992): 121-131. [Propose the NUSAP (numeral, unit, spread, assessment, pedigree) notational system, to separate quantitative and qualitative aspects of data uncertainty in deliberation]

Costanza, Robert & Bryan G. Norton & Benjamin D. Haskell (eds.). 1992. Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

Costanza, Robert (ed.). 1991. Ecological Economics: the Science and Management of Sustainability. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Cotgrove, Stephen F. 1982. Catastrophe or Cornucopia: the Environment, Politics and the Future. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Cowling, R. M. & W. J. Bond. 1991. "How Small Can Reserves Be? An Empirical Approach In Cape Fynbos, South Africa," Biological Conservation, v58 (1991): 243-256.

Creel, M. & J. Loomis. 1992. "Recreation Value of Water To Wetlands In the San-Joaquin Valley: Linked Multinomial Logit and Count Data Trip Frequency Models," Water Resources Research, v28n10 (Oct 1992): 2597-2606. [A study of 14 natural areas, testing a model for estimating the economic benefits of alternative water allocation policies for wildlife habitat and rivers.]

Cronon, William (ed.). 1996. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. London; New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

Cropp, Roger & Nadiah Pardede Kristensen & Albert Gabric & Roger Braddock. 2003. "Is Maximizing Resilience Compatible with Established Ecological Goal Functions?" Ecological Modelling, v169n1 (1 November 2003): 61-71. [Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] used a simple phytoplankton–zooplankton–nutrient model and a genetic algorithm to determine the parameter values that would maximize the value of certain goal functions. These goal functions were to maximize biomass, maximize flux, maximize flux to biomass ratio, and maximize resilience. It was found that maximizing goal functions maximized resilience. the objective of this study was to investigate whether the Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] result was indicative of a general ecosystem principle, or peculiar to the model and parameter ranges used. This study successfully replicated the Cropp and Gabric [Ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximise resilience? Ecology. In press] experiment for a number of different model types, however, a different interpretation of the results is made. A new metric, concordance, was devised to describe the agreement between goal functions. It was found that resilience has the highest concordance of all goal functions trialled, for most model types. This implies that resilience offers a compromise between the established ecological goal functions. the parameter value range used is found to affect the parameter versus goal function relationships. Local maxima and minima affected the relationship between parameters and goal functions, and between goal functions.]

CRS. 1982. A Legislative History of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 : together with a section-by-section index. Washington, DC: USGPO. [Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate.]

Cutler, A.H. 1994. "Nested Biotas and Biological Conservation: Metrics, Mechanisms, and Meaning of Nestedness," Landscape and Urban Planning, v28n1, (Feb. 1994): 73-82.

Czech, Brian & Paul R. Krausman. 1997. "Implications of An Ecosystem Management: Literature Review," Wildlife Society Bulletin  25.3 (1997): 667-675.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Czech and Krausman outline the historical development of the ecosystem management concept, topically classify the ecosystem management literature, present some of the most influential decisions of ecosystem management, summarize views of the concept and recommend a course of action for those concerned with the conservation of natural resources.]

Daily, Gretchen C. 1997. Nature's Services : Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC : Island Press. [Perspectives on nature's services / John Peterson Myers, Joshua S. Reichert -- Introduction: What are ecosystem services? / Gretchen C. Daily -- Ecosystem services: a fragmentary history / Harold A. Mooney and Paul R. Ehrlich -- Valuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods / Lawrence H. Goulder and Donald Kennedy -- Valuing ecosystem services with efficiency, fairness, and sustainability as goals / Robert Costanza and Carl Folke -- the interaction of climate and life / Susan E. Alexander, Stephen H. Schneider, and Kalen Lagerquist -- Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning / David Tilman -- Ecosystem services supplied by soil / Gretchen C. Daily, Pamela A. Matson, and Peter M. Vitousek -- Services provided by pollinators / Gary Paul Nabhan and Stephen L. Buchmann -- Natural pest control services and agriculture / Rosamond L. Naylor and Paul R. Ehrlich -- Marine ecosystem services / Charles H. Peterson and Jane Lubchenco -- Freshwater ecosystem services / Sandra Postel and Stephen Carpenter -- the world's forests and their ecosystem services / Norman Myers -- Ecosystem services in grasslands / Osvaldo E. Sala and Jose M. Paruelo -- Biodiversity's genetic library / Norman Myers -- Impacts of marine resource extraction on ecosystem services and sustainability / Les Kaufman and Paul Dayton -- Ecosystem services in subsistence economies and conservation of biodiversity / Kamaljit S. Bawa and Madhav Gadgil -- Ecosystem services in a modern economy: Gunnison County, Colorado / Andrew Wilcox and John Harte -- Water quality improvement by wetlands / Katherine C. Ewel -- Services supplied by South African fynbos ecosystems / Richard M. Cowling, Robert Costanza, and Steven I. Higgins -- Valuing and safeguarding earth's life-support systems / Gretchen C. Daily.] {Nature -- Effect of human beings on. Human ecology -- Economic aspects. Biotic communities -- Economic aspects. Ecosystem management.} GF75 .N37 1997

Daily, Gretchen C. (ed.). 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence On Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC : Island Press

Daly, Herman E. 1977. Steady State Economics :The Economics of Biophysiscal Equilibrium and Moral Growth. San Fransisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Co.

Daly, Herman. (1991). "From Empty-World to Full-World Economics: Recognizing an Historical Turning Point in Economic Development,". in Robert Goodman, Herman Daly & Salah El Serafy (eds.), Environmentally Sustainable Development: Building on Brundtland. World Bank Working Paper No. 46. (July 1991): 18-26.

Darnell, R. M., P. C. Lemon, J. M. Neuhold, and G. C. Ray. 1974. Natural Areas and their Role in Land and Water Resource Preservation. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Arlington, vA.

de Klemm, Cyrille. 1992. Conservation of Natural Habitats Outside Protected Areas : Legal Analysis. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press. {Habitat conservation -- Natural habitats -- Europe}

De Laney, Taylor A. 1995. "Benefits To Downstream Flood Attenuation and Water Quality as a Result of Constructed Wetlands In Agricultural Landscapes," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v50n6 (Nov 1995): 620-626. [The relationship between agricultural practices and wetland benefits]

de Steiguer, J. E. 1995. "Three Theories from Economics about the Environment," Bioscience, v45n8 (Sep 1995): 552-557. [That three of the most influential environmental theories were formally stated by English economists. the Malthusian doctrine of population growth and scarcity, John Stuart Mill's theory of the steady-state economy, and the neoclassical notion of efficient markets together offer a comprehensive scheme for solving environmental problems.]

DellaSala, Dominick A.& James R. Strittholt & Reed F. Noss & David M. Olson. 1996. "A Critical Role forCore Reserves In Managing Inland Northwest Landscapes forNatural Resources and Biodiversity," Wildlife Society Bulletin, v24n2 (Summer 1996): 209-221.

Detweiler, Robert & Jon H. Sutherland & Michael S. Werthman (eds.). 1973. Environmental Decay in its Historical Context. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Devine, Robert. 1994. "Management and the Uncertainty Principle," Wilderness, v58n207 (Winter 1994): 10-23.

Di Castri, Francesco & Frederick W.G. Baker & Malcolm Hadley (eds.). 1984. Ecology In Practice. Dublin: Tycooly International; Paris: Unesco. [Based on papers presented at a conference 'Ecology in practice -- establishing a scientific basis for land management', September 22 to 29, 1981. pt. 1. Ecosystem management -- pt. 2. thesocial response.]

Diamond, Jared M. 1975. "The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves," Biological Conservation, v7 (1975): 129-146.

Diamond, Jared M. & Robert M. May. 1976. "Island Biogeography and the Design of Natural Reserves," in R.M. May (ed.), Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Doak, D.F. & L.S. Mills. 1994. "A Useful Role for Theory in Conservation," Ecology, v75n3, (Apr. 1994): 615-626.

Dobson, Andrew P. 1996. Conservation and Biodiversity New York, NY: Scientific American Library.

Doody, J. P. 2001. Coastal Conservation and Management: An Ecological Perspective. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2001.

Douglas, Aaron J. & Richard L. Johnson. 1994. "Drainage Investment and Wetlands Loss: An Analysis of the National Resources Inventory Data," Journal of Environmental Management, v40n4 (Apr 1994): 341(15).

Drakakis-Smith, David. 1995. "Third World Cities: Sustainable Urban Development. (Part 1)," Urban Studies, v32, n4-5 (May 1995): p659(19). [Cities in developing countries are mired in environmental problems, including overcrowding, pollution and inadequate waste disposal facilities. Since cities draw a large number of rural migrants, they transform into volatile areas, where residents dissatisfied with the delivery of social services could create social disorder. the central government cannot provide everything for the city dwellers. the private sector should play a bigger role in the delivery of social services and in the promotion of sustainable urban development.]

Driver, Beverly L. (ed.). 1996. Nature and theHuman Spirit: Toward An Expanded Land Management Ethic. State College, PA: Venture Pubs.

Duane, Timothy P. 1997. "Community Participation In Ecosystem Management," Ecology Law Quarterly, v24 n4 (Nov 1997 ): 771-797. [(Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water) Ecosystem management has been debated primarily in terms of ecosystem science and management by public agencies. Ultimately, however, ecosystem management is about people and communities. the ways in which we address the human dimension of ecosystem management will determine its ultimate impact. This article focuses on the role of community participation in ecosystem management on public lands. It discusses two case studies, both of which are based in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, addresses both the promise and pitfalls of more expansive community participation, and suggests principles that should guide future efforts to include communities in the decision making processes.]

Dubos, Rene. 1980. the Wooing of Earth: New Perspectives On Man’s Use of Nature. New York, NY: Scribner.

Dunham, Peter S. 1994. "Into a Mirror Darkly: The Ancient Maya Collapse and Modern World Environmental Policy," in James E. Hickey, Jr. & Linda A Longmire (eds.) the Environment: Global Problems, Local Solutions, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Durning, Alan Thein & Christopher D. Crowther. Misplaced Blame: The Real Roots of Population Growth.

Dworsky, Leonard B. 1993. "Ecosystem Management: Great Lakes Perspectives," Natural Resources Journal  33.2 (1993): 347-346.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The US and Canada have make impressive progress toward utilizing an integrated ecosystem approach for the long-term management of the Great Lakes Basin. Obstacles to utilization that still remain are discussed.]

Dwyer, Lynn E. & Dennis D. Murphy & Stephen P. Johnson & Michael A. O'Connell. 1995. "Avoiding the Trainwreck: Observations from the Frontlines of Natural Community Conservation Planning in Southern California," Endangered Species Update, v12n12 (Dec 1995): 5(3). [The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) is a joint program between state and federal agencies that aims to secure long-term protection of species without necessarily undermining economic growth in affected areas. This initiative is significant because it provides a common ground for environmentalists and businesspeople to address their issues. the next generation of conservation planning programs inspired by the Endangered Species Act may find the NCCP a useful guide in their own campaigns. Results of application of NCCP in Orange Country are discussed.] {Conservation of natural resources - Management - Southern California - Economic policy}

Dwyer, Lynn E. & Dennis D. Murphy. 1995. "Fulfilling the Promise: Reconsidering and Reforming the California Endangered Species Act," Natural Resources Journal, v35n4 (Fall 1995): 735-770. [History, structure and implementation of the California Endangered Species Act.]

Easter-Pilcher, Andrea. 1996. "Implementing the Endangered Species Act," Bioscience, v46n5 (May 1996): 355-363. [The problem of biological criteria for listing.]

Ecology Law Quarterly, v24n4 (Nov 1997): 871-875.

Eeten, Michel J.G. van & Emery Roe. 2002. Ecology, Engineering, and Management: Reconciling Ecosystem Rehabilitation and Service Reliability. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Egan, Andrew F. & Kathy Waldron & Jason Raschka & John Bender. 1999. "Ecosystem Management in the Northeast: A Forestry Paragigm Shift? " Journal of Forestry  97.10 (1999): 24.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Eisner, Thomas & Jane Lubchenco & Edward O. Wilson & David S. Wilcove & Michael J. Bean. 1995. "Building a Scientifically Sound Policy for Protecting Endangered Species," Science, v269n5228 (Sep 1, 1995): 1231-1232.

ESA. 1996. Strengthening the Use of Science in Achieving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act: An Assessment by the Ecological Society of America Ad Hoc Committee Members. Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America.

Fahrig, L. 1992. "Relative Importance of Spatial and Temporal Scales in a Patchy Environment," Theoretical Population Biology, v41n3, (Jun. 1992): 300-314.

Farber, Stephen. 1987. "The Value of Coastal Wetlands forProtection of Property Against Hurricane Wind Damage," Journal of Environmental Economics andManagement, v14 (Jun 1987): 143(9).

Farber, Stephen. 1996. "Welfare Loss of Wetlands Disintegration: A Louisiana Study," Contemporary Economic Policy, v14n1 (Jan 1996): 92-106. [Empirical estimates of commerical, recreational, property, ecosystem function losses]

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Fletcher, L Russell & Henry Alden & Scott P. Holmen & Dean P. Angelides & Matthew J. Eizenhouser. 1999. "Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Planning at Pacific Lumber," Interfaces, v29n1 (1999): 90. [VESTRA Resources developed an express model, Ep(x), for Pacific limber to help it develop a 120-year, 12-period forest ecosystem management plan for its properties to meet California's new requirements.]

Ford, Mary S. . 1990. "A 10,000-Year History of Natural Ecosystem Acidification," Ecological Monographs, v60n1 (Mar 1990): 57(33).

Foreman, Dave. 1995. "Missing Links," Sierra, v80n5 (Sep 1995): 52-57 1995.

Forsyth, T. 1996. "Science, Myth, and Knowledge: Testing Himalayan Environmental Degradation in Thailand," Geoforum v27n3 (1996): 375 92.

Freeman, Richard. 2002. "The EcoFactory: The United States Forest Service and the Political Construction of Ecosystem Management," Environmental History  7.4 (2002): 632-658.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Federal law management agencies in the US are under constant vigil by those demanding environmentally safe land use. Freeman discusses the political construction ecological management and the US forest Service's role in that battle.]

Freemuth, John. & Cawley R. McGreggor. 1997. "Science, Expertise and the Public: The Politics of Ecosystem Management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem," Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 211-

Fritts, S.H. & L.N. Carbyn. 1995. "Population Viability, Nature-Reserves, and the Outlook for Gray Wolf Conservation in North-America," Restoration Ecology, v3n1, (Mar. 1995): 26-38.

Frumhoff, Peter C. 1995. "Conserving Wildlife In Tropical Forests Managed forTimber," Bioscience, v45n7 (Jul 1995): 456-464.

Gaffin, John M. 1997. "Can We Conserve California's Threatened Fisheries Through Natural Community Conservation Planning? (Symposium on Habitat Conservation Plans)," Environmental Law, v27n3 (Fall 1997): 791-801. [On the northwestern coast of California, the coho salmon is in such d ecline that it was recently listed as a threatened species in all of California.(1) In response to the need for conservation of the coho s almon, the Resources Agency of California is pressing for the establi shment of a Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) process wh ich may be adopted by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA).(2) This article dis cusses the NCCP process and its potential for the protection and cons ervation of the threatened coho salmon.] {Fisheries - California - Wildlife conservation - Laws, regulations - Silver salmon - Protection Habitat (Ecology)}

Gandy, hz. 1996. "Crumbling Land: The Postmodernity Debate and the Analysis of Environmental Problems," Progress in Human Geography, v20n1 (1996): 23-40.

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Gattie, David K. & Matt C. Smith & E. William Tollner & Steven C. McCutcheon. 2003. "The Emergence of Ecological Engineering As A Discipline," Ecological Engineering, v20n5 (October 2003): 409-420. [Pioneering efforts in ecological engineering (a precedent setting engineering and applied science discipline in which the self-engineering capabilities of ecosystems are managed for the benefit of the environment and humankind) research and practice have proven to be tremendous strides toward establishing a new engineering discipline with a science base in ecology. Case studies, demonstrations and applications pertaining to restoration, rehabilitation, conservation, sustainability, reconstruction, remediation and reclamation of ecosystems using ecological engineering techniques are numerous. This has brought the field to the current level where many scientists and engineers adequately support the concept of, and need for, ecological engineering, and generally agree that ecological engineering has been sufficiently defined. There is also general agreement that full emergence as an engineering discipline remains a difficult task. Certain general characteristics of existing engineering disciplines can guide the emergence of ecological engineering and thus are a vital context covered in this paper. from the context of engineering practice, three concepts are evident including: (1) establishment of formal foundations for ecological engineering research and development; (2) development of core ecological engineering sciences and curricula; and (3) certification in ecological design. These elements are important components of a formal approach to develop ecological engineering as a principled, quantitative, recognized, practical, novel, and formal engineering discipline that coalesces past and future research and practice into cohesive underpinnings.]

Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholaus. 1971. the Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Giampietro, Mario. 1994. "Using Hierarchy Theory to Explore the Concept of Sustainable Development," Futures, v26n6 (Jul/Aug 1994): 616-625.

Gilbertson, Michael & David O. Carpenter. 2004. "An Ecosystem Approach To the Health Effects of Mercury In the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem," Environmental Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 9 April 2004. [New concerns about the global presence and human health significance of mercury have arisen as a result of recent epidemiological data demonstrating subtle neurological effects from consumption of mercury-contaminated fish. In the Great Lakes Basin, the complexity of the diverse sources, pools, and sinks of mercury and of the pathways of distribution, fate, and biotransformation requires an ecosystem approach to the assessment of exposures of Great Lakes' human populations. Further epidemiological research is needed to verify preliminary indications of harmful effects in people living near the Great Lakes. Great Lakes fish are valuable resources for subsistence nutrition, recreation, and commerce, but the benefits of fish consumption must be balanced by concern for the hazards from the contaminants that they may contain. the efficacy of fish consumption advisories in reducing exposures should continue to be evaluated while planning continues for remedial actions on contaminated sediments from historic industrial activities and for regulatory action to control sources.]

Gilpin, M. 1994. "The Viable Population: Single-Species Reserve Design," Mathematical Social Sciences, v27n1, (Feb. 1994): 112-112.

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Gilpin, M., and I. Hanski, eds. 1991. Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. Academic Press, New York.

Gilpin, M.E. & Michael E. Soule. 1986. "Minimum Viable Populations: Processes of Species Extinction," pp. 19-34, in: M.E. Soule (ed.). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Ginger, Clare. 2002. "Current Directions for Environmental Policy and Management," American Review of Public Administration  32.1 (2002): 100-110.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Five books dealing with environmental policy and management are reviewed: 1. Ecosystems Management: Adaptive Strategies for Natural Resources Organizations in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Jennifer Aley, William R. Burch, Beth Conover and Donald Field, 2. Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources, edited by Mark S. Boyce and Alan Haney, 3. Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles: Race, Class, and the Environment, edited by David E. Camacho, 4. Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century (4th ed.), edited by Norman J. Vig and Michael E. Kraft, and 5. the Politics of Ecosystem Management, by Hanna J. Cortner and Margaret A. Moote.]

Glacken, Clarence J. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture In Western Thought from Ancient Times To the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Goldingay, R. & H. Possingham. 1995. "Area Requirements forViable Populations of the Australian Gliding Marsupial Petaurus-Australis," Biological Conservation, v73n2 (1995): p161-167.

Goldstein, Bruce. 1992. "The Struggle over Ecosystem Management at Yellowstone," Bioscience  42.3 (1992): 183.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Yellowstone National Park may be recreated in a new image as part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). Ecosystem-management advocates believe that managing across a larger patchwork of ownership will better preserve scenic beauty and biodiversity.]

Goldstein, Paul Z. 1999. "Comments - Clarifying the Role of Species in Ecosystem Management: A Reply," Conservation Biology, v13n6 (1999): 1515-

Golley, Frank B. 1993. A History of the Ecosystem Concept in Ecology: More Than the Sum of the Parts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Golley, Frank B. (ed.). 1977. Ecological Succession. Benchmark Papers in Ecology, v5 (1977). Stroudsburg, PA: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc.

Goodland, Robert et al. (eds.). 1991. Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: Building on Brundtland. Paris: UNESCO.

