Allin, Craig W. 1990. International Handbook of National Parks and Nature Reserves. New York, NY: Greenwood Press.

Andersen, M.C. & D. Mahato. 1995. "Demographic-Models and Reserve Designs for the California Spotted Owl," Ecological Applications, v5n3 (Aug 1995): 639-647. [Models comparing many small reserves (2-3 nests) versus few large reserves (10-20 nests), under catastrophic perturbation. Latter have longer persistence times.]

Anonymous. 2000. "Charter of the New Urbanism," Places (Cambridge, MA), v13n2 (Spring 2000): 74-5. [Part of a special issue on New Urbanism. The Charter of the New Urbanism, from the Congress of the New Urbanism, is presented. The Congress for the New Urbanism, representing a broad-based citizenry, is committed to reestablishing the relationship between the art of building and the making of community through citizen-based, participatory planning and design. It stands for the restoration of existing urban centers and towns within coherent metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighborhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of society's built legacy. It asserts principles to guide public policy, development practice, urban planning, and design, organized under the headings of the metropolis, city, and town; the neighborhood, district, and corridor; and the block, street, and building.]

Anonymous. 2000. "NWF's Smart Growth Campaign Targets Impact of Urban Sprawl On Wildlife," International Wildlife, v30n5 (Sept./Oct. 2000): 6. [The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) has launched a new campaign aimed at protecting wildlife and habitats at greatest risk from uncontrolled development on the outskirts of U.S. cities. According to John Kostyack, NWF attorney and endangered species expert, sprawl is one of the leading causes of species decline in America. The NWF has scheduled workshops for San Diego and Seattle in 2001 and South Florida and Washington, D.C., in 2002. These will bring together specialists in wildlife conservation, land-use planning, and grassroots organizing to formulate regional development strategies that respect wildlife. At a national level, NWF will be working to reform subsidies that encourage sprawl. It will also push for state growth-management plans and for reform of plans that do not address wildlife issues. The organization aims to organize and educate grassroots activists to claim smart growth for their communities.]

Anonymous. 2000. "Study Shows Benefits of Urban Trees," Journal of Environmental Health, v63n4 (Nov. 2000): 40. [A recent study indicates that the city of Garland, Texas, is saving more than $5 million per year because of its tree canopy. Officials of the Urban Forests Center of American Forests carried out an urban ecosystem analysis of the city of Garland to map, measure, and analyze the value of tree cover for stormwater management, air quality, and energy conservation. Their report illustrated the financial savings and positive consequences of trees in an urban area and how these benefits increase as tree cover increases.]

Baker, R. J., and C. M. Schonewald-Cox. 1986. "Management Strategies for Improving Population Viability," pages 73-87 in B. A. Wilcox, P. F. Brussard, and B. G. Marcot, eds. The Management of Viable Populations: Theory, Applications and Case Studies. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Baker, William L. 1989. "Landscape Ecology and Nature Reserve Design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota," Ecology, v70n1 (Feb 1989): 23-35.

Baker, William L. 1994 (1992). "The Landscape Ecology of Large Disturbances in the Design and Management of Nature Reserves," in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Barker, Rocky. 1993. Saving All the Parts : Reconciling Economics and the Endangered Species Act. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Bean, Michael J. & Melanie J. Rowland. 1997. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 3d ed.

Bean, Michael J. & Merritt Clifton & Tom Regan. 1992. "Is the Endangered Species Act Endangered?" Animals' Agenda, v12n5 (Jun 1992): 12-21.

Bean, Michael J. & Sarah G. Fitzgerald & Michael A. O'Connell. 1991. Reconciling Conflicts Under the Endangered Species Act : The Habitat Conservation Planning Experience. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund.

Bean, Michael J. 1993. "Fortify the Act," National Parks, v67n5-6 (May 1993): 22-23.

Bean, Michael J. 1994. "Naysayers Downplay Species Act Successes," Insight on the News, v10n22 (May 30, 1994): 20-22.

Bean, Michael J. 1994. "Opinion: What the Endangered Species Act Procedural Reform Amendments of 1993 (H.R. 1490 and S. 1521) Would Have Meant for the Bald Eagle," Endangered Species Update, v11n5 (Mar 1994): 5. [Problems created for recovery by reforms.]

Bean, Michael J.. 1983. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law. New York: Praeger Publishers.