Gordon, Larry J. 1995. "Environmental Health and Protection: Century 21 Challenges," Journal of Environmental Health, v57n6 (Jan 1995): 28-34. [The priority challenges that environmental health and protection practitioners should be prepared for to ensure a quality environment in the 21st century are outlined. Environmental health and protection, health promotion, disease prevention and health care are all part of the health services continuum.] { Future Public health Disease Health care Environmental protection}

Gorshkov, Victor G.. 1995. Physical and Biological Bases of Life Stability: Man, Biota, Environment. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag.

Graf, William L. 1990. Wilderness Preservation and the Sagebrush Rebellions. Savage, Md. : Rowman & Littlefield.

Graham, Mary. 1998. "Why States Can Do More: The Next Phase In Environmental Protection," the American Prospect, n36 (Jan-Feb 1998):63(6). [Environmental protection issues have changed dramatically since the 1970s when the federal government was the only entity with the political strength to impose environmental laws. Much has changed in terms of government regulations, increased public awareness and the attitude of the business community since then. These have to be factored in in the promulgation of environmental protection in the 1990s. States must be flexible, information must be available and there must be creative financing and regional cooperation to enable states to protect the environment.]

Gren, I.M. 1995. "The Value of Investing In Wetlands forNitrogen Abatement," European Review of Agricultural Economics, v22,n2 (1995): 157-172. [Comparison of the investment value of wetlands compared to sewage-treatment plants, with emphasis on the multifunctional and self-organizing properties of wetlands]

Grove, Richard. 1995. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860. Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Grumbine, R Edward. 1998. "Seeds of Ecosystem Management In Leopold's A Sand County Almanac," Wildlife Society Bulletin  26.4 (1998): 757-760.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Aldo Leopold did not set out to write a book about managing nature; however, many of the themes that define ecosystem management today are essential elements of "A Sand County Almanac." Grumbine explores Leopold's contributions to how land is managed today.]

Grumbine, R. Edward (ed.). 1994. Environmental Policy and Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. [Contents: thepreservation of natural biotic communities / Victor E. Shelford -- What is conservation biology? / Michael Soul*e -- What do genetics and ecology tell us about the design of nature reserves? / Michael Soul*e and Daniel Simberloff -- thelandscape ecology of large disturbances in the design and management of nature reserves / William L. Baker -- Conservation biology in context: an interview with Michael Soul*e -- Taking account of the ecosystem on the public domain: law and ecology in the Greater Yellowstone Region / Robert B. Keiter -- Six biological reasons why the Endangered Species Act doesn't work--and what to do about it / Daniel J. Rohlf -- Response to: "Six biological reasons why the Endangered Species Act doesn't work--and what to do about it" / Michael O'Connell -- Defining the role of conservation biology in the law of protecting ecosystems / Walter Kuhlmann -- An ecologist's view of biodiversity law: an interview with David Wilcove -- theWildlands Project: land conservation strategy / Reed F. Noss -- Science, values, and uncertainty: a critique of the Wildlands Project / Lynn A. Maguire -- Conservation through coordination: California's experiment in bioregional councils / Deborah B. Jensen -- theNatural Community Conservation Planning Program and the coastal sage scrub ecosystem of southern California / John McCaull -- Great Lakes intergovernmental cooperation: a framework for endangered species conservation / Susan MacKenzie -- Forging an ecosystem manangement…]

Grumbine, R. Edward. 1998. "Seeds of Ecosystem Management in Leopold's A Sand County Almanac," Wildlife Society Bulletin, (Winter 1998): 757(4). [Conservationist Aldo Leopold did not aim to write about nature management in his post-war essay 'A Sand County Almanac', but many of his themes define today's ecosystem management. An exploration of Leopold's contributions to modern land management practices is presented.]

Gugler, Josef. 1988. "Overurbanization Reconsidered," 74-92 in Josef Gugler (ed.), the Urbanization of the Third World. New York: Oxford University Press. [Overurbanization if shift in population causes misallocation of labor or increases social costs. Discusses the economic rationale for rural-urban migration, argues for targeted redistribution of surplus investment.]

Gunderson, Lance H. & C.S. Holling & Stephen S. Light (eds.). 1995. Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Gunderson, Lance H. & C.S. Holling (eds.). 2002. Panarchy: Understanding Transformations In Human and Natural Systems. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gurney, Kevin Robert. 1996. "Saving the Ozone Layer Faster," Technology Review, v99n1 (Jan 1996):58(2). [It is still too early for Congress to eliminate or reduce regulation of ozone-depleting chemicals (ODC). In contrast, signatories to the 1987 Montreal Protocol can implement certain measures to speed up regeneration of the ozone layer to safe levels. These include banning the production of bromine and other ODCs as well as recycling ODCs used in air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.]

Gustafson, E.J. & G.R. Parker. 1994. "Using an Index of Habitat Patch Proximity for Landscape Design," Landscape and Urban Planning, v29n2-3, (Aug. 1994): 117-130.

Haas, C.A. 1995. "Dispersal and Use of Corridors By Birds In Wooded Patches On An Agricultural Landscape," Conservation Biology, v9n4, (Aug 1995): 845-854.

Haas, Stephanie C. & Catherine W. Lee & Anita L. Battiste. 1999. "Developing Collections in Environmental Studies - Ecology and Ecosystem Management: Core Journals and Indexes," Science & Technology Libraries, v18n1 (1999): 3-

Haberl, Helmut & Marina Fischer-Kowalski & Fridolin Krausmann & Helga Weisz & Verena Winiwarter. 2004. "Progress Towards Sustainability? What the Conceptual Framework of Material and Energy Flow Accounting (MEFA) Can Offer," Land Use Policy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 7 February 2004. [Sustainability science analyses society–nature interaction on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. By explaining the link between sustainability and socio-economic material and energy flows as well as with colonization of ecosystems, this paper introduces a conceptual framework for empirical applications featured in other contributions to this special issue. the paper discusses how the proposed material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) framework supports such analyses. This framework is an integrated toolbox to account for socio-economic metabolism and colonization of natural processes; above all, land use. We argue that, even though it is at present impossible to define precision sustainability thresholds with respect to many material and energy flows, the MEFA framework is a valuable tool because it tracks these flows in a consistent manner for regions of any scale over time.]

Haberl, Helmut & Niels B. Schulz & Christoph Plutzar & Karl Heinz Erb & Fridolin Krausmann & Wolfgang Loibl & Dietmar Moser & Norbert Sauberer & Helga Weisz & Harald G. Zechmeister & Peter Zulka. 2004. "Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production and Species Diversity In Agricultural Landscapes, Agriculture," Ecosystems & Environment, v102n2 (April 2004): 213-218. [The relationship between land-use induced changes in production ecology and species diversity was analyzed based on a transect of 38 squares (600 m´600 m) in landscapes of eastern Austria. "Human appropriation of net primary production" (=HANPP=potential NPP-NPPt), actual NPP (NPPact), harvest (NPPh) and NPPt (=NPPact-harvest) were calculated, considering aboveground processes only. HANPP is an indicator of changes in the production ecology induced by land-use which takes ecosystem productivity and harvest into account. NPPact, NPPt, and HANPP were correlated with data on species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes, orthopterans, gastropods, spiders, ants, and ground beetles. NPPact and HANPP were inversely correlated with species diversity, whereas NPPt was positively correlated with species diversity. Results were compatible with the species-energy hypothesis which predicts a positive relationship between energy flow and species diversity. the analysis of the relationship between HANPP and species diversity may yield results that are relevant in terms of ecological theory and biodiversity conservation.

Haeuber, Richard. 1996. "Setting the Environmental Policy Agenda: The Case of Ecosystem Management," Natural Resources Journal  36.1 (1996): 1-1.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Ecosystem management is a recent policy alternative proposed to address a new generation of environmental issues. At least 18 federal agencies are currently exploring the concept of ecosystem management and its implications for their activities. Haeuber questions whether ecosystem management will endure as a land and resource management policy.]

Haeuber, Richard. 1997. "Ecosystem Management and Environmental Policy in the United States: Open Window or Closed Door?" Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 221-

Hagen, Joel B. 1992. An Entangled Bank: The Origins of Ecosystem Ecology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Hall, Charles A.S. & John W. Day, Jr. (eds.) 1977. Ecosystem Modeling In Theory and Practice : An Introduction with Case Histories. New York, NY: Wiley.

Halvorson, William L. & Gary E. Davis (eds.). 1996. Science and Ecosystem Management In theNational Parks. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Contents: Long-term research in national parks: from beliefs to knowledge / Gary E. Davis and William L. Halvorson -- Management in national parks: from scenery to science / Ervin H. Zube -- Fire research and management in the Sierra Nevada national parks / David J. Parsons and Jan W. van Wagtendonk -- Yellowstone Lake and its cutthroat trout / John D. Varley and Paul Schullery -- Wolf and moose populations in Isle Royale National Park / R. Gerald Wright -- Saguaro cactus dynamics / Joseph R. McAuliffe -- Alien species in Hawaiian national parks / Charles P. Stone and Lloyd L. Loope -- Water rights and Devil's Hole pupfish at Death Valley National Monument / Owen R. Williams [et al.] -- Urban encroachment at Saguaro National Monument / William W. Shaw -- Karst hydrogeological research at Mammoth Cave National Park / E. Calvin Alexander, Jr. -- Air quality in Grand Canyon / Christine L. Shaver and William C. Malm -- Rare plant monitoring at Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore / Noel B. Pavlovic and Marlin L. Bowles -- Wilderness research and management in the Sierra Nevada national parks / Jan W. van Wagtendonk and David J. Parsons -- River management at Ozark National Scenic Riverways / Kenneth Chilman, David Foster, and Thomas Aley -- Resource issues addressed by case studies of sustained research in national parks / Gary E. Davis and William L. Halvorson -- Lessons learned from a century of applying research results to management of national parks / W...]

Hanna, Kevin S. 2000. "The Paradox of Participation and the Hidden Role of Information: A Case Study," Journal of the American Planning Association, v66n4 (Autumn 2000): 398-410. [This article examines the complex and often indirect role of participation and information in an integrated planning context. the case study is based in a diverse urban-rural estuarine setting where an integrated resource management program was established to help manage environmental and economic planning issues. the results of the research suggest that the use of participation by those not in government as a measure of success in achieving program objectives must be approached with caution--and research resourcefulness--in order to form an accurate image of impact and origin. the work supports the idea in planning theory that information has a transformative function that can alter perceptions and mindsets in advance of a decision phase, and affects planning systems at all stages. Dichotomies in opinion of program success and performance may be linked to information access. Consensus building among government agencies and nongovernmental organizations also requires broad access to information. the research indicates that participation by proxy can also be a significant source of influence. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.]

Hansen, Craig. 1995. "Multi-species Plan for Forest Habitats," Endangered Species UPDATE, v12n12 (Dec 1995): SS6-SS9. [A multi-species habitat conservation plan (HCP) is a plan developed to minimize, and mitigate to the maximum extent, practical, incidental take of all listed species that may occur in an area. A multi-species HCP signed by Murray Pacific Corp, a timber company based in Tacoma WA, is detailed.] {Wildlife conservation Habitats Forests Timber industry}

Hardoy, Jorge E. & Diana Mitlin & David Satterthwaite. 1992. Environmental Problems in Third World Cities. London: Earthscan. [Report prepared for the Earth Summit (the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, at the request of the UK Overseas Development Administration.]

Harper, E. M., & T. E. Graedel. 2004. "Industrial ecology: a teenager's progress," Technology in Society, v26n2-3 (April-August 2004): 433-445. [Transforming the use of materials in product manufacture from a linear to a cyclic mode is the conceptual framework of industrial ecology (IE), a field about fourteen years old. the core of industrial ecology––the industrial ecosystem model––has become a framework for studying the interactions of the modern technological society with the environment. As an emerging field, IE has grappled with challenges such as establishing itself as a unique field, gaining academic merit, developing quality standards, and guiding applications in industrial operations. Within the context of such challenges, distinct research branches have emerged: conceptual framework studies, development of operational tools (e.g. design for environment), and systemic studies (e.g. industrial symbiosis). the field began by conceptualizing industrial systems and has now made the transition to gathering the data that characterize such systems. One of the greatest challenges now facing IE is applying the knowledge gleaned from these endeavors to defining and setting goals for sustainable technological activity and development.]

Harrison, S. 1994. "Metapopulations and Conservation," pages 111-128 in P. J. Richards, R. M. May, and N. R. Webb, eds. Large-Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA.

Hartig, John H. & Michael A. Zarull & Neely L. Law. 1998. "An Ecosystem Approach to Great Lakes Management: Practical Steps," Journal of Great Lakes Research, v24n3 (1998): 739-

Haynes, Richard W. & Russell T. Graham & Thomas M. Quigley. 1998. "Forestland Management - A Framework for Ecosystem Management in the Interior Columbia Basin," Journal of Forestry, v96n10 (1998): 4. [Potential land-management strategies can be evaluated when a framework for the four constants in the planning process -- monitoring, assessment, decisionmaking, and implementation -- Is established.]

Herendeen, Robert A. 2004. "Energy Analysis and EMERGY Analysis: A Comparison," Ecological Modelling, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 8 March 2004,

Hessburg, Paul F. & Bradley G. Smith & R Brion Salter. 1999. "Detecting Change in Forest Spatial Patterns from Reference Conditions," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1232-1252. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Hillman, Mick & Graeme Aplin & Gary Brierley. 2003. "The Importance of Process In Ecosystem Management: Lessons from the Lachlan Catchment, New South Wales, Australia," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management  46.2 (2003): 219-237.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Effective river management requires integration of biophysical and human dimensions of the ecosystem, which in turn involves the development of new forms of decision-making processes and institutional frameworks. In New South Wales, institutional changes to river management have been formalized in the Water Management Act 2000. This paper presents the findings of a case study that investigated decision-making processes in the establishment of environmental flow regimes for the Lachlan River in western New South Wales. the study was based on document analysis, observation and interviews with members and support staff of a stakeholder-based river management committee. the findings of the study highlight social capital, adaptive management and consensus decision making as key components in establishing environmental flow regimes as part of a participatory approach to river management.]

Hobbs N., Thompson. 2003. "Challenges and Opportunities In Integrating Ecological Knowledge Across Scales," Forest Ecology and Management, v181n1-2 (3 August 2003): 223-238. [Choices of the spatial and temporal dimensions of ecological investigations define their scale. In this paper, I identify some of the ways that issues of scale challenge ecologists in developing an understanding of natural and human-dominated systems, with particular reference to understanding interactions between ungulates and landscapes. I also point out opportunities to rise to those challenges. Ecologists often study areas of land that represent only a tiny fraction of the area that is managed for natural resources or other human uses. This mismatch between scales of investigation and scales of management is problematic because observations of many phenomena depend on the scale at which those observations are made. Conducting traditional experiments at ever-larger scales would appear to offer a logical solution to this problem, but the "tyranny of power" means that such investigations are frequently infeasible. Moreover, because human perception is based on limited scales of experience, it is often difficult to apply understanding of ecological processes occurring over long time periods and large areas. the ability of ecologists to integrate knowledge across scales in a way that is useful to management has improved dramatically as a result of technological advances, innovations in statistical analysis and study design, and a shift in the philosophy of science favoring model selection over traditional hypothesis testing. Multi-scale understanding is fostered by adaptive management, which uses fine-scale, mechanistic understanding to screen hypotheses to be tested at large-scales. Issues of scale reveal that applying ecological understanding to complex environmental problems requires two kinds of science––developing an understanding of properties and processes and assembling that understanding reliably across scales of time and space.]

Hockenstein, Jeremy B. & Robert N. Stavins & Bradley W. Whitehead. 1997. "Crafting the Next Generation of Market-based Environmental Tools (includes related articles on types of market-based instruments and use of these instruments in the US)," Environment, v39n4 (May 1997): 12(13). [Market-based environmental instruments need be an integral part of the overall clean-up strategy to fully realize their potential. These instruments are an attractive tool for combatting environmental problems due to the cost savings they offer and their positive social effects.]

Holdgate, Martin W. 1995. "Pathways to Sustainability: The Evolving Role of Transnational Institutions," Environment, v37n9 (Nov 1995): 16-20+. [Transnational organizations have become an important element in world governance, but many will need to change appreciably in the coming years if they are to lead the world to a sustainable future. the history (mid 19th-c. to present) and evolving role of transnational organizations in sustainability is examined.] {Sustainable development Multinational corporations}

Holling, Crawford S. 1973. "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems," in R.F. Johnston, P.W. Frank & C.D. Michener (eds.), 1973, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.

Holling, Crawford S. 1986. "The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Local Surprise and Global Change," in Clark, William C. & R.E. Munn (eds.), 1986, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Holling, Crawford S. 1994. "Simplifying the Complex: The Paradigms of Ecological Function and Structure," Futures v26n6 (Jul./Aug. 1994). p598-609.

Holling, Crawford S. 1995. "Sustainability: The Cross-Scale Dimension," in Mohan Munasinghe & Walter Shearer (eds.), 1995, Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and the World Bank.

Holling, Crawford S. & Michael A. Goldberg. 1971. "Ecology and Planning," AIP Journal [now JAPA] (July 1971):221-230.

Holsman, Robert H. & R. Ben Peyton. 2003. "Stakeholder Attitudes Toward Ecosystem Management In Southern Michigan," Wildlife Society Bulletin  31.2 (2003): 349-361.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The advent of ecosystem management presents many challenges for management agencies, including understanding and integrating public values for management of wildlife resources. Ecosystem-based approaches to management suggest a shift in emphasis that would prioritize the maintenance of species diversity and ecosystem function. At issue is the extent to which the public understands and values these ecological benefits relative to more tangible, traditional management goals (e.g., those for game species). We describe a three-dimensional conceptual model of ecosystem benefits to guide resource managers in integrating human dimensions into ecosystem management planning. We compared benefit preferences and ecosystem management attitudes of 5 different wildlife stakeholder groups from data gathered in a mail survey. All groups placed high importance on ecological dependence, nature appreciation, and existence values. All groups were slightly positive regarding hypothetical ecosystem-based approaches that included trade-offs to traditional benefits. However, these attitudes reflected much uncertainty, including a high percentage of undecided responses. Management implications include the need for agencies to develop a concrete vision in defining ecosystem management goals and to clarify for stakeholders the consequences of alternative approaches.]

Houck, Oliver A. 1995. "Reflections on the Endangered Species Act.(Symposium on Clinton’s New Land Policies)," Environmental Law, v25n3 (Summer 1995): 689-702. [History of discussions about ESA in Congress, need for habitat protection, and the subsequent controversies.] @

Houck, Oliver A. 1997. "On the Law of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management," Minnesota Law Review, v81 (1997): 869-979. @

Houck, Oliver A. 1998. Are Humans Part of Ecosystems?" Environmental Law, v28n1 (Spring 1998):1-14. [After examining several perspectives on the human role in the environment and legal regimes based on those perspectives, this Essay proposes a perspective and a legal regime that bifurcates the question. While ecosystems contain humans, human actions are not their measure--or there is no measure. the best available measures of ecosystems are representative species that indicate their natural conditions. This measure taken, the role of human beings is to manage ecosystems, and themselves, towards this goal.]

Hudson, Wendy E. (ed.). 1991. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity Washington, D.C.: [Defenders of Wildlife] Island Press, c1991.

Huggard, Christopher J. & Arthur R. G*omez (eds.). 2001. Forests Under Fire: A Century of Ecosystem Mismanagement In theSouthwest. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Contents: Introduction, Toward a twenty-first century forest ecosystem management strategy / Christopher J. Huggard -- Industry and Indian self-determination: northern Arizona's Apache lumbering empire, 1870-1970 / Arthur R. G*omez -- Social history of McPhee: Colorado's largest lumber town / Duane A. Smith -- Vallecitos federal sustained-yield unit: The (all too) human dimension of forest management in northern New Mexico, 1945-1998 / Suzanne S. Forrest -- Grazing the southwest borderlands: The Peloncillo-Animas district of the Coronado National Forest in Arizona and New Mexico, 1906-1996 / Diane Hadley -- America's first wildnerness area: Aldo Leopold, the Forest Service, and the Gila of New Mexico, 1924-1980 / Christopher J. Huggard -- "Where there's smoke": wildfire policy and suppression in the American Southwest / John Herron -- Struggle in an endangered empire: The search for total ecosystem management in the forests of southern Utah, 1976-1999 / Thomas G. Alexander -- Biopolitics : a case study of political influence on forest management decisions, Coronado National Forest, Arizona, 1980s-1990s / Paul W. Hirt -- Epilogue, Seeing the forest not for the trees: The future of southwestern forests / Hal K. Rothman.]

Hughes, J. Donald. 1975. Ecology In Ancient Civilizations. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.

Husar, Rudolf B. 1994. "Ecosystem andthe Biosphere: Metaphors for Human-Induced Material Flows," in Robert U. Ayres and Udo E. Simonis, (eds.), Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development, United Nations University Press, 1994. <http://capita.wustl.edu/Capita/CapitaReports/Metaphors/unbook.html>

Jackson, C. 1995. "RadicaL Environmental Myths: A Gender Perspective," New Left Review, v210 (1995): 124-140.

Jaffe, J. 1993. "Editor’s Note (following LaRoe, E. T. 1993. Implementation of an Ecosystem Approach to Endangered Species Conservation)," Endangered Species Update v10n3-4 (Jan-Feb 1993):3-6.

James, Frances C. 1999. "Lessons Learned from A Study of Habitat Conservation Planning," BioScience, v49n11 (Nov. 1999): 871-4. [Habitat conservation planning is an attempt to find a balance between safeguarding endangered species on nonfederal land and the maintenance of private property rights. More than 90 percent of endangered species in the United States are estimated to occupy at least some private land, and although it is unreasonable to expect all this land to be placed in public ownership, it is also unreasonable to expect private landowners to bear total responsibility for protecting the endangered species on their land. Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act outlaws the removal of species listed as endangered from both public and private land; currently, private landowners and developers could be subject to criminal and civil charges for construction-related activities that might injure a listed species. the writer discusses some of the intricacies of the habitat conservation planning mechanism and describes the lessons to be learned from a habitat conservation planning study conducted by the American Institute of Biological Sciences and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.]

Jansson, M. & R. Andersson & H. Berggren & L. Leonardson. 1994. "Wetlands and Lakes as Nitrogen Traps," Ambio, v23n6 (Sep 1994): 320‑325.

Janzen, D.H. 1983. "No Park Is An Island: Increase in Interference from Outside As Park Size Decreases," Oikos, v41 (1983): 402-410.

Jenkins, R. E. 1989. "Long-term Conservation and Preserve Complexes," Nature Conservancy v39 (1989): 4-7.

Jensen, Deborah B. 1994. "Conservation Through Coordination: California’s Experiment in Bioregional Councils," p273-279 in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Jensen, Mark E.A. & Patrick S. Bourgeron (eds.). 2001. Guidebook for Integrated Ecological Assessments. New York: Springer, c2001. [Contents: An overview of ecological assessment principles and applications / Mark E. Jensen, Norman L. Christensen, Jr., Patrick S. Bourgeron -- A theoretical framework for ecological assessment / S.J. Turner, Alan R. Johnson -- Ecosystem characterization and ecological assessments / Patrick S. Bourgeron, Hope C. Humphries, Mark E. Jensen -- Adaptive ecosystem assessment and management: The path of last resort? / S.S. Light -- Data acquisition / Thomas J. Stohlgren -- Sampling design and statistical inference for ecological assessment / Brian M. Steele -- General data collection and sampling design considerations for integrated regional ecological assessments / Patrick S. Bourgeron, Hope C. Humphries, Mark E. Jensen -- Ecological data storage, management, and dissemination / Ray Ford -- Integration of physical, biological, and socioeconomic information / D. Scott Slocombe -- Remote sensing applied to ecosystem management / Henry M. Lachowski, Vicky C. Johnson -- Geographic information science and ecological assessment / Janet Franklin -- Decision support for ecosystem management and ecological assessments / H. Michael Rauscher, Walter D. Potter -- Elements of spatial data analysis in ecological assessments / Patrick S. Bourgeron, Marie-Jos*e Fortin, Hope C. Humphries -- Applications of fractal geometry and percolation theory to landscape analysis and assessments / Bai-Lian Li -- Fuzzy statistical and modeling approach to ecological assessments / Bai-Lian Li -- Measuring ecosystem values / Kimberly Rollins -- Economic linkages to natural resources / Daniel E. Chappelle -- Ecosystem structure and function modeling / Hope C. Humphries, Jill Baron -- Methods for determining historical range of variability / Hope C. Humphries, Patrick S. Bourgeron-- Representativeness assessments / Patrick S. Bourgeron, Hope C. Humphries, Mark E. Jensen -- Methods of economic impact analysis / Daniel E. Chappelle -- Elements of ecological land classifications for ecological assessments / Patrick S. Bourgeron, Hope C. Humphries, Mark E. Jensen -- Dynamic terrestrial ecosystem patterns and processes / Stephanie P. Wilds, Peter S. White -- Ecological classification and mapping of aquatic systems / Mark E. Jensen, Iris A. Goodman, Christopher A. Frissell, C. Kenneth Brewer, Patrick S. Bourgeron -- Geomorphic patterns, processes, and perspectives in aquatic assessment / Michael Hurley, Mark E. Jensen -- Assessment of biotic patterns in freshwater ecosystems / Christopher A. Frissell, N. Leroy Poff, Mark E. Jensen -- Characterizing the human imprint on landscapes for ecological assessment / Daniel G. Brown -- Assessing human processes in society: environment interactions / David J. Campbell -- Mapping patterns of human use and potential resource conflicts on public lands / James V. Schumacher, Roland L. Redmond, Melissa M. Hart, Mark E. Jensen -- thegreat lakes ecological assessment / David T. Cleland, Larry A. Leefers, J. Michael Vasievich, Thomas R. Crow, Eunice A. Padley -- Upper Mississippi River adaptive environmental assessment / S.S. Light -- Southern Appalachian case study / Charles Van Sickle -- Northern forest lands case study / Charles A. Levesque -- Interior Columbia basin ecosystem management project / Russell T. Graham -- Ecological assessments and implementing ecosystem management: challenges, opportunities, and the road ahead / Rick Haeuber.]

Johnson, C.W. 1995. "Planning andDesigning forthe Multiple-Use Role of Habitats In Urban Suburban Landscapes In the Great-Basin," Landscape and Urban Planning, v32n3 (Aug 1995): 219-225. [The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play. Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated. the challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met. Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces.]

Johnson, Dan. 2001. "Repairing Earth's Ecosystems," the Futurist, v35n1 (Jan./Feb. 2001): 12-13. [A new report from the World Resources Institute indicates a decline in the capacity of the world's ecosystems to continue to produce many of the goods and services man depends on. A collaborative effort between the UN Development Program, the UN Environment Program, the World Bank, and the World Resources Institute, World Resources 2000-2001 summarizes the situation of five vital ecosystems--croplands, forests, coastal zones, freshwater systems, and grasslands--as evaluated by the Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems. A central finding of this assessment is that human management of ecosystems often involves trade-offs, favoring one good or service over another. According to the report, the best way of sustaining the health of complex natural systems is to adopt a broad ecosystem management approach, balancing the entire range of possible goods and services instead of managing for a single goal.]

Johnson, Nels & Robert C. Szaro & William T. Sexton (eds.). 1999. Ecological Stewardship: A Common Reference for Ecosystem Management. Oxford: Elsevier Science. ["A practical reference for scientists and resource managers." Based on the papers of a 2-week workshop, Tucson, AZ, Dec. '95. v. 1. Key findings / N.C. Johnson ... [et al.], editors -- v. 2. Biological and ecological dimensions. Humans as agents of ecological change / R.C. Szaro ... [et al.], editors -- v. 3. Public expectations, values and law. Social and cultural dimensions. Economic dimensions. Information and data management / W.T. Sexton ... [et al.], editors.]

Johnson, Susan. 1999. "A New Take On Environmental Management," State Legislatures, v25n4 (April 1999):10(2). [(Includes related article on enlibra principles) the political aspects of environmental management are evolving in much the same way business management techniques have changed over time. forinstance, the word 'enlibra' which means balance and stewardship has been coined to represent a new set of principles for environmental management. the word reflects a framework by which difficult environmental issues at any level may be effectively addressed and is a philosophy to direct environmental legislation and relationships between regulators and the regulated.]

Johnson, Bart R. & Ronald Campbell. 1999. "Ecology and Participation In Landscape-Based Planning Within the Pacific Northwest," Policy Studies Journal  27.3 (1999): 502-259.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Landscape-based planning, and in particular ecosystem management, has been promoted widely as an approach to linking ecological, social, and economic concerns at large spatial and temporal scales, yet there have been few comparative studies of actual projects. We used a mailed questionnaire and four case studies within the Pacific Northwest region of the United States to explore the ways in which ecological analyses are being integrated with landscape planning projects and to identify linkages between science and public involvement.]

Johnston, Robert A. & Mary E. Madison. 1991. Planning for Habitat Protection in California: State Policies and County Actions to Implement Ceqa Through Improved General Plans. Sacramento, CA: Forest and Rangeland Resources Assessment Program.

Jones, Clive G. & John H. Lawton Eds.). 1995. Linking Species & Ecosystems. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1995. [Papers from the Fifth Cary Conference, held at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, N.Y., May 8-12, 1993. Contents: Why link species and ecosystems? A perspective from ecosystem ecology / Nancy B. Grimm -- Organisms and species as complex adaptive systems: linking the biology of populations with the physics of ecosystems / James H. Brown -- Bioturbators as ecosystem engineers: control of the sediment fabric, inter-individual interactions, and material fluxes / Jeffrey Levinton -- Biogeochemical processes and marine benthic community structure: which follows which? / Anne E. Giblin, Kenneth H. Foreman, and Gary T. Banta -- Marine snow: what it is and how it affects ecosystem functioning / M.W. Silver ... [et al.] -- Floods, food chains, and ecosystem processes in rivers / Mary E. Power -- Population variability in experimental ecosystems / Michael L. Pace, Stephen R. Carpenter, and Patricia A. Soranno -- How important are consumer species to ecosystem functioning? / Nancy Huntly -- Linking tree population dynamics and forest ecosystem processes / Charles D. Canham and Stephen W. Pacala -- Soil organisms as engineers : microsite modulation of macroscale processes / J.M. Anderson -- Soil fauna: linking different levels of the ecological hierarchy / Robert W. Parmelee -- Beaver as engineers: influences on biotic and abiotic characteristics of drainage basins / Michael M. Pollock ... [et al.] -- Atmospheric oxygen and the biosphere / Heinrich D. Holland -- Linking species and ecosystems: organisms as ecosystem engineers / John H. Lawton and Clive G. Jones -- Top-level carnivores and ecosystem effects: questions and approaches / James A. Estes -- Food webs in soil: an interface between population and ecosystem ecology / Jan Bengtsson ... [et al.] -- Unifying ecological subdisciplines with ecosystem food webs/ Neo D. Martinez -- Coupling the dynamics of species and materials / William S.C. Gurney, Alex H. Ross, and Niall Broekhuizen -- Exploring aggregation in space and time / Monica G. Turner and Robert V. O'Neill -- Aggregation of species properties for biogeochemical modeling: empirical results / David S. Schimel ... [et al.] -- Functional redundancy and process aggregation: linking ecosystems to species / Edward B. Rastetter and Gaius R. Shaver -- Species compensation and complementarity in ecosystem function / Thomas M. Frost ... [et al.] -- Elemental stoichiometry of species in ecosystems / Robert W. Sterner -- Species, nitrogen, and grassland dynamics : The constraints of stuff / David A. Wedin -- Relationships between the energetics of species and large-scale species richness / Donald L. DeAngelis -- Linking species and ecosystems: where's Darwin? / Robert D. Holt -- Ecological flow chains and ecological systems: concepts for linking species and ecosystem perspectives / Moshe Shachak and Clive G. Jones -- therelevance of ecology: The societal context and disciplinary implications of linkages across levels of ecological organization / Jane Lubchenco -- Linking species and ecosystems through training of students / Lawrence B. Slobodkin -- Linking species and communities to ecosystem management: a perspective from the Experimental Lakes experience / D.W. Schindler -- Why link species conservation, environmental protection, and resource management? / Jerry F. Fra…]

Jordan, Andrew. 1998. "EU Environmental Policy at 25: The Politics of Multinational Governance," Environment, v40n1 (Jan 1998): 14-20+. [It has been 25 years since the European Economic Community, a predecessor to the EU, adopted an environmental policy. Jordan charts the transformation of envrionmental policy in the EU.] {Environmental policy International relations History Environmental protection}

Jordan, W. R. III & M. E. Gilpin & J. D. Aber. 1987. Restoration Ecology. A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge U. Press.

Kagan, Robert A. 1997. "Political and Legal Obstacles To Collaborative Ecosystem Planning," (Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water). Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v52n4 (July-August 1997): 226(5).

Kaiser, Joselyn. 1997. "When a Habitat Is Not a Home," Science, v276n5319 (13 June 1997): 1636-1638.

Kangas, Jyrki & Joonas Hokkanen & Annika S. Kangas & Risto Lahdelma & Pekka Salminen. 2003. "Applying Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis to Forest Ecosystem Management with Both Cardinal and Ordinal Criteria," Forest Science  49.6 (2003): 928-937.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Multicriteria decision analysis is applied to ecosystem management planning in a forest landscape. Ten alternative action plans were evaluated employing five criteria. for some criteria, cardinal measures with their associated uncertainties were obtained. for other criteria, only ordinal (ranking) information was available. the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis with Ordinal criteria (SMAA-O) method was used, as it accommodates both cardinal and ordinal data. This is the first application of SMAA methods to forest management. SMAA-O represents inaccurate or uncertain cardinal criteria measurements by a joint probability distribution. Ordinal data is converted into stochastic cardinal data by simulating mappings between ordinal and cardinal scales that preserve the given rankings. At the same time, the unknown or partly known preferences of the decision maker are simulated by choosing weights randomly from appropriate distributions. the main results of the analysis are "acceptability indices" that describe the variety of different weights that support an alternative for a given rank. the special characteristics of SMAA-O are best utilized in problems involving uncertainty and where both cardinal and ordinal data are to be employed. It also serves well as an analysis tool in interactive planning processes, especially when criteria weights are not known or they are difficult to assess.]

Kareiva, Peter M. & Joel G. Kingsolver & Raymond B. Huey (eds.). 1993. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.

Kareiva, Peter. 1996. "Diversity and Sustainability On the Prairie," Nature, v379n6567 (Feb 22, 1996): 673(2). [Experiments indicate that biodiversity enhances the productivity and sustainability of North American prairies. An analysis of 24 species of these prairies with 20 replicates reveals that diverse plots efficiently utilize and retain nutrients. the use of more than ten species causes no significant differences in results. Scientists are keen to utilize modern experimental approaches to analyze the importance of biodiversity.]

Karkkainen, Bradley C. & Archon Fung & Charles F. Sabel. 2000. "After Backyard Environmentalism," the American Behavioral Scientist  44.4 (2000): 692-711.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [This article develops a model of environmental regulation that promises to be at once more flexible, democratic, and effective than the familiar methods of central command or market-based control. Local units--such as firms, factories, or regional ecosystem management authorities--enjoy the autonomy to determine their environmental protection goals and methods to reach them.]

Kates, Robert W. 1996. "Population, Technology, and the Human Environment: A Thread Through Time," Daedalus, v125n3 (Summer 1996): 43-71. [Employs a sequence of four temporal frames--ages, millenia, centuries and decades--to examine the dynamics of population, resources and technology. It appears that the Earth is about halfway in numbers into the third great population surge.]

Kates, Robert W. & Viola Haarmann. 1992. "Where the Poor Live: Are the Assumptions Correct?" Environment, v34n4 (May 1992): 4-11+. [A review of recent reports and papers linking poverty and the poor to environmental concerns reveals limited and selective documentation of the causal relationships between poverty and environmental degradation, but implicitly assume of a strong relationship between the two. An assessment of what global overviews, country comparisons, and local and regional case studies exist that link poor people to threatened environments should provide insights into the validity of this assumption.]

Kates, Robert W. & William C. Clark. 1996. "Expecting the Unexpected?" Environment, v38n2 (Mar 1996): 6-7+. [Four characteristics of environmental surprises: they confound social expectations; they are not completely unpredictable; they are often dangerous; and they open a window for increasing capabilities to deal with environmental problems.]

Kay, James J. & Henry A. Regier & Michelle Boyle & George Francis. 1999. "An Ecosystem Approach for Sustainability: Addressing the Challenge of Complexity," (Special Issue: Post-Normal Science), Futures, v31n7 (Sept 1999): 721(2).

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Kerr, Andy. 1995. "Ecosystem Management Must Include the Most Human of Factors," Bioscience  45.6 (1995): 378-378.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Ecosystem management occurred as a result of environmental crisis, but the problem of sustaining the environment has now become a political extravaganza. Assumptions that ecosystem managers act altruistically and have the independence to act in the long-term interest of society only hinder attempts to protect the ecosystem.]

Khanna, Neha & Chapman, Duane. 1996. "Time Preference, Abatement Costs, and International Climate Policy: An Appraisal of IPCC 1995," Contemporary Economic Policy, v14n2 (Apr 1996): 56-66. [The context of the paper is the forthcoming Second Assessment Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Khanna and Chapman appraise current economic methodologies used in analyzing the social rate of time preference and discounting, abatement costs, and value of life estimates as they relate to climate change.] {Economics Economic policy Climate Environmental policy}

Kilbourne, James C. 1991. "The Endangered Species Act Under the Microscope: A Closeup Look from A Litigator’s Perspective," Environmental Law, v21n3pt1 (1991): 499-585. @

Kim, Ke Chung & Robert D. Weaver (eds.). 1994. Biodiversity and Landscapes : A Paradox of Humanity. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Pt. I. Introduction: Biodiversity and humanity: paradox and challenge -- Pt. II. Human values and biodiversity: Thoreau and Leopold on science and values. Creation: God and endangered species. Biodiversity and ecological justice -- Pt. III. Human processes and biodiversity: Preindustrial man and environmental degradation. Conserving biological diversity in the face of climate change. We do not want to become extinct: The question of human survival. Germplasm conservation and agriculture -- Pt. IV. Management of biodiversity and landscapes: The paradox of humanity: two views of biodiversity and landscapes. Biodiversity and landscape management. Making a habit of restoration: saving the eastern deciduous forest. Landscapes and management for ecological integrity -- Pt. V. Socioeconomics of biodiversity: Economic valuation of biodiversity. Thinking about the value of biodiversity. Lessons from the aging Amazon frontier: opportunities for genuine development.] {Biological diversity conservation -- Social aspects. Biological diversity conservation -- Economic aspects. Ecosystem management.}

Kingsland, Sharon E. 1985. Modeling Nature: Episodes in the History of Population Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Klijn, Frans (ed.). 1994. Ecosystem Classification for Environmental Management. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic. [Outgrowth of an international workshop held Dec. 1992 at Leiden University.]

Knight, Richard L. 1995. "Ecosystem Management and Aldo Leopold," Rangelands, v17n6 (Dec 1995): 182-

Knight, Richard L. 1998. "A Celebration of A Sand County Almanac: Introduction," Wildlife Society Bulletin  26.4 (1998): 695-696.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> ["A Sand County Almanac" was the culmination of Aldo Leopold's experiences and reflections of a rich and varied life. Leopold helped define such topics as wildlife management, ecological restoration, environmental ethics, ecosystem management, conservation advocacy, and the wilderness movement.]

Knight, Richard L. 1998. "Aldo Leopold: Blending Conversations About Public and Private Lands," Wildlife Society Bulletin  26.4 (1998): 725-731.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Aldo Leopold wrote many evocative and suggestive words about the need for improved human-land relationships in "A Sand County Almanac." Biodiversity, ecosystem management, sustainable development, and ecological restoration are concepts that are as relevant to private lands as they are to public lands.]

Knight, Richard L. & Gary K. Meffe. 1997. "Ecosystem Management: Agency Liberation from Command and Control," Wildlife Society Bulletin  25.3 (1997): 676-678.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Knight and Meffe review several concepts that illustrate differences between the traditional approach and an evolving perspective encouraged by ecosystem management in regards to managing natural resources.]