Beatley, T. 1992. "Balancing Urban-Development and Endangered Species: The Coachella-Valley-Habitat Conservation Plan," Environmental Management, v16n1 (Jan-Feb 1992): 7-19. [Argues that the HCP less than successful, leaves fundamental ethical and policy questions unresolved.]

Beatley, Timothy. 2000. "Preserving Biodiversity: Challenges for Planners," Journal of the American Planning Association, v66n1 (Winter 2000): 5-20. [Lyn Sedlak-Ford's The Great Return reflects both the beauty of salmon and their plight in finding it increasingly difficult to return to their spawning grounds each year (represented by their swimming in opposing directions). Several species of salmon throughout the Pacific Northwest are threatened or endangered. Timothy Beatley's article proposes a new approach to helping these and other endangered species survive. The artist, who holds degrees in psychology and art therapy, has been creating works in clay since 1989 after working 9 years as an art therapist. She resides on Lacamas Lake in Camas, Washington, and her works can be seen in galleries throughout Washington and Oregon and in private collections across North and South America. Thanks to the Riversea Gallery in Astoria, Oregon, for their help in putting us in touch with this artist. Preserving biodiversity represents a major challenge for American planners, as threats to biodiversity are increasingly the result of urbanization and land use change. Present and past conservation strategies, including the federal Endangered Species Act, have not been successful; new, bolder strategies are needed. Long-range land use planning, aimed at creating large-scale integrated ecological systems of connected greenspace and habitat, is the key. Nested approaches in which regional systems of protected greenspace connect with and link to larger statewide and continental systems are necessary. Habitat conservation goals must be more ambitious and wasteful development patterns must be checked if biodiversity is to be preserved. Other elements of the conservation strategy must include new approaches to funding acquisition, creative incentives for conservation on private lands, envisioning new roles for cities in restoring and conserving biodiversity, and giving greater attention to biodiversity conservation in planning curricula. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.]

Beatley, Timothy. 1994. Habitat Conservation Planning: Endangered Species and Urban Growth. Austin, TX; University of Texas Press.

Bedward, M. & R.L. Pressey & D.A. Keith. 1992. "A New Approach for Selecting Fully Representative Reserve Networks: Addressing Efficiency, Reserve Design and Land Suitability with an Iterative Analysis," Biological Conservation, v62n2, (1992): 115-125.

Beebee, Trevor. 1988. "How Not to Save a Species," New Scientist, v120n1640 (Nov 26 1988):64(2). {United Kingdom - Environmental policy Wildlife habitat improvement - Laws, regulations - Environmental law - Wildlife conservation}

Belbin, L. 1995. "A Multivariate Approach to the Selection of Biological Reserves," Biodiversity and Conservation, v4n9, (Dec. 1995): 951-963.

Bingham, B.B. & B.R. Noon. 1997. "Mitigation of Habitat Take: Application To Habitat Conservation Planning," Conservation Biology, v11n1 (Feb 1997): 127-139. [A biologically based method for estimating the areal requirements to mitigate incidental take of essential habitats based on the &8216;'core area'&8216; concept.]

Bishop, Richard. 1978. "Endangered Species and Uncertainty: The Economics of A Safe Minimum Standard." American Journal of Agricultural Economics. v60 (1978): 10-18.

Bosselman, Fred P. & A. Dan Tarlock. 1994. "The Influence of Ecological Science on American Law: An Introduction," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 847-873. [History of interactions between ecology and law from 1890s onward. Roscoe Pound, Frederick Clements, Arthur Tansley, Eugene Odum as specific cases.]

Boucher, Norman. 1995. "Species of the Sprawl," Wilderness, v58n209 (Summer 1995): 10(15). [Multi-species Conservation Planning (MSCP) and urban sprawl.]