Kohm, Kathryn A. 1991. Balancing On the Brink of Extinction : The Endangered Species Act and Lessons forthe Future. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Kohn, R.E. 1994. "Alternative Property‑Rights to Wetland Externalities," Ecological Economics, v10n1 (May 1994): 61‑68. [Comparison of public-private property rights/utility with tax-subsidy ratios]

Korhonen, Jouni. 2004. "Industrial Ecology In the Strategic Sustainable Development Model: Strategic Applications of Industrial Ecology," Journal of Cleaner Production, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 9 April 2004. [In a recent article of this journal, Robert et al. [Journal of Cleaner Production 10 (2002) 197] define five hierarchical and interdependent levels for a systems approach for strategic sustainable development (SSD) to move toward the desired outcome, the state of sustainability. This paper evaluates the concept of industrial ecology (IE) by considering its application and use in terms of the strategic sustainable development model. the author argues that the applications of the concept of IE can contribute to all five levels in the hierarchical model. However, the paper shows that if IE is used outside the systems model, four risks and difficulties are generated that can lead to suboptimal solutions, problem displacement and problem shifting. Recommendations derived from ecological economics and environmental management are made for ways to proceed with the integration of IE into the broader SSD concepts and approaches.]

Korn, Peter. 1992. "Endangered Species Act: The Case for Preservation," Nation, v254n12 (Mar 30, 1992): 414-417.

Korten, David C. 1991. "Sustainable Development," World Policy Journal. (Winter 1991-92): 157-190.

Kostyack, John. 1997. "Habitat Conservation Planning: Time to Give Conservationists and Other Concerned Citizens a Seat at the Table," Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n7-8 (Jul 1997): 51-55. [Congress and the Clinton Administration need to adopt a set of rules for habitat conservation planning (HCP) development that are built upon the principles of negotiation, fair representation, timeliness and openness. the purpose of HCPs also needs to be clarified, and effective citizen participation must be ensured.] {Habitats Wildlife conservation Endangered and extinct species Environmental management Environmental policy}

Krieger, Martin H. 1989. Marginalism and Discontinuity: Tools forthe Crafts of Knowledge and Decision. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

Kupfer, J.A. 1995. "Landscape Ecology and Biogeography," Progress In Physical Geography, v19n1, (Mar. 1995): 18-34.

Lackey, Robert T. 1998. "Ecosystem Management: Desperately Seeking A Paradigm," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation  53.2 (1998): 92-94.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Two competing views of ecosystem management have emerged. One is that ecosystem management is another stage in the continual evolution of the basic management paradigm - one that natural resource managers have followed in North America for a century. the other view is that ecosystem management reflects a shift to a different paradigm, one based on an alternative world view.]

Lackey, Robert T. 1998. "Ecosystem Management: Desperately Seeking A Paradigm," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v53n2 (Summer 1998):92(3). [The divisive issues in ecosystem management are not technical, scientific, or operational, but are moral and philosophical. There will continue to be ambiguity about what is meant when ecosystem management is discussed and debated, but the important differences are over values, priorities, and assumptions. My guess is that ecosystem management will be embraced by the bureaucracy as a policy marketing concept, but will be operationally defined separately as another step in the evolution of ecological policy. It will not be revolutionary in practice, rhetoric aside.]

Lamberson, R.H. & B.R. Noon & C. Voss & K.S. McKelvey. 1994. "Reserve Design for Territorial Species: The Effects of Patch Size and Spacing on the Viability of the Northern Spotted Owl," Conservation Biology, v8n1, (Mar. 1994): 185-195.

Lambert, Thomas. 1995. "What they Missed in Cairo: Defusing the Population Bomb," USA Today: The Magazine of the American Scene, v123n2596 (Jan 1995): 33-35. [Those at the Sep 5-13, 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo worked on the assumption that "overpopulation" is a problem. the widely held belief that the planet cannot sustain an increasing population is questioned.] {Conferences; Population; Earth; Natural resources}

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Langston, Nancy. 1995. Forest Dreams, Forest Nightmares: The Paradox of Old Growth in the Inland West. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press.

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Lele, Sharachandra M. 1991. "Sustainable Development: A Critical Review," World Development, v19n6 (1991). 607-621.

Lents, James M. & William J. Kelly. 1993. "Clearing the Air in Los Angeles (California)," Scientific American, v269n4 (Oct 1993): 32(8). [Ozone levels and smog levels in Los Angeles, CA, have fallen since the 1970s as a result of pollution research and control efforts that began in the 1940s. Pollution-control measures include reducing certain pollutants and using technologies that do not pollute the air.]

Levin, Simon A. 1992. "The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology," Ecology, v73n6 (Dec 1992): p1943-1967.

Libby, Lawrence W.. 1994. "Conflict on the commons: Natural resource entitlements, the public interest, and agricultural economics," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, v76n5 (Dec 1994): 997-1009. [The limits of economic decision making and good intentions, and the role of changing human values. Cites Sen’s discussion of Adam Smith]

Linden, Eugene. 1996. "The Exploding Cities of the Developing World," Foreign Affairs, v75n1 (Jan 1996): 52-65. [The rhythm of urban history as: the rise, collapse, and occasional rebirth of cities as disease, changes in trade and technology, and shifting political fortunes rewarded some cities and penalized others. Rhythm has been interrupted in the developing world, where urban populations almost always rise.]

Littell, Richard. 1992. Endangered and Other Protected Species: Federal Law and Regulation. Washington, DC: the Bureau of National Affairs.

Lomolino, M. V. 1994. "An Evaluation of Alternative Strategies forBuilding Networks of Nature Reserves," Biological Conservation, v69 (1994): 243-249.

Lowenthal, David. 1995. "The Forfeit of the Future," Futures, v27n4 (May 1995): 385(11).

Ludwig, Donald; Hilborn, Ray; Walters, Carl. 1993. "Uncertainty, Resource Exploitation, and Conservation: Lessons from History," Science, v260n5104 (Apr 2, 1993): 17, 36. [The overexploitation of natural resources is discussed. History shows a consistency in resource exploitation related to a number of political and scientific factors.]

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MacDonald, Lynn. 1996. "Global Problems Local Solutions," American Forests, v102n4 (Autumn 1996): 26-29+. [Use and value of urban forests.]

Mackay, Don & Liisa Toose. 2003. "Quantifying the Fate of Mercury in the Great Lakes Basin: Toward An Ecosystem Approach," Environmental Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 29 December 2003. [We argue that the need to reduce human exposure to mercury in the Great Lakes Basin and thus reduce the risk of adverse effects can be accomplished only by reducing the quantity of all mercury species cycling in the ecosystem. It is pointed out that much can be learned from experiences with PCBs. PCB concentrations and exposures have been reduced, in part, because a clear picture has been established of relative sources and PCB' s environmental fate in the form of mass balance models, which document the "big picture" of PCB behavior at a range of scales. It is suggested that a similar strategy is needed for mercury as part of the effort to protect human health throughout the entire Great Lakes ecosystem.]

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Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. the Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three Cities 1870-1914. Leicester, UK; New York: Leicester University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press [The construction of "slum" stereotypes.]

McCaull, John. 1994. "The Natural Community Conservation Planning Program and the Coastal Sage Scrub Ecosystem of Southern California," p281-292, in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

McClurg, Sue. 1993. "Biodiversity and the Endangered Species Act," Western Water, (Sept-Oct 1993): 3-11.

McCoy, E.D. & H.R. Mushinsky. 1994. "Effects of Fragmentation On the Richness of Vertebrates In the Florida Scrub Habitat," Ecology, v75n2, (Mar 1994): 446-457.

McDonnell, Mark J. & Steward T.A. Pickett, (eds.). 1993. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas. New York, NY; Springer-Verlag.

Mcguckin, C.P. & R.D. Brown. 1995. "A Landscape Ecological Model for Wildlife Enhancement of Stormwater Management-Practices in Urban Greenways," Landscape and Urban Planning, v33n1-3 (Oct 1995): 227-246. [A spatial distribution model has been developed to predict the pattern of stormwater catchment facilities in developing urban areas. the model has been validated through comparison of predicted results with historical data in Guelph, Canada, using nearest neighbour analysis. Simulations of various scenarios for incorporating stormwater catchment facilities into greenways have been tested with the model and the resultant land use patterns compared with the status quo, through measures of landscape ecological integrity such as connectivity and porosity. the results demonstrated that landscape integrity could be increased, urban wildlife habitat enhanced, and opportunities for residential non-consumptive wildlife recreation improved through integration of the evolving 'blue-green' open space provided by urban stormwater management facilities into existing greenways.] {Diversity; Patterns; Nearest Neighbour Analysis}

McHarg, Ian L. 1997. "Natural Factors in Planning," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v52n1 (Jan 1997): 13-17. [The tremendous increase in urban concentrations, combined with exponential population growth and the reduction of the agricultural component in society and economy, have produced asphalt people who know little of nature and care less. A list of baseline natural resource data necessary for ecological planning is presented.] {Natural resources; Resource management; Environmental protection}

McPherson, Guy R. & Stephen DeStefano. 2003. Applied Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Meadows, Donella H. 1997. "The Key to Population Is Poverty," Los Angeles Times (Sun, Oct 19, 1997): Opinion Section. [When we take care of people, population growth will take care of itself.]

Mearns, Robin. 1991. Environmental Implications of Structural Adjustment: Reflections on Scientific Method. (IDS discussion paper ; no. 284.) Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex.

Medley, Kimberley E. & Stewart T.A. Pickett & Mark J. McDonnell. 1995. "Forest-Landscape Structure Along An Urban-to-Rural Gradient," Professional Geographer, v47n2 (May 1995): 159-168. [A study of human activity and the forest-landscape structure in a belt along the New York-Connecticut border quantifies urban structures and processes and tests for relationships with forest distribution, size and shape.]

Meffe, Gary K. (ed.). 2002. Ecosystem Management: Adaptive, Community-Based Conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, c2002.

Meffe, Gary K., & C. Ronald Carroll. 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Melious, Jean O. & Robert D. Thornton. 1999. "Contractual Ecosystem Management Under the Endangered Species Act: Can Federal Agencies Make Enforceable Commitments?" Ecology Law Quarterly, v26n3 (August 1999):489. [As the term "command and control" implies, the enforcement of obligations relating to environmental and natural resource protection traditionally has been a one-way street. Agencies, on behalf of the state, command; the subjects of legislation, including citizens, landowners, corporations, and other governmental entities, obey. One of the most significant advances in environmental law over the last decade has been the transformation of the command and control model into a contractual model in which each actor, including private parties and environmental and resource agencies, takes on enforceable obligations.]

Meltz, Robert. 1993. the Endangered Species Act and Private Property: A Legal Primer. [Congressional Research Service: Report for Congress. 93-346 A] Washington, DC: Committee for the National Institute for the Environment.

Meredith, Thomas C. 1997. "Making Knowledge Powerful: Mexican Village Project Uses Environmental Information Technologies To Strengthen Community Voices In Biodiversity Conservation," Alternatives Journal, v23n4 (Fall 1997):28(8). [Community-based biodiversity programs can thrive provided environmental information, made easy through geographic information systems, is equitably shared for improved environmental management. Rural Mexican areas such as Chichinautzin recognize the importance of such.]

Metcalf; Kim Reagin & Phillip L. Williams & J. Robert Minter & Chris M. Hobson. 1995. "An Assessment of Corporate Environmental Programs and Their Performance Measurement Systems," Journal of Environmental Health, v58n2 (Sep 1995):9(9). [Leading American businesses are moving beyond basic compliance with environmental regulations and are now striving to make the management of environmental issues an integral part of their day-to-day business. As a result, environmental management systems are crucial and innovative companies are developing programs to measure environmental performance. A benchmark study was performed to gather environmental program management and environmental performance measurement information from 33 major companies in four industry sectors (utility, paper, consumer products, and chemical). Environmental performance and environmental management rating systems were developed to analyze trends within and between specific industries. the chemical industry was found to be superior to the other industries in management of environmental programs and in measuring environmental performance. the paper industry had the next highest rating with the consumer products and utility industries lowest in performance.]

Meyer, Judy L. 1994. "The Dance of Nature: New Concepts in Ecology," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 875-886. [Takes off from Odum’s "Great Ideas in Ecology" paper to argue implications of emerging developments from ecology for management, regulation, and legislation. Disequillibrium, open systems, etc.]

Meyer, Stephen M. & Bill Gifford. 1994. "The Final Act," New Republic, v211n7 (Aug 15, 1994): 24-29. [Supporting the ESA.]

Meyer, William B. 1995. "Past and Present: Land Use and Land Cover in the USA," Consequences v1n1 (Spring 1995): [http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/spring95/Land.html].

Michener, William K. & James W. Brunt & Susan G. Stafford (eds.). 1994. Environmental Information Management and Analysis: Ecosystem To Global Scales. London; Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Millar, Constance I. & Wallace B. Woolfenden. 1999. "The Role of Climate Change in Interpreting Historical Variability," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1207-1216. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Miller, Donald & Gert de Roo. 1996. "Integrated Environmental Zoning: An Innovative Dutch Approach to Measuring and Managing Environmental Spillovers in Urban Regions," Journal of the American Planning Association, v62n3 (Summer 1996): 373-380. [The Dutch development of Integrated Environmental Zoning is an advanced effort to account cumulatively for several environmental spillovers from manufacturing, and to manage their impacts on surrounding residential areas. This policy initiative involves is described.] {Environmental policy Environmental impact Zoning Environmental protection Manufacturing}

Mitlin, D. & D. Satterthwaite. 1996. "Sustainable Development and Cities," 23-61 in Cedric Pugh (ed.), Sustainability, the Environment and Urbanization. London: Earthscan:

Mitsch, William J. & Sven E. Jørgensen. 2003. "Ecological Engineering: A Field Whose Time Has Come," Ecological Engineering, v20n5 (October 2003): 363-377. [Ecological engineering is defined as "the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both." It involves the restoration of ecosystems that have been substantially disturbed by human activities such as environmental pollution or land disturbance; and the development of new sustainable ecosystems that have both human and ecological value. While there was some early discussion of ecological engineering in the 1960s, its development was spawned later by several factors, including loss of confidence in the view that all pollution problems can be solved through technological means and the realization that with technological means, pollutants are just being moved from one form to another. Conventional approaches require massive amounts of resources to solve these problems, and that in turn perpetuates carbon and nitrogen cycle problems, for example. the development of ecological engineering was given strong impetus in the last decade with a textbook, the journal Ecological Engineering and two professional ecological engineering societies. Five principles about ecological engineering are: (1) It is based on the self-designing capacity of ecosystems; (2) It can be the acid test of ecological theories; (3) It relies on system approaches; (4) It conserves non-renewable energy sources; and (5) It supports biological conservation. Ecology as a science is not routinely integrated into engineering curricula, even in environmental engineering programs, while shortcoming, ecologists, environmental scientists, and managers miss important training in their profession––problem solving. These two problems could be solved in the integrated field of ecological engineering.]

Moffatt, I. 1996. "An Evaluation af Environmental Space as the Basis for Sustainable Europe," International Journal of Sustainable Development andWorld Ecology, v3n4 (Dec, 1996): 49-69. [Environmental Space is being used by many groups throughout Europe as the basis for describing targets to make development in Europe sustainable. the concept is described together with the policy suggestions for a sustainable Europe emanating from the use of this method. the methodology of Environmental Space is then evaluated critically and its similarity with Ecological Footprints is noted. It is also noted that alternative calculations, using a materials balance approach, give a very different solution to some of the problems of making development sustainable, as addressed by the use of Environmental Space. This difference raises the questions of whether the approach is roughly right or not, and whether the policy prescriptions by using the Environmental Space method are misguided.]

Moore, Margaret M. & W Wallace Covington & Peter Z. Fule. 1999. "Reference Conditions and Ecological Restoration: A Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Perspective," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1266- [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Morgan M. Robertson. 2004. "The Neoliberalization of Ecosystem Services: Wetland Mitigation Banking and Problems In Environmental Governance," Geoforum, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 23 January 2004. [Wetland mitigation banking is an American neoliberal environmental policy that has created a functioning market in `ecosystem services', commodities defined using the holistic measures of ecological science. the development of this market is discussed as a project of environmental governance, defined as the nation-state's regulation of ecological relations within its territory towards stabilizing capitalist relations of power and accumulation. I argue that the wetland banking industry serves as a bellwether that presages problems that other strategies of neoliberal environmental governance will experience. Ethnographic, economic and ecological data from the Chicago-area wetland banking industry inform a discussion of two major obstacles to neoliberal strategy: The problem of relying on ecological science to define the unit of trade, and the problem of aligning the somewhat independent relations of law, politics, markets and ecosystems across an array of spatial scales. Theoretical guidance is sought from recent work on `social natures' and from the Regulationist approach to institutional political economics.]

Morrissey, Wayne A. 1995. Ecosystem Management Tools and Techniques: Proceedings of a CRS Workshop. Report for Congress, 94-430 SPR. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.

Mueller, Tara L. 1997. "Natural Community Conservation Planning: Preserving Species or Developer Interests? (Special Issue: Habitat Conservation Planning)," Endangered Species Update, v14n7-8 (Jul-Aug 1997): 26(3). [The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) pilot program in California is a field-test of whether endangered species protection can be delegated to state and local governments. While the Endangered Species Act aims to recover endangered species, the NCCP program seeks to allow the pursuit of economic development even as it protects such species. Failure of the program thus places the greatest risk on species whose extinction is imminent while unintentionally freeing from risks those responsible for impacts to these species.] {Conservation of natural resources - Analysis California - Environmental aspects}

Müller, Felix & Uta Steinhardt. 2003. "Landscape Modelling and Landscape Analysis," Ecological Modelling, v168n3 (15 October 2003): 215-216.

Muller, Frank. 1996. "Mitigating Climate Change: The Case for Energy Taxes," Environment, v38n2 (March 1996):12(17). [Energy taxes have gained attention as an environmental policy tool. This has been due to the growing awareness about the health and amenity costs of energy production and use. Energy taxes are being used by policymakers to solve the problem of climatic change.]

Munasinghe, Mohan & Walter Shearer (eds.). 1995. Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and the World Bank.

Murphy, Dennis D. 1992. "Scientists and Endangered Species Act Reauthorization. (Scientific Expertise to Evaluate Law On Endangered Species) (Opinion)," Endangered Species Update, v9n4 (Feb 1992): 10(1). [Request by Congress for report from NAS.]

Murphy, Dennis D. 1995. "An Overview of the National Academy of Sciences Report: Science and the Endangered Species Act," Endangered Species Update, v12n9 (Sep 1995): 8(3).

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1991. "Coping with Uncertainty In Wildlife Biology," the Journal of Wildlife Management, v55n4 (Oct 1991): 773(10).

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1992. "Integrating Scientific Methods with Habitat Conservation Planning: Reserve Design forNorthern Spotted Owls," Ecological Applications, v2n1 (Feb 1992): 3-17. [Statistical analyses of the number and sizes of habitat conservation areas (HCAs), their distribution, configuration and spacing, and the nature of the landscape matrix between HCAs.]

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1991. "Exorcising Ambiguity from the Endangered Species Act: Critical Habitat As An Example," Endangered Species Update v8n12 (1991): 6.

Murray, Alan T. 1998. "Ecosystem Management Or Infeasible Guidelines? Implications of adjacency restrictions for wildlife habitat and timber production," Canadian Journal of Forest Research  28.7 (1998): 1093-1094.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Murray, Tobie. 1997. "An Endangered Habitat Act To Help Landowners Protect Wildlife," (Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water), Ecology Law Quarterly, v24 n4 (Nov 1997): 689-693.

Myers, Wayne L. & Ronald L. Shelton. 1980. Survey Methods for Ecosystem Management. New York: Wiley.

Nelson, Arthur C. & James C. Nicholas & Lindell L. Marsh. 1992. "New-Fangled Impact Fees," Planning, ****(Oct 1992): 20-24.

Nelson, John. 1998. "Reply: Ecosystem Management Or Infeasible Guidelines? Implications of Adjacency Restrictions for Wildlife Habitat and Timber Production," Canadian Journal of Forest Research  28.7 (1998): 1096-1096.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/>

Nemecek, Sasha. 1999. "Green Is Good ('Safe Climate, Sound Business' initiative of the World Resources Institute)," Scientific American, v280n3 (Mar 1999): 39(2). [Environmental organization World Resources Institute has entered a partnership with BP Amoco, General Motors and Monsanto to promote the 'Safe Climate, Safe Business' initiative. the group was formed to become an example on how the business community can help in saving the environment.]