Bush, George H. 1992. "Remarks to Natural Communities Conservation Planning Organizations in San Diego, California (Pres. Bush) (Transcript)," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, v28, n38 (Sept 21 1992): p1645(4). [Pres George Bush spoke on the damage Hurricane Iniki wrought on Hawaii and the coming presidential elections in remarks made before the Natural Communities Conservation Planning Organiations in San Diego, CA. Bush expressed concern regarding the massive destruction in Hawaii and announced that the federal government was taking measures to assist the victims of the disaster. He also criticized the Democrats, saying that their electoral platform was misguided.]     {United States economic conditions}

Butler, Kent. S. 1992. Protecting Wildlife and Open Space [videorecording]. Chicago: AICP's Planners Training Service. [Videocassette (90 min.): col. ; 1/2 in. + 1 set of training materials. "A product of the 1992 Environmental Protection Planning, Law and Design workshop series." This videotape training package provides an overview of the tools and techniques available for assisting planners in learning how to prepare effective Habitat Conservation Plans while achieving community consensus on local development goals.]     {United States Endangered Species Act of 1973 - Zoning law - Wildlife conservation - Wildlife management - Land use - Planning.}

CDFG & CRA. 1993. Southern California Coastal Sage Scrub: Natrual Community Conservation Planning Process Guidelines. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Fish and Game & California Resources Agency.

Christensen, Norman L. & James K. Agee & Peter F. Brussard & Jay Hughes & Dennis H. Knight & G. Wayne Minshall & James M. Peek & Stephen J. Pyne & Frederick J. Swanson et al. 1989. "Interpreting the Yellowstone Fires of 1988," BioScience, v39, n10 (Nov 1989): p678(8). {Biological diversity - Research; Forest fires - Prevention and control; Biotic communities; Fire ecology; Yellowstone National Park - Fires}

Clark, William C. & Dixon J. Jones & Crawford S. Holling. 1979. " Lessons for Ecological Policy Design: A Case Study in Ecosystem Management, Ecological Modelling, v7 (1979): 1-53.

Coggins, George Cameron. ****. "Conserving Wildlife Resources: An Overview of the Endangered Species Act of 1973," North Dakota Law Review, ****: 315-340.

Collinge, S.K. 1996. "Ecological Consequences of Habitat Fragmentation: Implications For Landscape-Architecture and Planning," Landscape and Urban Planning, v36n1, (Oct 1996): 59-77.

Conroy, M.J & B.R. Noon. 1996. "Mapping of Species Richness for Conservation of Biological Diversity: Conceptual and Methodological Issues," Ecological Applications, v6n3, (Aug. 1996): 763-773.

Corn, M. Lynne. 1997. "HCPs: The Light of Yesterday?" Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n7-8 (Jul 1997): 12-14. [The first habitat conservation plan (HCP) was in 1983 for the San Bruno elfin butterfly near San Francisco. Past HCPs and how best to develop future HCPs are discussed.]     {Habitats Wildlife conservation History Environmental management Endangered and extinct species}

Cowling, R. M. & W. J. Bond. 1991. "How Small Can Reserves Be? An Empirical Approach In Cape Fynbos, South Africa," Biological Conservation, v58 (1991): 243-256.

Cronon, William (ed.). 1995. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. London; New York: W.W. Norton and Company.

CRS. 1982. A Legislative History of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended in 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 : together with a section-by-section index. Washington, DC: USGPO. [Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for the Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate.]

Cutler, A.H. 1994. "Nested Biotas and Biological Conservation: Metrics, Mechanisms, and Meaning of Nestedness," Landscape and Urban Planning, v28n1, (Feb. 1994): 73-82.

Darnell, R. M., P. C. Lemon, J. M. Neuhold, and G. C. Ray. 1974. Natural Areas and their Role in Land and Water Resource Preservation. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Arlington, vA.

de Klemm, Cyrille. 1992. Conservation of Natural Habitats Outside Protected Areas : Legal Analysis. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press. {Habitat conservation -- Natural habitats -- Europe}

DellaSala, Dominick A.& James R. Strittholt & Reed F. Noss & David M. Olson. 1996. "A Critical Role For Core Reserves In Managing Inland Northwest Landscapes For Natural Resources and Biodiversity," Wildlife Society Bulletin, v24n2 (Summer 1996): 209-221.

Devine, Robert. 1994. "Management and the Uncertainty Principle," Wilderness, v58n207 (Winter 1994): 10-23.

Diamond, Jared M. & Robert M. May. 1976. "Island Biogeography and the Design of Natural Reserves," in R.M. May (ed.), Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Diamond, Jared M. 1975. "The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves," Biological Conservation, v7 (1975): 129-146.

Doak, D.F. & L.S. Mills. 1994. "A Useful Role for Theory in Conservation," Ecology, v75n3, (Apr. 1994): 615-626.

Dobson, Andrew P. 1996. Conservation and Biodiversity New York, NY: Scientific American Library.

Dwyer, Lynn E. & Dennis D. Murphy & Stephen P. Johnson & Michael A. O'Connell. 1995. "Avoiding the Trainwreck: Observations From the Frontlines of Natural Community Conservation Planning in Southern California," Endangered Species Update, v12n12 (Dec 1995): 5(3). [The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) is a joint program between state and federal agencies that aims to secure long-term protection of species without necessarily undermining economic growth in affected areas. This initiative is significant because it provides a common ground for environmentalists and businesspeople to address their issues. The next generation of conservation planning programs inspired by the Endangered Species Act may find the NCCP a useful guide in their own campaigns. Results of application of NCCP in Orange Country are discussed.]     {Conservation of natural resources - Management - Southern California - Economic policy}

Dwyer, Lynn E. & Dennis D. Murphy. 1995. "Fulfilling the Promise: Reconsidering and Reforming the California Endangered Species Act," Natural Resources Journal, v35n4 (Fall 1995): 735-770. [History, structure and implementation of the California Endangered Species Act.]

Easter-Pilcher, Andrea. 1996. "Implementing the Endangered Species Act," Bioscience, v46n5 (May 1996): 355-363. [The problem of biological criteria for listing.]

Eisner, Thomas & Jane Lubchenco & Edward O. Wilson & David S. Wilcove & Michael J. Bean. 1995. "Building a Scientifically Sound Policy for Protecting Endangered Species," Science, v269n5228 (Sep 1, 1995): 1231-1232.

ESA. 1996. Strengthening the Use of Science in Acheiving the Goals of the Endangered Species Act: An Assessment by the Ecological Society of America Ad Hoc Committee Members. Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America.

Fahrig, L. 1992. "Relative Importance of Spatial and Temporal Scales in a Patchy Environment," Theoretical Population Biology, v41n3, (Jun. 1992): 300-314.

Fiering, Myron B. & Crawford S. Holling. 1974. "Management and Standards for Perturbed Ecosystems," Agro-Ecosystems, v1 (1974): 301-321.

Foreman, Dave. 1995. "Missing Links," Sierra, v80n5 (Sep 1995): 52-57 1995.

Fritts, S.H. & L.N. Carbyn. 1995. "Population Viability, Nature-Reserves, and the Outlook for Gray Wolf Conservation in North-America," Restoration Ecology, v3n1, (Mar. 1995): 26-38.

Frumhoff, Peter C. 1995. "Conserving Wildlife In Tropical Forests Managed For Timber," Bioscience, v45n7 (Jul 1995): 456-464.

Gaffin, John M. 1997. "Can We Conserve California's Threatened Fisheries Through Natural Community Conservation Planning? (Symposium on Habitat Conservation Plans)," Environmental Law, v27n3 (Fall 1997): 791-801. [On the northwestern coast of California, the coho salmon is in such d ecline that it was recently listed as a threatened species in all of California.(1) In response to the need for conservation of the coho s almon, the Resources Agency of California is pressing for the establi shment of a Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) process wh ich may be adopted by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under section 4(d) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA).(2) This article dis cusses the NCCP process and its potential for the protection and cons ervation of the threatened coho salmon.]     {Fisheries - California - Wildlife conservation Laws, regulations - Silver salmon - Protection Habitat (Ecology)}

GAO. 1992. Endangered Species Act. Types and Numbers of Implementing Actions. United States General Accounting Office GAO/RCED-92-131BR.

Gilpin, M. 1987. "Spatial Structure and Population Viability," pages 125-139 in M. Soule, ed. Viable Populations for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Gilpin, M. 1994. "The Viable Population: Single-Species Reserve Design," Mathematical Social Sciences, v27n1, (Feb. 1994): 112-112.

Gilpin, M., and I. Hanski, eds. 1991. Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and Theoretical Investigations. Academic Press, New York.

Gilpin, M.E. & Michael E. Soule. 1986. "Minimum Viable Populations: Processes of Species Extinction," pp. 19-34, in: M.E. Soule (ed.). Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Goldingay, R. & H. Possingham. 1995. "Area Requirements For Viable Populations of the Australian Gliding Marsupial Petaurus-Australis," Biological Conservation, v73n2 (1995): p161-167.

Graf, William L. 1990. Wilderness Preservation and the Sagebrush Rebellions.