Newman, James R. 1998. "Ecological Inventories: A Controversial Database for Local Land Use Planning," Public Works, v129n12 (Nov. '98): 42-4. [The compilation of an ecological inventory, as mandated by the Florida Government Comprehensive Planning and Land Development Act, for Alachua County is reported. the inventory's findings and the controversy it aroused are explored.]

Nitecki, Matthew H. 1988. Evolutionary Progress. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Nixon, Will. 1995. "Can We Make Our Forests Last?" American Forests, v101n5-6 (May 1995): 14-15+. [no citations.]

Norton, Bryan G. 1997. "Evaluation and Ecosystem Management: New Directions Needed?" Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 185-

Noss, Reed F. 1994 (1992). "The Wildlands Project: Land Conservation Strategy," p233-266, in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Noss, Reed F. 1994. "Some Principles of Conservation Biology as They Apply to Environmental Law," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 893-909. [Principles for conservation and ecosystem management.]

Noss, Reed F. & Allen Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving Nature's Legacy: Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.

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Noss, Reed F. & Michael A. O'Connell, and Dennis D. Murphy. 1997. theScience of Conservation Planning: Habitat-based Conservation Under the Endangered Species Act. World Wildlife Fund and Island Press, Washington, DC.

Noss, Reed F. 1992. "The Wildlands Project: Land Conservation Strategy," pages 10-25 in D. Foreman, ed. Wild Earth, special issue. Canton, New York.

NRC. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem-solving. Washington, DC: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Applications of Ecological Theory to Environmental Planning.

NRC. 1995. Science and the Endangered Species Act. [Committee on Scientific Issues in the Endangered Species Act, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.] Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

NRC. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics andBoundaries. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press [Committee on Characterization of Wetlands, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council].

O’Connell, Michael A. 1992. "Response To: ‘Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn’t Work and What To Do About It,’" Conservation Biology, v6 (1992): 140-143. @

O’Connell, Michael A. & Stephen P. Johnson, 1997. "Improving Habitat Conservation Planning: The California Natural Community Conservation Model," Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n1-2 (Jan 1997): 1-3+. <http://www.umich.edu/~esupdate/library/97.01-02/oconnell.html> [A critical look at the limitations of Habitat Conservation Planning (HCP) for the conservation of biodiversity is offered. the California Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) program creates an explicit framework of policies that defines and enables key elements of ecosystem-based planning.] {Habitats Conservation Ecosystems Biological diversity}

O’Neill, R.V., D.L. DeAngelis, J.B. Waide & T.F.H. Allen. 1986. A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

O’Neill, Robert V. & C.T. Hunsaker & D. Jones & J.M. Klopatek & V.H. Dale & M.G. Turner & R.H. Gardner & R. Graham. 1995. "Sustainability at Landscape and Regional Scales," in Mohan Munasinghe & Walter Shearer (eds.), 1995, Defining and Measuring Sustainablity: The Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington, DC: The United Nations University (UNU) and the World Bank.

Odum, Eugene P. 1968. "Energy Flow in Ecosystems: A Historical Review," American Zoologist, v8n1 (Feb. 1968):11-18.

Odum, Eugene P. 1969. "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," Science, v164 (18 Apr. 1969):262-270).

Odum, Eugene P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. (3rd. ed.) Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.

Odum, Eugene P. 1992. "Great Ideas in Ecology for the 1990s," Bioscience, v42n7 (Jul 1992): 542-545.

Odum, Eugene P. 1997. Ecology: A Bridge Between Science and Society. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Odum, Howard T. 1988. "Self-Organization, Transformity, and Information," Science v242 (25 Nov.1988). p1132-1139.

Odum, Howard T. 1983 [1994]. Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology. Rev. ed. of: Systems ecology. Niwot, CO.: University Press of Colorado. {Ecology; Simulation methods; Biotic communities; Simulation methods; Bioenergetics; Simulation methods; Biological models; System theory; Systems ecology.}

Odum, Howard T. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons. {Ecology; Simulation methods; Biotic communities; Simulation methods; Bioenergetics; Simulation methods; Biological models}

Odum, Howard T. 1996. Environmental Accounting: Emergy and Environmental Decision Making. New York: Wiley. {Natural resources; Accounting; Environmental impact analysis.}

Odum, Howard T. & Eugene P. Odum. 1955. "Trophic Structure and Productivity of a Windward Coral Reef Community on Eniwetok Atoll," Ecological Monographs, v25n3 (Jul. 1955):291-320.

Odum, Howard T. & Richard C. Pinkerton. 1955. "Time’s Speed Regulator: The Optimum Efficiency for Maximum Power Output in Physical and Biological Systems," American Scientist, v43 (1955):37-49.

Odum, William E. 1982. "Environmental Degradation and the Tyranny of Small Decisions," BioScience v32n9 (Oct. 1982): p.728-729.

Odum, William E. & Eugene P. Odum & Howard T. Odum. 1995. "Nature’s Pulsing Paradigm," Estuaries, v18n4, (Dec, 1995): p547-555.

Oelschlaeger, Max. 1991. the Idea of Wilderness: from Prehistory to the Age of Ecology. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Oglethorpe, James (ed). 2002. Adaptive Management: fromTheory To Practice. Gland, Switzerland: Cambridge: IUCN, World Conservation Union. [Contents: Foreward / Stephen R. Edwards -- Tropenbos' experience with adaptive management in Cameroon / Guillaume Lescuyer -- GIS-assisted joint learning: a strategy in adaptive management of natural resources / Rhodora M. Gonzalez -- Culture and cosmovision: roots of farmers' natural resource management / Irene Dankelman -- Decision-making in local forest management : pluralism, equity, and consensus / Jon Anderson -- Plural perspectives and institutional dynamics : challenges for community forestry / Melissa Leach -- Participatory processes and conflict management in community forestry / Katherine Warner -- Adaptive management: potential and limitations for ecological governance of forests in a context of normative pluriformity / Janice Jiggins and Niels R*oling -- Adaptive management: a learning-approach to decision-making in forestry / K.R. Wiersum and R.J. de Hoogh -- Role of communities in adaptive management : a case from North America / Cecilia Danks -- Ruta Condor: an indigenous-led cooperative model for conserving culture, nature, and agrobiodiversity in the South American Andes / Alejandro Argumendo and Katy Mamen -- Appropriate social units of analysis in the CAMPFIRE programme in Zimbabwe / Bev Sithole and P.G.H. Frost -- Transboundary protected areas and adaptive management / Arun Agrawal -- Ecoregion scale conservation: planning, joint learning, and action / Gordon H. Orians -- thelandscape kaleidoscope: The conundrum of protected areas and adaptive management in the context of climate change / Peter Bridgewater.]

Ojima, D. S. & K.A. Galvin & B.L. Turner II. 1994. "The Global Impact of Land-Use Change," Bioscience, v44n5 (May 1994): 300-304. [Key research issues relative to rapid changes in land use and land cover that affect the global environment are discussed, including social-economic factors. It is difficult to predict how social-economical factors affecting land-use practices will be affected by changes in climate or atmospheric chemistry.] {Land use; Social conditions and trends; Economic conditions; Environment}

Olpadwala, Porus & William W. Goldsmith. 1992. "The Sustainability of Privilege: Reflections on the Environment, the Third World City, and Poverty. (Special Issue: Linking Environment to Development: Problems and Possibilities)," World Development, v20, n4 (April 1992): p627(14). [Urbanization, problems of the environment, and poverty have all grown dramatically over the past quarter century in many countries. We combine discussion of these three phenomena, using concepts of social class to make the connections. This approach stresses the human element over matters of inanimate technology or nature. By disaggregating society into competing groups it reveals environmental problems to be essentially those of people and social and political organization, not of nature and technology. We conclude that improvement of the environment in large cities of the Third World will require social change.]

Orians, G.H. 1993. "Endangered At What Level?" Ecological Applications v3 (1993): 206-208.

Osborn, Fairfield (ed.). 1962. Our Crowded Planet, Essays on the Pressures of Population. Sponsored by the Conservation Foundation. Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday.

Owen, C.R. & H.M. Jacobs. 1992. "Wetland Protection as Land-Use Planning: The Impact of Section-404 In Wisconsin, USA," Environmental Management, vol. 16, issue 3, (May-Jun, 1992) : pp. 345-353.

Palik, B.J. & K.S. Pregitzer. 1992. "A Comparison of Pre-settlement and Present-Day Forests on Two Bigtooth Aspen-Dominated Landscapes in Northern Lower Michigan," American Midland Naturalist, v127n2, (Apr 1992): 27-338.

Palmer, M.W. 1995. "How Should One Count Species," Natural Areas Journal, v15n2, (Apr. 1995): 124-135.

Palmer, M.W. & P.S. White. 1994. "Scale Dependence and the Species-Area Relationship," American Naturalist, v144n5, (Nov. 1994): 717-740.

Palmer, William D. ****. "Endangered Species Protection: A History of Congressional Action," Environmental Affairs, ****:255-293. @

Palumbo, A. V. & J. F. McCarthy & J. E. Amonette & L. S. Fisher & S. D. Wullschleger & W. Lee Daniels. 2004. "Prospects for Enhancing Carbon Sequestration and Reclamation of Degraded Lands with Fossil-Fuel Combustion By-Products," Advances in Environmental Research, v8n3-4 (March 2004): 425-438. [Concern for the potential global change consequences of increasing atmospheric CO2 has prompted interest in the development of mechanisms to reduce or stabilize atmospheric CO2. During the next several decades, a program focused on terrestrial sequestration processes could make a significant contribution to abating CO2 increases. the reclamation of degraded lands, such as mine-spoil sites, highway rights-of-way, and poorly managed lands, represents an opportunity to couple C sequestration with the use of fossil-fuel and energy by-products and other waste material, such as biosolids and organic wastes from human and animal sewage treatment facilities, to improve soil quality. Degraded lands are often characterized by acidic pH, low levels of key nutrients, poor soil structure, and limited moisture-retention capacity. Much is known about the methods to improve these soils, but the cost of implementation is often a limiting factor. However, the additional financial and environmental benefits of C sequestration may change the economics of land reclamation activities. the addition of energy-related by-products can address the adverse conditions of these degraded lands through a variety of mechanisms, such as enhancing plant growth and capturing of organic C in long-lived soil C pools. This review examines the use of fossil-fuel combustion by-products and organic amendments to enhance C sequestration and identifies the key gaps in information that still must be addressed before these methods can be implemented on an environmentally meaningful scale.]

Parker, DeAnne. 1997. "Natural Community Conservation Planning: California's Emerging Ecosystem Management Alternative," University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law, v6n1 (Fall 1997): 107-40]

Parlange, Mary. 1998. "The City As Ecosystem," BioScience, v48n8 (Aug. 1998): 581-5. [The National Science Foundation has chosen sites in Baltimore and Phoenix for long-term ecological research projects in an effort to understand how humans affect ecology. the proportion of the American population residing in cities is expected to rise to 80 percent by the year 2025, so urban ecology has emerged as a central concern given the huge capacity humanity has to alter its habitat. Due to the varied land use in cities, scientists will concentrate on collecting data from discrete patches of land and will attempt to integrate this data into an overall pattern. the analysis of this data will be performed by the Geographical Information System, and, as it will require immense computer power, it will probably be a few years before clear information emerges on the large-scale view of human influence. Researchers hope the data garnered will help to educate urban denizens about how to improve the ecological health of their cities.]

Parsons, David J. & Thomas W. Swetnam & Norman L. Christensen. 1999. "Uses and Limitations of Historical Variability Concepts in Managing Ecosystems," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1177-1178. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Pastor, John. 1995. "Ecosystem Management, Ecological Risk, and Public Policy," Bioscience  45.4 (1995): 286.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [At the Nov 14, 1994 Symposium on Ecosystem Management, 12 representatives from federal agencies, industries and universities spoke on the potential of ecosystems and ecological risk assessment.]

Pattee, Howard H. 1973. Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems. New York, NY: George Braziller.

Pavlikakis, Georgios E. & Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis. 2003. "A Quantitative Method for Accounting Human Opinion, Preferences and Perceptions In Ecosystem Management," Journal of Environmental Management  68.2 (2003): 193-205.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Ecosystem management (EM) is a holistic approach, in which public participation in decision-making, and incorporation of human preferences, needs and perceptions in management plans is a main element. the decision-making from human opinion method (DeMHO), presented here, can be used in EM in selecting the more suitable and socially acceptable management plan, in order to protect or restore an ecosystem. the method focuses on the quantification of the human opinion, preferences and perceptions, which are investigated after research on the local population of the ecosystem. the results of this research are the inputs of the method; multi-criteria decision-making procedures, such as the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the expected utility method (EUM) and compromise programming (CP) are used to assign the appropriate weights and rank according to their importance the interest groups, the issues to be studied, and the alternative management plans. the alternatives are also evaluated by assessing their sustainable character. the paper presents DeMHO and its application in the National Park of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace in Greece, after a research through a questionnaire on the local population.]

Peine, John D. (ed.). 1999. Ecosystem Management for Sustainability: Principles and Practices Illustrated By A Regional Biosphere Reserve Cooperative. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.

Peres, C.A. & J.W. Terborgh. 1995. "Amazonian Nature-Reserves: An Analysis of the Defensibility Status of Existing Conservation Units and Design Criteria for the Future," Conservation Biology, v9n1, (Feb. 1995): 34-46.

Pernetta, John et al. (eds.). 1995. theImpact of Climate Change On Ecosystems and Species: Terrestrial Ecosystems. Gland, Switzerland : IUCN, in collaboration with WWF, US-EPA, SIDA and RIVM. [Contents: Potential impacts of climate change on forest protection in the humid tropics: a case study of Costa Rica / P.N. Halpin and C.M. Secrett -- Modelling vegetation dynamics of miombo woodlands of Zambezian Africa under changing climatic conditions / P.V. Desanker and I.C. Prentice -- Australia's wet-dry tropics: identifying the sensitive zones / R.J. Williams, G.D. Cook, R.W. Braithwaite, A.N. Andersen and L.K. Corbett -- Possible vegetation shifts in Siberia under climatic change / N.M. Tchebakova, R.A. Monserud, R. Leemans and D.I. Nazimova-- thepotential advance of pests in natural ecosystems under climate change: implications for planning and management / R.W. Sutherst.]

Perry, David A. 1995. "Self-organizing Systems Across Scale," Trends in Ecology and Evolution, v10n6 (Jun 1995): p241-244.

Perry, David A. 1998. "The Scientific Basis of Forestry," Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v29 (Annual 1998): 435(32). [Many questions faced by forestry scientists are also faced by those concerned about basic ecology. Scientists have tried to develop ecosystem-based management approaches that maintain the complexity and function of a system. They often act in nontraditional roles at the biology/sociology/policy interface. In the US two approaches with very different goals and scientific priorities have emerged in forestry. In most industrial lands the emphasis is on greater productivity ofwood fiber. Federal forest management focuses on protecting diversity and water. Long-term sustainability are important for any owner, private or public. Productive genotype selection, fertilization, harvesting practices that compact soil, pest problems related to intensive forestry and the potential of loss of species with no commercial value are issues to be faced. Biology, soils and hydrology are emphasized, but other aspects of forestry are reviewed.]

Peterman, Randall M., William C. Clark & Crawford S. Holling. 1979. "The Dynamics of Resilience: Shifting Stability Domains in Fish and Incest Systems," in R.M.Anderson, B.D.Turner & L.R.Taylor, eds., 1979, Population Dynamics: The 20th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, London 1978. Oxford, UK; Blackwell Scientific Publishers.

Peterson, David L. & V. Thomas Parker (eds). 1998. Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications. New York: Columbia University Press, c1998. [Contents: Homage to St. Michael, or, why are there so many books on scale? / R.V. O'Neill and A.W. King -- Pattern, process, and the analysis of spatial scales / Robert H. Gardner -- thelandscape "level" is dead: persuading the family to take it off the respirator / T.F.H. Allen -- A hierarchical view of habitat and its relationship to species abundance / Jurek Kolasa and Nigel Waltho -- Paleoecological perspectives on ecological scale / Peter K. Schoonmaker -- Space and time in the soil landscape: The ill-defined ecological universe / R. David Hammer -- Ecosystem organization across a continuum of scales: a comparative analysis of lakes and rivers / Claudia Pahl-Wostl -- Historical contingency and multiple scales of dynamics within plant communities / V. Thomas Parker and Steward T.A. Pickett -- Spatial scaling and animal population dynamics / Brett J. Goodwin and Lenore Fahrig -- Time, space, and beyond: scale issues in food-web research / Neo D. Martinez and Jennifer A. Dunne -- Defining ecologically relevant change in the process of scaling up: implications for monitoring at the "landscape" level / G.A. Bradshaw -- Applied scaling theory / David C. Schneider -- Remote sensing applications in ecosystem analysis / John Vande Castle -- Field studies of large mobile organisms: scale, movement, and habitat utilization / S. Jonathan Stern -- Scaling and integration in trees / T.M. Hinckley ... [et al.] -- fromforest stands to landscapes: spatial scales and the roles of disturbances / Ken Lertzman and Joseph Fall -- Incorporating scale in ecological experiments: study design / Pierre Dutilleul -- Incorporating scale in ecological experiments: data analysis / Pierre Dutilleul -- Measuring environmental change / John L. Innes -- Managing ecological systems and processes / Richard J. Hobbs -- Relationships of scale to policy and decision making / Edward J. Rykiel Jr. -- Dimensions of scale in ecology, resource management, and society / David L. Peterson and V. Thomas Parker.]

Peterson, David L. & V. Thomas Parker (eds.). 1998. Ecological Scale : Theory andApplications. New York: Columbia University Press. [Homage to St. Michael, or, why are there so many books on scale? / R.V. O'Neill and A.W. King -- Pattern, process, and the analysis of spatial scales / Robert H. Gardner -- the landscape "level" is dead: persuading the family to take it off the respirator / T.F.H. Allen -- A hierarchical view of habitat and its relationship to species abundance / Jurek Kolasa and Nigel Waltho -- Paleoecological perspectives on ecological scale / Peter K. Schoonmaker -- Space and time in the soil landscape: The ill-defined ecological universe / R. David Hammer -- Ecosystem organization across a continuum of scales: a comparative analysis of lakes and rivers / Claudia Pahl-Wostl -- Historical contingency and multiple scales of dynamics within plant communities / V. Thomas Parker and Steward T.A. Pickett -- Spatial scaling and animal population dynamics / Brett J. Goodwin and Lenore Fahrig -- Time, space, and beyond: scale issues in food-web research / Neo D. Martinez and Jennifer A. Dunne -- Defining ecologically relevant change in the process of scaling up: implications for monitoring at the "landscape" level / G.A. Bradshaw -- Applied scaling theory / David C. Schneider -- Remote sensing applications in ecosystem analysis / John Vande Castle -- Field studies of large mobile organisms: scale, movement, and habitat utilization / S. Jonathan Stern -- Scaling and integration in trees / T.M. Hinckley ... [et al.] -- from forest stands to landscapes: spatial scales and the roles of disturbances / Ken Lertzman and Joseph Fall -- Incorporating scale in ecological experiments: study design / Pierre Dutilleul -- Incorporating scale in ecological experiments: data analysis / Pierre Dutilleul -- Measuring environmental change / John L. Innes -- Managing ecological systems and processes / Richard J. Hobbs -- Relationships of scale to policy and decision making / Edward J. Rykiel Jr. -- Dimensions of scale in ecology, resource management, and society / David L. Peterson and V. Thomas Parker.]

Peterson, G.D. & S.R. Carpenter & W.A. Brock. 2003. "Uncertainty and the Management of Multistate Ecosystems: An Apparently Rational Route To Collapse," Ecology  84.6 (2003): 1403-1411.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [We use a simple model of ecosystem management to demonstrate that apparently rational management approaches can lead to ecological collapse. Our model of the ecosystem management of lake eutrophication integrates lake dynamics, management decision-making, and learning in a framework that is deliberately simplified to highlight the role of model uncertainty, the simulated lake can switch between alternate eutrophic and oligotrophic states. Managers consider two management models of the lake, one for an oligotrophic lake and the other for a eutrophic lake. As managers observe the lake varying from year to year, they estimate how well each of the two management models is supported by the observed data. Management policies maximize the expected net present value of the lake. Even under optimistic assumptions about environmental variation, learning ability, and management control, conventional decision theory and optimal control approaches fail to stabilize ecological dynamics. Rather, these methods drive ecosystems into cycles of collapse and recovery. We suggest how scientists could help prevent ecosystem management from driving ecosystems toward collapse.]