Grumbine, R. Edward. 1994. Environmental Policy and Biodiversity. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gustafson, E.J. & G.R. Parker. 1994. "Using an Index of Habitat Patch Proximity for Landscape Design," Landscape and Urban Planning, v29n2-3, (Aug. 1994): 117-130.

Haas, C.A. 1995. "Dispersal and Use of Corridors By Birds In Wooded Patches On An Agricultural Landscape," Conservation Biology, v9n4, (Aug 1995): 845-854.

Hanna, Kevin S. 2000. "The Paradox of Participation and the Hidden Role of Information: A Case Study," Journal of the American Planning Association, v66n4 (Autumn 2000): 398-410. [This article examines the complex and often indirect role of participation and information in an integrated planning context. The case study is based in a diverse urban-rural estuarine setting where an integrated resource management program was established to help manage environmental and economic planning issues. The results of the research suggest that the use of participation by those not in government as a measure of success in achieving program objectives must be approached with caution--and research resourcefulness--in order to form an accurate image of impact and origin. The work supports the idea in planning theory that information has a transformative function that can alter perceptions and mindsets in advance of a decision phase, and affects planning systems at all stages. Dichotomies in opinion of program success and performance may be linked to information access. Consensus building among government agencies and nongovernmental organizations also requires broad access to information. The research indicates that participation by proxy can also be a significant source of influence.]

Hansen, Craig. 1995. "Multi-species Plan for Forest Habitats," Endangered Species UPDATE, v12n12 (Dec 1995): SS6-SS9. [A multi-species habitat conservation plan (HCP) is a plan developed to minimize, and mitigate to the maximum extent, practical, incidental take of all listed species that may occur in an area. A multi-species HCP signed by Murray Pacific Corp, a timber company based in Tacoma WA, is detailed.]     {Wildlife conservation Habitats Forests Timber industry}

Harrison, S. 1994. "Metapopulations and Conservation," pages 111-128 in P. J. Richards, R. M. May, and N. R. Webb, eds. Large-Scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, MA.

Houck, Oliver A. 1995. "Reflections on the Endangered Species Act.(Symposium on Clinton's New Land Policies)," Environmental Law, v25n3 (Summer 1995): 689-702. [History of discussions about ESA in Congress, need for habitat protection, and the subsequent controversies.]

Houck, Oliver A. 1997. "On the Law of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management," Minnesota Law Review, v81 (1997): 869-979.

Hudson, Wendy E. (ed.). 1991. Landscape Linkages and Biodiversity Washington, D.C.: [Defenders of Wildlife] Island Press, c1991.

Jaffe, J. 1993. "Editor's Note (following LaRoe, E. T. 1993. Implementation of an Ecosystem Approach to Endangered Species Conservation)," Endangered Species Update v10n3-4 (Jan-Feb 1993):3-6.

James, Frances C. 1999. "Lessons Learned from A Study of Habitat Conservation Planning," BioScience, v49n11 (Nov. 1999): 871-4. [Habitat conservation planning is an attempt to find a balance between safeguarding endangered species on nonfederal land and the maintenance of private property rights. More than 90 percent of endangered species in the United States are estimated to occupy at least some private land, and although it is unreasonable to expect all this land to be placed in public ownership, it is also unreasonable to expect private landowners to bear total responsibility for protecting the endangered species on their land. Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act outlaws the removal of species listed as endangered from both public and private land; currently, private landowners and developers could be subject to criminal and civil charges for construction-related activities that might injure a listed species. The writer discusses some of the intricacies of the habitat conservation planning mechanism and describes the lessons to be learned from a habitat conservation planning study conducted by the American Institute of Biological Sciences and the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis.]

Janzen, D.H. 1983. "No Park Is An Island: Increase in Interference From Outside As Park Size Decreases," Oikos, v41 (1983): 402-410.

Jenkins, R. E. 1989. "Long-term Conservation and Preserve Complexes," Nature Conservancy v39 (1989): 4-7.