Phillips, Adrian. 1997. "Protecting Nature's Wealth On A Crowded Continent," Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy, v12 (Summer '97): 103-7. [Europe holds the dubious distinction of having more threatened species than any other continent. Reversing that trend will require a group effort that transcends national borders. "Rather than responding to environmental problems in an isolated, uncoordinated fashion, the nations of Europe must work together to shape the environmental policies across the continent," says Adrian Phillips, chairperson of the World Commission on Protected Areas of the World Conservation Union and a planning professor at the University of Wales in the United Kingdom. Cooperation among the 15 member nations of the European Union has already fostered several key initiatives designed to conserve habitats, protect beleaguered species, forge a continent-wide ecological network, and provide an action plan for future conservation efforts. These initiatives share three principles. First, they recognize that individual European nations' efforts to conserve natural areas are of limited value unless they are supported by a continent-wide commitment. Second, all spring from the ecological principles articulated at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Third, all acknowledge that conservation depends on successful partnerships among the governmental, private, and non-governmental sectors," Phillips says. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.]

Pickett, S. T. A. & M. L. Cadenasso & J. M. Grove. "Resilient Cities: Meaning, Models, and Metaphor for Integrating the Ecological, Socio-Economic, and Planning Realms," Landscape and Urban Planning, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 29 December 2003. [Urban designers, ecologists, and social scientists have called for closer links among their disciplines. We examine a promising new tool for promoting this linkage––the metaphor of "cities of resilience." To put this tool to best use, we indicate how metaphor fits with other conceptual tools in science. We then present the two opposing definitions of resilience from ecology, and give reasons why one is more appropriate for linking with design. Additional specific tools and insights that are emerging from, or being increasingly used in, ecology can further support the linkage with urban design. These include recognizing the role of spatial heterogeneity in both ecological and social functioning of urban areas, the integrating power of watersheds, social and ecological patch dynamics of cities, the utility of spatial mosaic models to capture function, the use of an integrated "human ecosystem" modeling framework, and the consequent perspective of metropolitan areas as integrated ecological-social systems. Three additional tools are related to the adaptability of people and human institutions. First is the recognition of a "learning loop" in metropolitan ecosystems in which people respond to and affect ecological change, the use of urban design as experiments whose ecological and social outcomes can be measured, and finally the potency of a dialog between professionals and citizens, communities, and institutions, to support both research and design. the metaphor of resilience, and its technical specifications, draw these diverse strands for linking ecology and planning together.]

Pickett, Steward T.A. & John M. Thompson. 1978. "Patch Dynamics and the Design of Nature Reserves," Biological Conservation, v13n1 (Jan 1978):27-37

Pickett, Steward T.A. & M.J. McDonnell. 1989. "Changing Perspectives in Community Dynamics: A Theory of Successional Forces," the Journal of Evolutionary Ecology, v4n8 (Aug. 1989): 41-245.

Pickett, Steward T.A. & P.S. White (eds.). 1985. the Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Pickett, Steward T.A. & S.L. Collins & J.J. Armesto. 1987. "Models, Mechanism and Pathways of Succession," the Botanical Review, v53n3 (Jul.-Sep. 1987). p336-371.

Pickett, Stewart T.A. & J.N. Thompson. 1978. "Patch Dynamics and the Design of Nature Reserves," Biological Conservation, v13 (1978): 27-37.

Pike, Roberta. 1995. Habitat Conservation Plans, 1984-1994. Chicago, IL: Council of Planning Librarians: Distributed by the American Planning Association. [Bibliography.]

Pimentel, David & Laura Westra& Reed F. Noss (eds). 2000. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, c2000. [Contents: Introduction and outline of the integrity concept. Ecological integrity and the aims of the Global Integrity Project / Laura Westra ... [et al.]. Historical and philosophical foundations. Ecological integrity and the Darwinian paradigm / Alan Holland -- Ecosystem design in historical and philosophical context / Mark Sagoff -- Reconstructing ecology / Ernest Partridge -- Toward the measurement of ecological integrity / Robert E. Ulanowicz. Sustainability and integrity of natural resource systems. Environmental sustainability and integrity in the agriculture sector / Robert Goodland and David Pimentel -- Patch disturbance, ecofootprints, and biological integrity: revisiting the limits to growth (or why industrial society is inherently unsustainable) / William E. Rees -- Can Canadian approaches to sustainable forest management maintain ecological integrity? / Peter Miller and James W. Ehnes -- Pattern of forest integrity in the Eastern United States and Canada: measuring loss and recovery / Orie L. Loucks -- Maintaining the ecological integrity of landscapes and ecoregions / Reed Noss -- Health, integrity, and biological assessment: The importance of measuring whole things / James R. Karr -- Global change, fisheries, and the integrity of marine ecosystems: The future has already begun / Daniel Pauly. Human and societal health/. Global environmental change in the coming century: how sustainable are recent health gains? / A.J. McMichael -- Epidemiologic methods for assessing the health impact of diminishing ecological integrity / Colin L. Soskolne, Lee E. Sieswerda, and H. Morgan Scott -- Institutionalized environmental violence and human rights / Laura Westra. Economics and ethics of achieving global integrity. thecost of the wild : international equity and the losses from environmental conservation / Ted Schrecker -- A complex systems approach to urban ecosystem integrity: The benefit side / Philippe Crabb*e -- A biocentric defense of environmental integrity / James P. Sterba -- Commodity potential: an approach to understanding the ecological consequences of markets / Jack P. Manno -- thestate of the planet at the five-year review of Rio and the prospects for protecting worldwide ecological integrity / Donald A. Brown. Synthesis. Implementing global ecological integrity: a synthesis / Donald A. Brown ... [et al.].]

Pirot, Jean-Yves & Peter-John Meynell & Danny Elder (eds.). 2000. Ecosystem Management: Lessons fromAround theWorld : A Guide for Development and Conservation Practitioners. Gland, Switzerland; Cambridge: IUCN.

Plater, Zygmunt. 1997. "HCPs and the Embattled Social Utilities of the Endangered Species Act," Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n7-8 (Jul 1997): 15-17. [Habitat conservation plans (HCPs) have emerged as a focusing issue around which the question of how, if at all, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) should be changed. the forces and issues at play in the HCP debates are examined, based on lessons learned from the Tennessee snail darter case.] {Wildlife conservation Habitats Endangered and extinct species Public utilities Federal legislation}

Platt, Rutherford H.. 1995. "Sharing the Challenge: Floodplain Management into the 21st Century," Environment, v37n1 (Jan 1995): 25-28. [Summarizes the report of the Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee, following the 1993 Midwest floods, which challenges the assumption that wetlands can significantly mitigate flooding]

Pollack, Daniel. 2001. theFuture of Habitat Conservation?: theNCCP Experience In Southern California. Sacramento: California State Library, California Research Bureau.

Pollack, Daniel. 2001. theNatural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP): theOrigins of An Ambitious Experiment To Protect Ecosystems. Sacramento: California State Library, California Research Bureau.

Ponting, Clive. 1992. A Green History of the World: The Environment and the Collapse of Great Civilizations. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.

Porter, Douglas R. & David A. Salvesen. 1995. Collaborative Planning for Wetlands and Wildlife: Issues and Examples. /Washington, DC: Island Press.

Postel, Sandra L. & Gretchen C. Daily & Paul R. Ehrlich. 1996. "Human Appropriation of Renewable Fresh Water," Science, v271n5250 (Feb 9, 1996): 785-788. [Estimate how much of Earth's renewable fresh water is realistically accessible to humanity; what portion of this accessible supply humanity now uses directly, diverts into human-dominated systems, or appropriates; and by how much human access to fresh water is likely to expand over the next 30 years. Derive an indicator of Earth's carrying capacity, as well as a measure of the sustainability of current water trends.]

Powell, G. V. N. & R. Bjork. 1995. "Implications of Intratropical Migration on Reserve Design - A Case-Study Using Pharomachrus-Mocinno," Conservation Biology, v9n2 (Apr, 1995): p354-362. ["On the basis of these results, we propose that the three-step process proposed by Soule and Simberloff (1986) for estimating minimum sizes of reserves be amended to include a fourth step: The critical habitats used throughout the annual cycles of target or keystone species must be identified and adequately protected. Natural protected areas can be considered adequately designed only when sufficient area with a full complement of ecologically linked habitats is included."]

Prato, T. 1999. "Multiple Attribute Decision Analysis for Ecosystem Management," Ecological Economics, v30n2 (1999): 207-

Prato, Tony. 2003. "Multiple-attribute Evaluation of Ecosystem Management for the Missouri River System," Ecological Economics, v45n2 (June 2003): 297-309. [Multiple attribute evaluation is used to score and rank five management alternatives for the Missouri River system developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Alternatives are characterized by 10 attributes, namely flood control, hydropower, recreation, Missouri River navigation, water supply, fish and wildlife, interior drainage, groundwater, historic properties and Mississippi River navigation. Since preferences for the attributes are unknown, alternatives are compared using four hypothetical attribute-weighting schemes. Utility scores for the alternatives obtained using a linear additive utility function indicate that the modified conservation plan (MCP), which incorporates adaptive management, increased drought conservation measures, changes in Fort Peck dam releases and unbalanced levels in the upper three reservoirs, is preferred to the current water control plan (CWCP) with the neutral, pro-recreation/fish and wildlife, and pro-fish and wildlife weights. MCP ranked above the four Gavins Point (GP) alternatives except with the pro-fish and wildlife weights. CWCP is more preferred than the four GP options with the neutral and pro-agriculture weights and less preferred with the pro-recreation/fish and wildlife and pro-fish and wildlife weights. the GP option with the lowest reduction in summer flow and smallest spring rise (GPA) ranks above the GP option with the highest spring rise and greatest reduction in summer flow (GPB), a spring rise only (GPC) and a lower summer flow only (GPD).]

Prendergast, J.R. & R.M. Quinn & J.H. Lawton & B.C. Eversham & D.W. Gibbons. 1993. "Rare Species: The Coincidence of Diversity Hotspots and Conservation Strategies," Nature v365 (1993): 335-337.

Pugh, Cedric. 1995. "International Structural Adjustment and its Sectoral and Spatial Impacts," Urban Studies, v32n2 (Mar 1995): 261-285. [Relevance of structural economic adjustment to countries in transition from socialism to capitalism and to LDCs. Evalutes structural adjustment process, and argues the emergence of a dominant new political economy (NPE) as the basis for a new city-regional theory and practice of development, written as operating guidelines.]

Pyne, Stephen. 1982. Fire in America: A History of Wildland and Rural Fire. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Raedeke, Andrew H. & Charles H Nilon & J Sanford Rikoon. 2001. "Factors Affecting Landowner Participation In Ecosystem Management: A Case Study In South-central Missouri," Wildlife Society Bulletin  29.1 (2001): 195-206.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The use of ecosystem management is become increasingly widespread and often includes both public and private land. However, little is known about how landowners perceive or respond to calls for participation in ecosystem management programs.]

Rajeshwar, Krishnan. 1996. "Photochemical Strategies for Abating Environmental Pollution," Chemistry and Industry, n12 (June 17, 1996):454(5). [Photochemistry is currently shedding some light on the problem of pollution, and more specifically, on how to break down pollutants safely. Tackling these problems has traditionally been the role of techniques like incineration and adsorption. But these methods often simply transfer the pollutant from one phase to the other. Thus, permanent disposal is still a problem. There is, however, an alternative. Light can be used, under certain conditions, to encourage chemicals to break down the pollutants to harmless byproducts.]

Rammel, Christian & Jeroen C. J. M. van den Bergh. 2003. "Evolutionary Policies for Sustainable Development: Adaptive Flexibility and Risk Minimising," Ecological Economics, v47n2-3 (December 2003): 121-133. [An evolutionary perspective on policies to foster sustainable development is presented. It is argued that policies suggested by the traditional economic theory of environmental policy can stimulate unsustainable socio-economic structures and patterns. In addition, they are unable to remove undesired locked-in systems and technologies. Drawing on evolutionary thinking, characterised by diversity, selection, innovation, path-dependence and bounded rationality, an alternative, partly complementary theory of environmental policy is suggested. Specific attention is given to the role of strategies that are aimed at increasing diversity and adaptive flexibility, and at reducing risk.]

Ramos-Martin, Jesus. 2003. "Empiricism In Ecological Economics: A Perspective from Complex Systems Theory," Ecological Economics, v46n3 (October 2003): 387-398. [Economies are open complex adaptive systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and neo-classical environmental economics seems not to be the best way to describe the behaviour of such systems. Standard econometric analysis (i.e. time series) takes a deterministic and predictive approach, which encourages the search for predictive policy to `correct' environmental problems. Rather, it seems that, because of the characteristics of economic systems, an ex-post analysis is more appropriate, which describes the emergence of such systems' properties, and which sees policy as a social steering mechanism. with this background, some of the recent empirical work published in the field of ecological economics that follows the approach defended here is presented. Finally, the conclusion is reached that a predictive use of econometrics (i.e. time series analysis) in ecological economics should be limited to cases in which uncertainty decreases, which is not the normal situation when analysing the evolution of economic systems. However, that does not mean we should not use empirical analysis. On the contrary, this is to be encouraged, but from a structural and ex-post point of view.

Rantalainen, Minna-Liisa & Jari Haimi & Heikki Setälä. 2004. "Testing the Usefulness of Habitat Corridors In Mitigating the Negative Effects of Fragmentation: The Soil Faunal Community As A Model System," Applied Soil Ecology, v25n3 (March 2004): 267-274. [The corridor hypothesis predicts that habitat corridors should attenuate the negative effects of fragmentation on populations or communities by enhancing the dispersal of organisms between the habitat fragments (the `rescue effect'). In the present 12-month mesocosm experiment, this hypothesis was tested using the soil micro- and mesofaunal community in humus patches––either connected or unconnected with humus corridors to each other––as a model system. of particular interest was to explore whether faunal groups with differing life strategies (e.g. in trophic position and dispersal capacity) would differ in their responses to the corridors. the results showed that enchytraeid worms were the only faunal group affected by the corridors: population growth of the worms was promoted by the presence of the corridors. the lack of corridor effects on other soil fauna, such as microarthropods, is likely to be due to unexpected increases in the populations and species richness of this fauna in the humus patches, thus providing no grounds for the rescue effect to operate. the results of the experiment indicate that the faunal groups studied are not sensitive to fragmentation-induced changes in their landscape. It is suggested that the high heterogeneity and availability of resources (including space) even in a small volume of soil render the use of corridors by this soil fauna ineffective.]

Rapport, David (ed.). 1998. Ecosystem Health. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.

Rapport, David (ed.). 2003. Managing for Healthy Ecosystems. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, c2003. [Papers from an international congress held at the University of California, Davis, Aug. 1999.]

Reagan, Betty L. 1999. "Can You Justify Species-Specific Management If Your Wildlife Agency Has Mandated Ecosystem Management? " Wildlife Society Bulletin  27.2 (1999): 526.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Reagan contends that there are instances where species-specific wildlife management is justified rather than the ecosystem management method.]

Rebele, F. 1994. "Urban Ecology and Special Features of Urban Ecosystems," Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, v4n6 (Nov 1994): 173-187. [Deals with urban ecology as a biological science and applies some of the topics of general importance in ecology to the special conditions found in towns and cities. Argues that the proportion of successfully established introduced species is higher in cities than in rural or forest areas due to the high habitat diversity of urban and industrial areas. Since most urban communities are in a state of inequilibrium, theories of stability based on equilibrium are inadequate for urban ecosystems. the productivity of the 'ecosystem city' mainly depends on the area of unsealed open space and the successional stage of the plant communities of the various habitats.] {Diversity; Stability; Competition; Complexity; Insects; Trees; Soils}

Reddy, K.R. & P.M. Gale. 1994. "Wetland Processes and Water-Quality - A Symposium Overview," Journal of Environmental Quality, vv23n5, (Sep-Oct 1994): 875-877.

Rees, W.E. 1992. "EcologicaL Footprints and Appropriated Carrying Capacity," Environmental Urbanization, v4n2 (1992): 121-30.

Rees, William E. 1995. "Reducing Our Ecological Footprints," Siemens Review, v62n2 (Mar-Apr, 1995): 30-35. [Editorial]

Rees, William E. 1996. "Revisiting Carrying-Capacity: Area-Based Indicators of Sustainability," Population andEnvironment, v17n3 (Jan, 1996): 195-215. [Conventional wisdom suggests that because of technology and trade, human carrying capacity is infinitely expandable and therefore virtually irrelevant to demography and development planning. By contrast, this article argues that ecological carrying capacity remains the fundamental basis for demographic accounting. A fundamental question for ecological economics is whether remaining stocks of natural capital are adequate to sustain the anticipated load of the human economy into the next century. Since mainstream (neoclassical) models are blind to ecological structure and function, they cannot even properly address this question. the present article therefore assesses the capital stocks, physical flows, and corresponding ecosystems areas required to support the economy using "ecological footprint" analysis. This approach shows that most so-called "advanced" countries are running massive unaccounted ecological deficits with the rest of the planet. Since not all countries can be net importers of carrying capacity, the material standards of the wealthy cannot be extended sustainably to even the present world population using prevailing technology. in this light, sustainability may well depend on such measures as greater emphasis on equity in international relationships, significant adjustments to prevailing terms of trade, increasing regional self-reliance, and policies to stimulate a massive increase in the material and energy efficiency of economic activity.]

Reichhardt, Tony. 1997. "Biologists Sound Warning On Species Conservation," Nature, v386n6625 (Apr 10, 1997): 530. [A group of conservation biologists is warning the EPA against making the Endangered Species Act more friendly toward landowners. Landowners have been able to develop land in protected ares provided they include Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP), but biologists fear HCPs have been developed without proper guidence.] {Endangered and extinct species Landowners Regulation}

Repetto, Robert (1992). "Accounting for Environmental Assets," Scientific American, (Jun. 1992): 94-100.

Rhodes, O.E. & R.K. Chesser. 1994. "Genetic Concepts forHabitat Conservation: The Transfer andMaintenance of Genetic-Variation," Landscape andUrban Planning, v28n1 (Feb 1994): 55-62. [The genetic consequences of changes in the ecology of species complexes. the concept of effective population size and the maintenance of biologically diverse landscapes.]

Richardson, C.J. 1994. "Ecological Functions and Human-Values in Wetlands," Wetlands, v14n1 (Mar, 1994): 1-9.

Risser, Paul G. 1999. "Examining Relationships Between Ecosystem Function andBiodiversity: reply to Goldstein.(Response to article by Paul Z. Goldstein in this issue, p. 247," Conservation Biology, v13n2 (Apr 1999): 438(2). [Wildlife conservation efforts can be enhanced through policies based on models that incorporate ecosystem functioning. By concentrating on the dominating processes that structure and govern ecosystems, conservationists can direct management effectively. Ecosystem functioning provides an overall assessment of a given environment and its organisms, as well as specific interrelationships.]

Rittel, Horst W.J. & Melvin M. Weber. 1973. "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning," Policy Sciences, v4n2 (June 1973):155-169.

Robertson, David P. & R. Bruce Hull. 2003. "Public Ecology: An Environmental Science and Policy for Global Society," Environmental Science & Policy, v6n5 (October 2003): 399-410. [Public ecology exists at the interface of science and policy. Public ecology is an approach to environmental inquiry and decision making that does not expect scientific knowledge to be perfect or complete. Rather, public ecology requires that science be produced in collaboration with a wide variety of stakeholders in order to construct a body of knowledge that will reflect the pluralist and pragmatic context of its use (decision context), while continuing to maintain the rigor and accountability that earns scientific knowledge its privileged status in contemporary society. As such, public ecology entails both process and content. the process is that of a post-modern scientific method: a process that values the participation of extended peer communities composed of a diversity of research specialists, professional policy-makers, concerned citizens and a variety of other stakeholders. the content of public ecology is a biocultural knowledge of dynamic human ecosystems that directly relates to and results from the participatory, democratic processes that distinguish public ecology as a citizen science. the primary goal of public ecology is to build common ground among competing beliefs and values for the environment. the purpose of this paper is to help unify and establish public ecology as a distinctive approach to environmental science and policy in global society.]

Robinson, Ann. 1995. "Small and Seasonal Does Not Mean Insignificant: Why It's Worth Standing Up forTiny and Temporary Wetlands," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v50n6 (Nov 1995): 586-590.

Rodgers, William H., Jr. 1994. "Adaptation of Environmental Law to the Ecologists’ Discovery of Disequilibria," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 887-891. [Responding to J.L. Meyer’s article in same issue. How the "new" ecology has undermined the legal superstructure built on a different conception of reality.]

Rodiek, J. & G. Delgiudice. 1994. "Wildlife Habitat Conservation: Its Relationship To Biological Diversity andLandscape Sustainability (A National Symposium)," Landscape andUrban Planning, v28n1 (Feb,1994): 1-3.

Rodriguez, Daniel B. 1997. "The Role of Legal Innovation In Ecosystem Management: Perspectives from American Local Government Law," Ecology Law Quarterly, v24n4 (Nov 1997):745-769. [(Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water) Argues the role of American local governments in pursuing ecosystem strategies. Claims this role is somewhat counter-intuitive when viewed alongside the other inter-jurisdictional strategies described by the other essayists in this special volume.]

Roe, Emery. 2001. "Varieties of Issue Incompleteness and Coordination: An Example from Ecosystem Management," Policy Sciences  34.2 (2001): 111-133.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The paper discusses the most under-researched feature of policy analysis, issue incompleteness. A framework is presented from ecosystem management. Implications are drawn for important topics in public policy, especially interorganizational coordination.]

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Rohlf, D.J. 1991. "Six Biological Reasons Why the Endangered Species Act Doesn’t Work--and What To Do About It," Conservation Biology v5 (1991): 273-282. @

Rosemond, A. D. & C. B. Anderson. 2003. "Engineering Role Models: Do Non-Human Species Have the Answers?" Ecological Engineering, v20n5 (October 2003): 379-387. [A shift from traditional engineering approaches to ecologically-based techniques will require changing societal values regarding `how and what' is defined as engineering and design. Non-human species offer many ecological engineering examples that are often beneficial to ecosystem function and other biota. forexample, organisms known as `ecosystem engineers' build, modify, and destroy habitat in their quest for food and survival. Similarly, `keystone species' have greater impacts on community or ecosystem function than would be predicted from their abundance. the capacity of these types of organisms to affect ecosystems is great. They exert controlling influences over ecosystems and communities by altering resource allocation, creating habitats and modifying relative competitive advantages. Species' effects in ecosystems, although context-dependent, can be evaluated as `beneficial' or `detrimental'. the evaluation depends on whether effects on other species or ecosystem function are more or less desirable from a given perspective. Organisms with beneficial impacts facilitate the presence of other species, employ efficient nutrient cycling, and are sometimes characterized by specific mutualisms. In contrast, many cases of detrimental engineering are found from introduced (i.e., exotic) species and are characterized by a loss of species richness, a lack of nutrient retention and the degradation of ecosystem integrity. Species' impacts on ecosystems and community traits have been quantified in ecological studies and can be used similarly to understand, design and model human engineering structures and impacts on the landscape. Emulation of species with beneficial impacts on ecosystems can provide powerful guidance to the goals of ecological engineering. Using role model organisms that have desirable effects on species diversity and ecosystem function will be important in developing alternatives to traditional engineering practices.]

Rosenberg, J. 1997. "Ecological Footprint," Science, v275n5303 (Feb 21, 1997): 1052-1053.

Ruhl, J B. 1999. "The (Political) Science of Watershed Management in the Ecosystem Age," Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v35n3 (1999): 519-

Ruhl, J.B. 1995. ""Greenlining" as Ecosystem Management: Panacea or Pandora's Box?" Natural Resources & Environment, v11n1 (Summer 1996): 53-

Runge, Carlisle F. (1984). "The Fallacy of ‘Privatization’," Journal of Contemporary Studies, v71 (1984): 3-17.

Runnels, Curtis N. 1995. "Environmental Degradation in Ancient Greece," Scientific American v272n3 (Mar 1995): 96-99.

Russett, Cynthia Eagle. 1966. the Concept of Equilibrium in American Social Thought. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

Rykiel, Ed. 1997. "Ecosystem Science for the Twenty-First Century," BioScience, v47 (Nov. '97): 705-7. [Eight representatives from government, industry, and the private sector were invited by the Association of Ecosystem Research Centers to examine the directions that ecosystem science should take in the next century. the presentations ranged from the relevance of ecosystem science for public and private sector decision making to the creation of a report card on the current state of ecological health in the United States. Although the participants did not try to predict the future of ecosystem science, several of them identified the need to better explain to nonscientists the role of ecosystem science in environmental problem solving.]

Sage, R.F. 1995. "Was Low Atmospheric CO2 During the Pleistocene A Limiting Factor for the Origin of Agriculture?" Global Change Biology, v1n2, (Apr 1995): 93-106.

Sagoff, M. 1987. "Where Ickes Went Right: Or Reason andRationality In Environmental Law," Ecology Law Quarterly, v14 (1987): 265-323.

Salwasser, Hal. 1996. "The Role of Leadership in an Ecosystem Approach to Fire Management," Fire Management Notes, v56n3 (1996): 9-

Sample, V. Alaric. 1995. "Partnerships for Ecosystem Management on Mixed Ownership Landscapes," Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, n60 (1995): 415-

Samson, Fred B. & Fritz L Knopf (eds.). 19**. Ecosystem Management: Selected Readings. New York: Springer-Verlag. [Ecosystem management and sustainability are the buzz-words in Washington these days, as Americans try to find a comfortable grip on the increasing environmental degradation that surrounds them. This volume is a collection of 33 papers, previously published in a variety of scientific journals, that address aspects of ecosystem management related to the preservation of species in natural habitats. Papers from Conservation Biology dominate (9), followed by BioScience (5), Oikos and Ecological Applications (4 each); most of these originally appeared from 1992 through 1994. Although the entire contents are easily found among the journal holdings of most libraries, this anthology provides a nice collection of papers for classroom or seminar use. Despite its price, it is probably an economical way to provide these papers to students, taking account of modern copyright laws. the papers focus on issues of biodiversity, and are arranged in four sections: understanding diversity, restoration of ecological processes, biotic integrity, and ecological sustainability. Although little attention is paid directly to how increasing human population is linked to losses of habitat and biotic impoverishment worldwide, a seminal paper by Sisk et: al., originally published in BioScience in 1994, provides a means of identifying those regions of the world where human population pressures are most likely to cause a loss of species. Daily and Ehrlich also address the issue of carrying capacity, with respect to humans and the other species that share our planet. of course, ecosystem management is far more than diversity management, and it is unfortunate that the book does not include chapters that discuss the preservation of "ecosystem function"--the "services" that ecosystems provide to maintain steady-state levels of global properties. As the human population increases, the loss of other species is inevitable. Just how much impoverishment is tolerable is a critical question--not just for us but for the preservation of all life on the planet. WILLIAM H SCHLESINGER, Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Quarterly Review of Biology, v72n1 (Mar 1997): 99(2).]

Samson, Fred B. & Fritz L. Knopf. 1996. "Putting "Ecosystem" Into Natural Resource Management," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v51n4 (Jul 1996): 288-292.

Sankovskii, Alexei. 1992. "Toward Evaluation of Natural Objects," Environmental Management, v16n3 (May/Jun 1992): 283-287. [Review article.]

Satterthwaite, David. 1996. "Revisiting Urban Habitats. (‘The Human Face of the Urban Environment: Proceedings of the Second Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development’ report)," Environment, v38, n9 (Nov 1996): p25(4). [Interest on urban environmental issues has been growing following Habitat II, the second UN Conference on Human Settlements held in June 1996. A report examines urban infrastructure in developing countries and details efforts to build sustainable economies. Disagreements by analysts are included.]

Saunders, D. A., R. J. Hobbs, and C. R. Margules. 1991. "Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review," Conservation Biology, v5 (1991): 18-32.

Sax, J.L. 1993. "Nature and Habitat Conservation and Protection In the United-States," Ecology Law Quarterly, v20n1 (1993): 47-56. [Review. Describes "takings" prohibition on species and critical habitat as a "sleeper" provision of the ESA.] @

Sax, Joseph. 1997. "The Ecosystem Approach: New Departures for Land and Water, Closing Remarks," (Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water), Ecology Law Quarterly, v24n4 (Nov 1997): 883-886.

Schama, Simon. 1995. Landscape and Memory. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

Scheiber, Harry N. "From Science to Law to Politics: An Historical View of the Ecosystem Approach In Resource Management," (Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water), Ecology Law Quarterly, v24n4 (Nov 1997): 631-651.

Schemske, D. W. & B. C. Husband & M. H. Ruckelshaus & C. Goodwillie & I. M. Parker & J. G. Bishop. 1994. "Evaluating Approaches To the Conservation of Rare and Endangered Plants," Ecology 75: 584-606.

Schilling, Melissa A. & Martin Schulz. 1998. "Improving the Organization of the Environmental Management: Ecosystem Management, External Interdependencies, and Agency Structures," Public Productivity & Management Review  21.3 (1998): 293-308.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Many environmental oriented state agencies have adopted the mission or ecosystem management. However, existing agency structures have proven to be poorly suited to managing the interdependent components of ecosystems, resulting in interagency conflicts, slow responses, and poor coordination across elements of the ecosystem. Organization design theories are extended to incorporate the idea of external interdependencies. from these ideas, structural implications are derived for environmental agencies. the case of Washington State is used to illustrate how more effective structures could be implemented by state agencies.]

Schonewald-Cox, Christine M. 1988. "Boundaries in the Protection of Nature Reserves," BioScience, v38n7 (Jul/Aug 1988): 480-486.

Schonewald-Cox, Christine M. & J.W. Bayless. 1986. "The Boundary Model: A Geographical Analysis of Design and Conservation of Nature Reserves," Biological Conservation, v38 (1986): 305-322.

Schumaker, Nathan H. 1996. "Using Landscape Indices To Predict Habitat Connectivity," Ecology, v77n4 (Jun 1996): 1210-1225.

Scodari, Paul. 1996 (?). Measuring the Benefits of Federal Wetland Programs. Washington, DC: Environmental Law Institute.

Scott, J.M., et al. 1993. "Gap Analysis - A Geographic Approach To Protection of Biological Diversity," Wildlife Monographs, n123 (Jan. 1993): p1-41. ["Here, we describe a methodology called Gap Analysis, which identifies the gaps in representation of biological diversity (biodiversity) in areas managed exclusively or primarily for the long-term maintenance of populations of native species and natural ecosystems (hereinafter referred to as biodiversity management areas). Once identified, gaps are filled through new reserve acquisitions or designations, or through changes in management practices. the goal is to ensure that all ecosystems and areas rich in species diversity are represented adequately in biodiversity management areas. We believe this proactive strategy will eliminate the need to list many species as threatened or endangered in the future."]

Seely, Brad & J P. Kimmins & Clive Welham & Kim Scoullar. 1999. "Ecosystem Management - Management Models: - Defining Stand-Level Sustainability, Exploring Stand-Level Stewardship," Journal of Forestry, v97n6 (1999): 4. [Decision support systems have the potential to make the goal of sustainability more attainable and defensible for professional foresters. the FORECAST software simulates stand-level management alternatives and their effects on both social values and biophysical indicators.]

Sen, Amartya. 1994. "Population: Delusion and Reality," New York Review of Books, v41n15 (Sep 22, 1994): 62-71. [Uses the then upcoming International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt, to focus attention on the problems of migration, income, food supply, poverty and women's rights. Good stuff.] {Population; Conferences; Migration; Income; Economic development; Food supply}

Serageldin, Ismail & Andrew Steer (eds.). 1994. Valuing the Environment: Proceedings of the First Annual International Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development held at the World Bank, Washington, D.C., September 30-October 1, 1993. (Environmentally Sustainable Development Proceedings Series ; No. 2.) Washington, D.C. : World Bank.

Serageldin, Ismail & Joan Martin-Brown, (eds.). 1999. Partnerships for Global Ecosystem Management: Science, Economics, and Law. (Proceedings andReference Readings from the Fifth Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, held at the World Bank and George Washington University, Washington, D.C., October 6-7, 1997). Washington, DC: World Bank. {Ecosystem management. Ecosystem management -- International cooperation. Sustainable development. Environmental law.}

Serageldin, Ismail & Michael A. Cohen & K.C. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.). 1995. the Human Face of the Urban Environment: A Report to the Development Community on the Second Annual Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development sponsored by the World Bank and held at the National Academy of Sciences and the World Bank, Washington, D.C., September 19-23, 1994. (Environmentally sustainable development proceedings series ; no. 5.) Washington, DC: World Bank.

Serageldin, Ismail (ed.). 1998. Organizing Knowledge for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development. Proceedings of a concurrent meeting of the fifth annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, partnerships for global ecosystem management, science, economics and law: cosponsored by UNESCO and the World Bank and held at the World Bank, Washington, D.C., October 9-10, 1997. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Sexton, William T. & Charles W. Dull & Robert C. Szaro. 1997. "Implementing Ecosystem Management: A Framework for Remotely Sensed Information At Multiple Scales," Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 173-

Sexton, William T. & Robert C. Szaro. 1997. "Implementing Ecosystem Management: Using Multiple Boundaries for Organizing Information," Landscape and Urban Planning, v40n1 (1997): 167-

Shafer, Craig L. 1990. Nature Reserves: Island Theory and Conservation Practice. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Shafer, Craig L. 1995. "Values and Shortcomings of Small Reserves," Bioscience, v45n2 (Feb 1995): 80-88.

Shafer, Craig L.. 2004. "A Geography of Hope: Pursuing the Voluntary Preservation of America's Natural Heritage," Landscape and Urban Planning, v66n3 (30 January 2004): 127-171. [Established by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall in March 1962, the National Natural Landmarks (NNL) Program, administered by the National Park Service (NPS), was designed to encourage the voluntary preservation of nationally significant examples of various ecological and geological features in the United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Pacific Island Trust Territories. Today there are 587 designated NNLs on lands of every ownership category. Implementation of the NNL Program, a means to provide recognition to outstanding sites, and the National Park System Plan, a method to identify gaps in park ecological and geological representation, proceeded together. After Interior Secretary Walter Hickel promulgated the June 1969 policy of identifying gaps in National Park System representation and recommending sites to fill them, a plan illustrating such gaps was published in 1972. In addition, the 1968–1986 natural area inventories were the tool to identify both potential NNLs and sites warranting future examination as potential new units of the National Park System. Information on more than 3000 potential NNL sites was compiled. Landowners who participate in the NNL Program may recognize that private land ownership entails both freedoms and responsibilities, concepts which were part of Aldo Leopold's 1949 land ethic. the NNL Program suffered a setback beginning in 1989 when it was perceived as a threat by some private landowner rights organizations and that account is found in Addendum. Examples of NNL Program conservation success stories are highlighted. But to provide a quantum increase in the NNL Program's conservation effectiveness, private landowners should be offered substantial economic incentives for protecting their property's natural values. Some existing and potential economic options are mentioned. Such incentives should allow more NNL landowners to voluntarily protect these small pieces of America's once vast natural heritage. This result will benefit all American citizens.]

Sher, Victor M. 1991. "Environmental Law At Risk," National Law Journal, v13n25 (Feb 25, 1991): 13-14 . [Problem of "riders’ on spending bills.]

Shields, Deborah J. & Boleslaw Tolwinski & Brian M. Kent. 1999. "Models for Conflict Resolution in Ecosystem Management," Socio-economic Planning Sciences, v33n1 (1999): 61-

Shilling, Fraser. 1997. "Do Habitat Conservation Plans Protect Endangered Species?" Science, v276n5319 (13 June 1997): 1662-1663. [Making recovery a primary goal in HCPs.]

Shogren, Jason F. 1997. "Economics and the Endangered Species Act," Endangered Species Update, v13n1-2 (1997):??

Sholto Maud & Dino Cevolatti. 2004. "Realising the Enlightenment: H.T. Odum's Energy Systems Language qua G.W.v Leibniz's Characteristica Universalis," Ecological Modelling, In Press, Corrected Proof, Accessed online 2 February 2004. [Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646–1716) is usually regarded as one of the world's greatest philosophers. If our thesis is right––that the Energy Systems Language is a Characteristica Universalis––the late Howard Thomas Odum (1924–2001) shares in this title. Moreover the work of H.T. Odum and colleagues can be considered a progression of natural science, creatively realising what contemporary German philosopher J. Habermas calls the project of the Enlightenment. As a consequence, H.T. Odum's work is worthy of far greater historical profundity and philosophical respect than many may have previously imagined.]

Silver, Dan. 1997. "Natural Community Conservation Planning: 1997 Interim Report (Special Issue: Habitat Conservation Planning)," Endangered Species Update, v14n7-8 (Jul-Aug 1997): 22(4). [California's Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 aims to resolve conflicts that may arise between economic development projects and endangered species. This involves the protection of a multiple mix of species on a particular habitat while development is undertaken outside the habitat. the NCCP experience has so far shown that listings of endangered species, as well as public participation are crucial in habitat conservation planning. However, the program is still limited by local land-use factors and the lack of funding for land acquisition.] {Conservation of natural resources - California Endangered species - Protection - Environmental policy}

Simberloff, D., and J. Cox. 1987. Consequences and Costs of Conservation Corridors," Conservation Biology v1 (1987): 63-71.

Slater, Dashka. 1993. "Pact with Developers? An Agreement to Protect Habitat Made On a Wing and a Prayer (Natural Communities Conservation Planning program)," Sierra, v78, n4 (July-August 1993): p53(3). [The NCCP program is being used in California to identify coastal sage areas needed to save the California gnatcatcher and land available for development. the environmental problems with this approach are discussed.] {Gnatcatchers - Protection; Real estate development - Environmental aspects; Biotic communities; Endangered species; California - Environmental policy}

Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993. "Environmental Planning, Ecosystem Science, and Ecosystem Approaches for Integrating Environment and Development," Environmental Management, v17n3 (1993). p289-303.

Slocombe, C. Scott. 1993b. "Implementing Ecosystem-based Management: Development of Theory, Practice, and Research for Planning and Managing a Region," BioScience, v43n9 (Oct 1993). p612-622.

Smith, Daniel S. & Paul Cawood Hellmund. 1993. Ecology of Greenways: Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c1993.

Smith, Joyotee & Grahame Applegate. 2004. "Could Payments for Forest Carbon Contribute To Improved Tropical Forest Management?" Forest Policy and Economics, v6n2 (March 2004): 153-167. [Under the Kyoto Protocol industrialized countries will be able to meet carbon emission reduction commitments by financing forestry projects that sequester carbon in developing countries. While this mechanism would compensate for missing markets in forest environmental services, it could also enable industrialized countries to avoid reducing energy use. This paper assesses whether such projects could contribute to improved logging practices in the tropics. Results from studies primarily in Asia and Latin America are analyzed in the context of the modalities of the Kyoto Protocol. Results show that the opportunity cost of shifting from conventional logging to improved practices may have been underestimated. At the same time the long-term carbon and biodiversity benefits of improved forest management may have been underestimated. These results follow primarily from the fact that most previous studies assume that a permanent forest estate is maintained under conventional logging and that cutting cycles are as long as 30–60 years. A more realistic scenario, however, consists of repeated harvesting at short intervals during the first few decades, resulting in the degradation of the forest into shrub and grassland. the implications of these results are that forest management projects may be less cost-effective than previously assumed. Therefore, expectations about their potential contribution to improved management should be scaled down. At the same time, the extent to which such projects will enable industrialized countries to avoid reducing industrial pollution is also unlikely to be significant. Cost-effectiveness is likely to be highest where timber volumes in the first few decades after initial logging are comparable under conventional and improved logging. This is likely where topography is relatively flat, biodiversity values are low, wastage of felled timber is high and the policy environment is favorable. A number of proactive measures are suggested to expand the niche for forest management carbon projects. These measures are justified because the incremental carbon and biodiversity benefits in the long run may be higher than previous studies have indicated.]