Jensen, Deborah B. 1994. "Conservation Through Coordination: California's Experiment in Bioregional Councils," p273-279 in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Johnson, Dan. 2001. "Repairing Earth's Ecosystems," The Futurist, v35n1 (Jan./Feb. 2001): 12-13. [A new report from the World Resources Institute indicates a decline in the capacity of the world's ecosystems to continue to produce many of the goods and services man depends on. A collaborative effort between the UN Development Program, the UN Environment Program, the World Bank, and the World Resources Institute, World Resources 2000-2001 summarizes the situation of five vital ecosystems--croplands, forests, coastal zones, freshwater systems, and grasslands--as evaluated by the Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems. A central finding of this assessment is that human management of ecosystems often involves trade-offs, favoring one good or service over another. According to the report, the best way of sustaining the health of complex natural systems is to adopt a broad ecosystem management approach, balancing the entire range of possible goods and services instead of managing for a single goal.]

Johnston, Robert A. & Mary E. Madison. 1991. Planning for Habitat Protection in California: State Policies and County Actions to Implement Ceqa Through Improved General Plans. Sacramento, CA: Forest and Rangeland Resources Assessment Program.

Jordan, W. R. III & M. E. Gilpin & J. D. Aber. 1987. Restoration Ecology. A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research. Cambridge U. Press.

Kaiser, Joselyn. 1997. "When a Habitat Is Not a Home," Science, v276n5319 (13 June 1997): 1636-1638.

Kareiva, Peter M. & Joel G. Kingsolver & Raymond B. Huey (eds.). 1993. Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers.

Keiter, Robert B. 1994. "Conservation Biology and the Law: Assessing the Challenges Ahead," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 911-933.

Kilbourne, James C. 1991. "The Endangered Species Act Under the Microscope: A Closeup Look From A Litigator's Perspective," Environmental Law, v21n3pt1 (1991): 499-585.

Kohm, Kathryn A. 1991. Balancing On the Brink of Extinction : The Endangered Species Act and Lessons For the Future. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Korn, Peter. 1992. "Endangered Species Act: The Case for Preservation," Nation, v254n12 (Mar 30, 1992): 414-417.

Kostyack, John. 1997. "Habitat Conservation Planning: Time to Give Conservationists and Other Concerned Citizens a Seat at the Table," Endangered Species UPDATE, v14n7-8 (Jul 1997): 51-55. [Congress and the Clinton Administration need to adopt a set of rules for habitat conservation planning (HCP) development that are built upon the principles of negotiation, fair representation, timeliness and openness. The purpose of HCPs also needs to be clarified, and effective citizen participation must be ensured.]     {Habitats Wildlife conservation Endangered and extinct species Environmental management Environmental policy}

Kupfer, J.A. 1995. "Landscape Ecology and Biogeography," Progress In Physical Geography, v19n1, (Mar. 1995): 18-34.

Lamberson, R.H. & B.R. Noon & C. Voss & K.S. McKelvey. 1994. "Reserve Design for Territorial Species: The Effects of Patch Size and Spacing on the Viability of the Northern Spotted Owl," Conservation Biology, v8n1, (Mar. 1994): 185-195.

LaRoe, Edward T. 1993. "Implementation of An Ecosystem Approach To Endangered Species Conservation." Endangered Species Update. v10n3-4 (Jan-Feb 1993): 3-6.

Lehman, William E. & Dawn Zattau. 1995. "Reconciling Conflicts Through Habitat Conservation Planning," Endangered Species Update, v12n4-5 (Apr 1995): SS16-SS19. [The "take" prohibition under the Endangered Species Act as it relates to habitat conservation is discussed.]

Littell, Richard. 1992. Endangered and Other Protected Species: Federal Law and Regulation. Washington, DC: The Bureau of National Affairs.

Lomolino, M. V. 1994. "An Evaluation of Alternative Strategies For Building Networks of Nature Reserves," Biological Conservation, v69 (1994): 243-249.

MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

MacKenzie, Susan. 1993. "Great Lakes Intergovernmental Cooperation: A Framework for Endangered Species Conservation." Endangered Species Update. v10n3-4 (Jan-Feb 1993): 48-51.

Mackintosh, Guy (ed.). 1989. Preserving Communities & Corridors. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife.

Maguire, Lynn A. 1994. "Science, Values, and Uncertainty: A Critique of the Wildlands Project," p267-272, in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

Mann, Charles C. & Mark L. Plummer. 1993. "The High Cost of Biodiversity," Science, v260n5116 (Jun 25, 1993): 1868-1871.

Manson, Craig. "Natural Communities Conservation Planning: California's New Ecosystem Approach To Biodiversity. (Endangered Species Act at Twenty-One: Issues of Reauthorization)," Environmental Law, v24n2 (April 1994): 603-615.