Smith, Patrick D. & Maureen H. McDonough & Michael T. Mang. 1999. "Ecosystem Management and Public Participation: Lessons from the Field," Journal of Forestry, v97n10 (1999): 32. [Although ecosystem management has opened the door for greater public participation, a study of professional and public perceptions highlights remaining barriers.]

Smith, Robert Leo (comp.). 1976. the Ecology of Man: An Ecosystem Approach. 2d ed. New York: Harper & Row.

Snape, William J., III. 1994. "Biodiversity and the Law: An Introduction," Tulane Environmental Law Journal, v8n1 (Winter 1994): 5-19. [Special Issue: Biodiversity Symposium. Various articles looking at public trust doctrine, ESA, NEPA, marine law, trade law, the constitution, etc. as a basis for biodiversity conservation.] @

Snyder, Doug. 1992. "The Golden State's New Preservation Program. (Golden State, California)," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, v47n6 (Nov-Dec 1992): 434(4). [The Irvine Company Open Space Reserve Stewardship Plan is a unique two-year management agreement between the Irvine Company and the Nature Conservancy wherein 17,000 acres of canyons, coastal lands and woodland are administered under a preservation program. Such preserva tion program shields the habitat of various animals such as cactus wrens, San Diego horned-lizards and California gnatcatchers from the negative effects of burgeoning urbanization and development. It is hoped that this unique management agreement will serve as a model for other entities to follow.] {Environmental protection - Management - California - Environmental policy}

Soberon, J. M. 1992. "Island Biogeography and Conservation Practice," Conservation Biology, v6 (1992): 161.

Soderbaum, Bettina. 1996. "Revaluing Wetlands," OECD Observer, n198 (Feb 1996): 47-50. [International perspective, development agency and country govt. oriented, some estimates]

Solecki, W.D. & J.M. Welch. 1995. "Urban Parks: Green Spaces Or Green Walls," Landscape and Urban Planning, v32n2 (Jun 1995): 93-106. [Parks as an urban landscape feature serve as providers of passive and active recreation, environmental benefits, and wildlife habitat, and also as boundary landscapes separating neighborhoods of distinct socioeconomic characteristics. When an urban park functions as a boundary, it impoverishes neighborhoods because it often leads to less use of the open space resource, which then can become a derelict landscape. Four parks in Boston's neighborhoods of Roxbury and North Dorchester served as study sites to evaluate the hypothesis that parks located between socioeconomically distinct neighborhoods function as boundary landscapes. the characteristics examined include species diversity, size class diversity, and percent in good condition. the results show that while white and non-white populations were distinct, the spatial clustering of the populations were random. All four of the study-site parks manifest some characteristics of boundary parks, but two parks were below average for all three measures of urban forest structure condition.]

Soule, Michael E. 1980. "Thresholds for Survival: Maintaining Fitness and Evolutionary Potential," in M.E. Soule & B.A. Wilcox (eds.), Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary Ecological Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Soule, Michael E. 1991. "Land Use Planning and Wildlife Maintenance: Guidelines for Conserving Wildlife in an Urban Landscape," Journal of the American Planning Association, v57, n3 (Summer 1991): p313(11). [The study of plants and animals on islands, both natural and artificial, has produced a body of generalizations immediately useful to land use planners concerned with minimizing the impacts of habitat destruction on the environment. A case study of 37 isolated chaparral fragments in San Diego, California, demonstrates the consequences of habitat fragmentation, including rapid and predictable extinctions of native birds in isolated canyons. This study and others can be used to generate planning guidelines for the prevention of such disappearances. Among the most important measures that can be taken are consolidation of open space set-asides and the provision of corridors linking habitat patches. Corridors can mitigate some of the negative effects of development on wildlife, especially where they facilitate the movement of large predators. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)] {City planning - Habitat (Ecology) - Research - Land use - Planning - Wildlife conservation - Analysis}

Soule, Michael E. & Daniel J. Simberloff. 1994 [1986]. "What Do Genetics and Ecology Tell Us About the Design of Nature Reserves?" in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

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Soule, Michael E. 1987. "Where Do We Go from Here?" pages 175-183 in M. Soule, ed. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, London, UK.

Sparks, Jeffrey C. & Ronald E. Masters & David M. Engle & Mark E. Payton & George A. Bukenhofer. 1999. "Habitat/Ecosystem Management - Influence of Fire Season and Fire Behavior on Woody Plants in Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Clusters," Wildlife Society Bulletin, v27n1 (1999): 124-

Sparks, Richard E. 1995. "Need for Ecosystem Management of Large Rivers andTheir Floodplains," Bioscience, v45n3 (Mar 1995): 168-182.

Steadman, David W. 1995. "Prehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Zooarchaeology," Science v267 (24 Feb 1995): 1123-1130.

Steer, Andrew. 1996. :"Ten Principles of the New Environmentalism," Finance & Development, v33n4 (Dec 1996):4(4). [A 'new environmentalism' is emerging all over the world. About 100 countries have now prepared national environmental strategies, and tangible changes in addressing environmental issues are apparent in about half of these countries. A recent review of the World Bank's environmental lending portfolio identified 10 principles underlying the new environmentalism. These include setting priorities carefully, making every dollar count, harnessing 'win-win' opportunities, usingmarket instruments where feasible, and economizing on administrative and regulatory capacity. Other principles are working with the private sector, involving citizens extensively, placing more importance on management than technology, and incorporating the environment from the start.]

Stein, Robert E. & Jennifer Woods. 1986. "The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement: An Evolving Instrument for Ecosystem Management," Environment  28.6 (1986): 25-24.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement reached by the US National Research Council and the Royal Society of Canada is criticized as deliberately avoiding an approach to the problem of water quality which might be perceived to be an audit of government programs and expenditures related to achievement of the agreement objectives.]

Stein, Taylor V. & Dorothy H. Anderson & Tim Kelly. 1999. "Using Stakeholders' Values to Apply Ecosystem Management in an Upper Midwest Landscape," Environmental Management, v24n3 (1999): 399-

Steinhart, Peter. 1990. "No Net Loss: As Wetlands Vanish, We Begin To Recognize Their Value," Audubon, v92, n4 (July 1990): p18(4).

Stephens, C. 1996. "Healthy Cities or Unhealthy Islands: The Health and Social Implications of Urban Inequality," Environmental Urbanization, v8n2 (1996): 9 30.

Stephenson, Nathan L. 1999. "Reference Conditions for Giant Sequoia Forest Restoration: Structure, Process, and Precision," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1253-1265. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Stern, Paul C. & Oran R. Young & Daniel Druckman (eds.). 1992. Global Environmental Change: Understanding the Human Dimensions. (Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change, Commission on the Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council.) Washington, DC : National Academy Press.

Stevens, D.W. 1996. "Utility Participation In A Multispecies Plan," Environmental Management, v20n6 (Nov-Dec 1996): 841-847. [Description of NCCP coastal sage scrub HCP.]

Stevens, T.H. & S. Benin & J.S. Larson. 1995. "Public-Attitudes and Economic Values for Wetland Preservation in New-England," Wetlands, v15n3 (Sep, 1995): 226-231.

Stine, Peter A. 1996. "GIS Technology and Sage Scrub Habitat.(Geographic Information Systems)," Endangered Species Update, v13n9 (Sep 1996): S4(3). [Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a major role in the assessment of long-term conservation potential of coastal sage scrub (CSS) along the Pacific coast of North America. This 6,000-square-mile area comes under the Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) program, and constitutes wide varieties of flora and fauna. the GIS help in determining and identifying higher potential CSS habitat and other native habitats in close proximity to core CSS. It also identifies the links between blocks of habitat.] {Coastal flora - Protection - Geographic information systems - Usage}

Stoms, David M. 1994. "Scale Dependence of Species Richness Maps," Professional Geographer, v46n3 (Aug 1994): p346-358.

Stone, Christopher D. 1974. Should Trees Have Standing? Toward Legal Rights forNatural Objects. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman, Inc.

Stone, Richard. 1995. "Court Upholds Need To Protect Habitat," Science, v269n5220 (Jul 7, 1995): 23. [Supreme Court ruling on habitat & ESA.]

Strange, Carolyn J. 1997. "Trampled By Our Own Ecological Footprints," Bioscience, v47n6 (Jun 1997): 337-338. [A new tool called ecological footprint analysis is providing sobering peoof that humanity is living beyond the Earth’s means. the technique is also providing a yardstick for measuring sustainability.] {Environmental impact Environmental monitoring Ecology Sustainable development}

Strittholt, J.R. & R.E.J. Boerner. 1995. "Applying Biodiversity Gap Analysis in a Regional Nature-Reserve Design for the Edge of Appalachia, Ohio (USA)," Conservation Biology, v9n6, (Dec. 1995): 1492-1505.

Sutherland, William & Chris Gibson. 1988. "Habitats to Order (Manmade Habitats No Substitute for Real Thing)," New Scientist, v117n1597 (Jan 28 1988):70(1). {Nature conservation - Wildlife conservation - Plant conservation - technique - Habitat (Ecology) - management.}

Sweet, Timothy. 1994. "American Pastoralism and the Marketplace: Eighteenth-Century Ideologies of Farming," Early American Literature, v29n1 (1994): 59-80. [Any attempt to assess the ideology of US pastoralism at its origins must account for the ways in which pastoral writers conceptualized the material basis of rural life--farming. Thomas Jefferson’s "Notes on the State of Virginia" and J. Hector St John de Crevecoeur’s "Letters from an American Farmer" are examined as expressions of an agrarian-capitalist ideology.]

Swetnam, Thomas W. & Craig D. Allen & Julio L. Betancourt. 1999. "Applied Historical Ecology: Using the Past To Manage for the Future," Ecological Applications, v9n4 (1999): 1189-1206. [Special Issue - Historical Variability Concepts in Ecosystem Management.]

Szentandrasi, Susanne & Stephen Polasky & Robert Berrens & Jerome Leonard. 1995. "Conserving Biological Diversity and the Conservation Reserve Program," Growth and Change, v26n3 (Summer 1995): 383-404.

Tarlock, A. Dan. 1993. "Local Government Protection of Biodiversity: What Is Its Niche?" University of Chicago Law Review, v602 (Spring 1993): 555-613. [The Balcones Canyonlands Conservation Plan in the Hill Country region near Austin, TX, and the coastal sage scrub protection program under California's Natural Community Conservation Act as two examples of ambitious regional biodiversity protection initiatives.]

Taylor, Melinda E. 1994. "Promoting Recovery Or Hedging A Bet Against Extinction: Austin, Texas's Risky Approach To Ensuring Endangered Species' Survival In the Texas Hill Country. (Endangered Species Act at Twenty-One: Issues of Reauthorization)," Environmental Law, v24n2 (Apr 1994): 581-602.

Tear, T. H. & J. M. Scott & P. H. Hayward & B. Griffith. 1993. "Status and Prospects for Success of the Endangered Species Act: A Look At Recovery Plans," Science 262: 976- 977.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1975. the Preservation of Natural Diversity: A Survey and Recommendations. the Nature Conservancy, Rosslyn, VA.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC). 1987. Preserve Selection and Design Operations Manual. the Nature Conservancy, Washington, DC.

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Thomas, D. & N. Middleton. 1994. Desertification: Exploding the Myth. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Thomas, Keith. 1983. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500-1800. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.

Thomas-Slayter, Barbara et al. 1995. Gender, Environment, and Development In Kenya: A Grassroots Perspective. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Thompson, Douglas A. & Thomas G. Yocom. 1993. "Uncertain Ground," Technology Review, v96n6 (Aug 1993): 20-29. [20-year history of wetland regulation, with focus on tension between private property and public interest]

Thompson, M. 1993. "Good Science for Public Policy," International Development, v5n6 (1993): 669-679.

Thompson, M. & M. Warburton & T. Hatley. 1986. Uncertainty on a Himalayan Scale: An Institutional Theory of Environmental Perception and a Strategic Framework for the Sustainable Development of the Himalayas. London: Ethnographica, Milton Ash Publications.

Thompson, Paul M. & Parvin Sultana. 1996. "Distributional and social impacts of flood control in Bangladesh," Geographical Journal, v162pt1 (Mar 1996): 1-13.

Thoms, Martin C. 2003. "Floodplain–river Ecosystems: Lateral Connections and the Implications of Human Interference," Geomorphology, v56n3-4 (15 December 2003): 335-349. [Floodplains are ecotones that form a transition between aquatic and terrestrial environments. These important ecosystems can be described as dynamic spatial mosaics in which water plays an important role in connecting various patches on the floodplain surface. Hydrological connections facilitate the exchange of carbon and nutrients between the river channel and the floodplain and therefore influence the productivity of the entire river system. This paper examines the influence of hydrological connections on the potential exchange of dissolved organic carbon between a large Australian floodplain to a river channel, and the effects of land and water developments on these exchanges. the paper proposes that an understanding of floodplain ecosystems requires an interdisciplinary approach––a recognition of the importance of the three disciplines hydrology, geomorphology and ecology. Large-scale water-resources and floodplain development has significantly altered the spatial and temporal patterns of hydrological characteristics in the Lower Balonne floodplain, Australia. the magnitude, frequency and duration of flooding events have all been reduced. the construction of levees and water storages has also reduced the reactive floodplain surface area. the presented data show the impacts of these changes on the potential supply of dissolved organic carbon from the floodplain surface during periods of inundation. Annual reductions of up to 1293 tonnes of dissolved organic carbon supply were noted and reductions were especially significant for floods with an average recurrence interval of 2 years or less. Some small flood events no longer facilitate the potential supply of dissolved organic carbon from the floodplain to the river channel because of water-resources and floodplain developments.]

Thornton, Robert D. 1991. "Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973." Environmental Law, v21n3 (Spring 1991): 605-656. @

Tiffen, M. & M. Mortimore & F. Gichuki. 1994. More People, Less Erosion? Environmental Recovery in Kenya. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.

Tilley, David R. & Wayne T. Swank. 2003. "EMERGY-based Environmental Systems Assessment of A Multi-Purpose Temperate Mixed-Forest Watershed of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA," Journal of Environmental Management  69.3 (2003): 213-227.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [Emergy (with an 'm') synthesis was used to assess the balance between nature and humanity and the equity among forest outcomes of a US Forest Service ecosystem management demonstration project on the Wine Spring Creek watershed, a high-elevation (1600 m), temperate forest located in the southern Appalachian mountains of North Carolina, USA. EM embraces a holistic perspective, accounting for the multiple temporal and spatial scales of forest processes and public interactions, to balance the ecological, economic, and social demands placed on land resources. Emergy synthesis is a modeling tool that allows the structure and function of forest ecosystems to be quantified in common units (solar emergy-joules, sej) for easy and meaningful comparison, determining 'system-value' for forcing factors, components, and processes based on the amount of resources required to develop and sustain them, whether they are money, material, energy, or information. the Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR), the units of solar emergy imported into the watershed via human control per unit of indigenous, natural solar emergy, was determined to be 0.42, indicating that the load on the natural environment was not ecologically damaging and that excess ecological capacity existed for increasing non-ecological activities (e.g. timbering, recreation) to achieve an ELR of 1.0 (perfect ecological–economic balance). Three forest outcomes selected to represent the three categories of desired sustainability (ecological, economic, and social) were evaluated in terms of their solar emergy flow to measure outcome equity. Direct economic contribution was an order of magnitude less (224 x 10^12 solar emergy-joules (sej) ha-1) than the ecological and social contributions, which were provided at annual rates of 3083 and 2102 x 10^12 sej ha-1, respectively. Emergy synthesis was demonstrated to holistically integrate and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively.]

Tilman, David & Johannes Knops & David Wedin & Peter Reich & Mark Ritchie & Evan Siemann. 1997. "The Influence of Functional Diversity and Composition on Ecosystem Processes," Science, v277n5330 (Aug 29, 1997): 1300-1302. [Habitat modifications and management practices that change functional diversity and functional composition are likely to have large impacts on ecosystem processes.]

Tilman, David. 1997. "Community Invasibility, Recruitment Limitation, and Grassland Biodiversity," Ecology, v78n1 (Jan 1997): 81-92. [Local biotic interactions and recruitment dynamics jointly determined diversity, species composition, species richness and species abundances in native grassland communities.]

Tilman, G. David. 1996. "Biodiversity: Population versus Ecosystem Stability," Ecology, v77n2 (Mar 1996): p350-363.

Tobin, R. 1990. the Expendable Future: U. S. Politics and Protection of Biological Diversity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press

Trepl, L. 1994. "Competition andCoexistence: On the Historical Background in Ecology and the Influence of Economy and Social-Sciences," Ecological Modelling, v75 (Sep. 1994): 99-110.

Trettin, C.C. & W.M. Aust & M.M. Davis & A.S. Weakley & J. Wisniewski. 1994. "Wetlands of the Interior Southeastern United-States - Conference Summary Statement," Water Air and Soil Pollution, v77n3-4, (Oct 1994): 199-205.

Tudge, Colin. 1996. the Time Before History: 5 Million Years of Human Impact. New York, NY: Scribner.

Turner, B.L. II & W, Clark & R. Kates & J. Richards & J. Mathews & W. Meyer (eds). 1990. the Earth Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Turner, Frederick. 1985. "Cultivating the American Garden: Toward a Secular View of Nature," Harper’s v271n1623 (Aug 1985): 45-52.

Turner, R. Kerry & Stavros Georgiou & Roy Brouwer & Ian J. Bateman & I.J. Langford. 2003. "Towards An Integrated Environmental Assessment for Wetland and Catchment Management," the Geographical Journal   2 169.(2003): 99.  ProQuest, USC, Los Angeles.  8 May. 2004 <http://www.proquest.com/> [This paper develops a decision support system for evaluation of wetland ecosystem management strategy and examines its, so far partial, application in a case study of an important complex coastal wetland known as the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, in the east of England, UK. Most managed ecosystems are complex and often poorly understood hierarchically organized systems. Capturing the range of relevant impacts on natural and human systems under different management options will be a formidable challenge. Biodiversity has a hierarchical structure which ranges from the ecosystem and landscape level, through the community level and down to the population and genetic level. There is a need to develop methodologies for the practicable detection of ecosystem change, as well as the evaluation of different ecological functions. What is also required is a set of indicators (environmental, social and economic) which facilitate the detection of change in ecosystems suffering stress and shock and highlight possible drivers of the change process. A hierarchical classification of ecological indicators of sustainability would need to take into account existing interactions between different organization levels, from species to ecosystems. Effects of environmental stress are expressed in different ways at different levels of biological organization and effects at one level can be expected to impact other levels, often in unpredictable ways. the management strategy, evaluation methodologies and indicators adopted should also assess on sustainability grounds whether any given management option is supporting, or reducing, the diversity of functions which are providing stakeholders with the welfare benefits they require.]

Twiss, Robert H. 1997. New Tools for Building the Future of Ecosystem Management," Ecology Law Quarterly, v24n4 (Nov 1997):877-881. [(Symposium: The Ecosystem Approach; New Departures for Land and Water)]

Ulanowicz, Robert E. 2003. "Some Steps Toward A Central Theory of Ecosystem Dynamics," Computational Biology and Chemistry, v27n6 (December 2003): 523-530. [Ecology is said by many to suffer for want of a central theory, such as Newton's laws of motion provide for classical mechanics or Schroedinger's wave equation provides for quantum physics. from among a plurality of contending laws to govern ecosystem behavior, the principle of increasing ascendency shows some early promise of being able to address the major questions asked of a theory of ecosystems, including, "How do organisms come to be distributed in time and space?, what accounts for the log-normal distribution of species numbers?, and how is the diversity of ecosystems related to their stability, resilience and persistence?" While some progress has been made in applying the concept of ascendency to the first issue, more work is needed to articulate exactly how it relates to the latter two. Accordingly, seven theoretical tasks are suggested that could help to establish these connections and to promote further consideration of the ascendency principle as the kernel of a theory of ecosystems.]

UNCHS. 1996. "The Global Context: Global Population Change and Urbanization," 11-31 in UNCHS, An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements, 1996. New York: Oxford University Press for the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT).

UNCHS. 1996. An Urbanizing World: Global Report on Human Settlements. Oxford: Oxford University Press.