Marsh, Lindell L. & Peter L. Lallas. 1990. "Focused Special Area Planning: An Approach for Reconciling Development and Wildlife Habitat and Other Environmental Concerns," manuscript (Oct 5, 1990).

Marsh, Lindell L. 1994. "Conservation Planning Under the Federal Endangered Species Act: A New Paradigm for Conserving Biological Diversity," draft manuscript.

Martin, C.M. 1995. "Recovering Endangered Species and Restoring Ecosystems: Conservation Planning for the 21st-Century In the United-States," Ibis, v137s1 (Jan 1995): S198-S203. [Argues that ESA is fundamentally an instrument for ecosystem conservation, although this aspect of the Act is often overlooked.]

McCaull, John. 1994. "The Natural Community Conservation Planning Program and the Coastal Sage Scrub Ecosystem of Southern California," p281-292, in R. Edward Grumbine (ed.), 1994, Environmental Policy and Biodiversity, Washington, DC: Island Press.

McClurg, Sue. 1993. "Biodiversity and the Endangered Species Act," Western Water, (Sept-Oct 1993): 3-11.

McCoy, E.D. & H.R. Mushinsky. 1994. "Effects of Fragmentation On the Richness of Vertebrates In the Florida Scrub Habitat," Ecology, v75n2, (Mar 1994): 446-457.

Meffe, Gary K., & C. Ronald Carroll. 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.

Meltz, Robert. 1993. The Endangered Species Act and Private Property: A Legal Primer. [Congressional Research Service: Report for Congress. 93-346 A] Washington, DC: Committee for the National Institute for the Environment.

Meyer, Judy L. 1994. "The Dance of Nature: New Concepts in Ecology," Chicago-Kent Law Review, v69n4 (1994): 875-886. [Takes off from Odum's "Great Ideas in Ecology" paper to argue implications of emerging developments from ecology for management, regulation, and legislation. Disequillibrium, open systems, etc.]

Meyer, Stephen M. & Bill Gifford. 1994. "The Final Act," New Republic, v211n7 (Aug 15, 1994): 24-29. [Supporting the ESA.]

Mueller, Tara L. 1997. "Natural Community Conservation Planning: Preserving Species or Developer Interests? (Special Issue: Habitat Conservation Planning)," Endangered Species Update, v14n7-8 (Jul-Aug 1997): 26(3). [The Natural Community Conservation Planning (NCCP) pilot program in California is a field-test of whether endangered species protection can be delegated to state and local governments. While the Endangered Species Act aims to recover endangered species, the NCCP program seeks to allow the pursuit of economic development even as it protects such species. Failure of the program thus places the greatest risk on species whose extinction is imminent while unintentionally freeing from risks those responsible for impacts to these species.]     {Conservation of natural resources - Analysis California - Environmental aspects}

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1991. "Coping With Uncertainty In Wildlife Biology," The Journal of Wildlife Management, v55n4 (Oct 1991): 773(10).

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1991. "Exorcising Ambiguity From the Endangered Species Act: Critical Habitat As An Example," Endangered Species Update v8n12 (1991): 6.

Murphy, Dennis D. & Barry D. Noon. 1992. "Integrating Scientific Methods With Habitat Conservation Planning: Reserve Design For Northern Spotted Owls," Ecological Applications, v2n1 (Feb 1992): 3-17. [Statistical analyses of the number and sizes of habitat conservation areas (HCAs), their distribution, configuration and spacing, and the nature of the landscape matrix between HCAs.]

Murphy, Dennis D. 1992. "Scientists and Endangered Species Act Reauthorization. (Scientific Expertise to Evaluate Law On Endangered Species) (Opinion)," Endangered Species Update, v9n4 (Feb 1992): 10(1). [Request by Congress for report from NAS.]

Murphy, Dennis D. 1995. "An Overview of the National Academy of Sciences Report: Science and the Endangered Species Act," Endangered Species Update, v12n9 (Sep 1995): 8(3).

Nelson, Arthur C. & James C. Nicholas & Lindell L. Marsh. 1992. "New-Fangled Impact Fees," Planning, ****(Oct 1992): 20-24.

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Shogren, Jason F. 1997. "Economics and the Endangered Species Act," Endangered Species Update, v13n1-2 (1997):??

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