[Challenging Wallerstein's "singularized" world system hypothsis.]

Abu-Lughod, Janet. 1993. "Discontinuities and Persistence: One World System or a Succession of Systems?" 278-291 in Andre Gunter Frank & Barry K. Gills (eds.), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London, New York: Routledge.

[Challenges Wallerstein's argument that only the system after 1450 is interesting and worthy of being called a world system. The book itself is an expression of this debate. Some interesting maps of trade routes over time.]

Ahluwalia, Pal & Bill Ashcroft & Roger Knight (eds.). 1999. White and Deadly: Sugar and Colonialism. Commack, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers.

Ahmad, Nesar. 1988. "Origins of Hindu-Muslim Conflict: Impact of the World Economic Crisis (1873-96)," 139-148 in Francisco O. Ramirez (ed.), Rethinking the Nineteenth Century: Contradictions and Movements, (Studies in the Political Economy of the World System: Contributions in Economics and Economic History, No. 76.) New York: Greenwood Press.

[Britain needed India to export capital to help it ease its balance of payment deficits with Europe and North America. Quote, Tomlinson, "...India formed the vital third leg in a triangular pattern of settlements between Britain and the rest of the world, financing over two-fifths of Britain's balance of payments deficit..." Quote, Bagchi, "...the systematic manner in which Britain was investing capital in the white colonies by generating export surplus out of the nonwhite colonies.." The shift from a dual silver/gold-based currency system to a purely gold-based one, inherently disadvantaged the silver-based countries (India and China). Suggests that the crisis (the "Great Depression") created economic policies within colonial India that favored the Hindu commercial elite over the Muslim landowning-elite.]

Albanese, Denise. 1996. New Science, New World. Durham: Duke University Press.

{Galileo Galilei; William Shakespeare; Francis Bacon; John Donne; John Milton,--History and criticism; Literature and science--England--History--17th century; Imperialism in literature; Science in literature; America--Discovery and exploration--Historiography.}

Altschull, J.H. 1984. Agents of Power: The Role of News Media in Human Affairs. New York: Longman.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Aravamudan, Srinivas. 1999. Tropicopolitans: Colonialism and Agency, 1688-1804. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Armesto, Felipe Fernandez et al. (eds.). 1991. The Times Atlas of World Exploration: 3,000 Years of Exploring, Explorers, and Mapmaking. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Armitage, David (ed.). 1998. Theories of Empire, 1450-1800. Aldershot [England]; Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, c1998.

[Collection of 15 essays originally published 1949-1995.] {Imperialism--History; Europe--Territorial expansion; Colonies; Foreign relations.}

Ashcroft, Bill & Gareth Griffiths & Helen Tiffin (eds.). 1995. The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. London; New York: Routledge.

Barber, Benjamin R. 1995. Jihad vs. McWorld. New York: Times Books.

Barker, Francis & Peter Hulme & Margaret Iversen (eds.). 1994. Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory. Manchester [England]; New York: Manchester University Press; New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press.

Becker, David G. & Richard L. Sklar. 1999. Postimperialism and World Politics. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Bell, Morag & Robin Butlin & Michael Heffernan (eds.). 1995. Geography And Imperialism, 1820-1940. Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press; New York: Distributed in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press.

Bentley, Jerry H. 1996. "Cross-cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History," American Historical Review, v101n3 (Jun 1996): 749-770.

[For the historian, identifying coherent periods of history is an elusive task. Bentley believes that efforts at global peroidization might benefit if historians examined the participation of the world's peoples in processes that transcend individual societies and cultural regions.] {History Cultural relations}

Bhabha, Homi. 1994. The Location of Culture. London; New York: Routledge.

Bivona, Daniel. 1998. British Imperial Literature, 1870-1940: Writing and the Administration of Empire. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Blaut, J.M. 1992. The Colonizer’s Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York, London: The Guilford Press.

[That the "rise" of Europe over other civilizations did not begin until 1492--and then it did so on the backs of its colonial exploitation of America, Africa and Asia. This as giving Europe its edge. Challenges the "myth of the European Miracle." Well referenced.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Boehmer, Elleke. 1995. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphors. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.

Bonn, Moritz J. 1938. The Crumbling of Empire: The Disintegration of World Economy. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.

{Colonies; Colonization--History; World politics; Economic policy; Emigration and immigration.}

Bowen, H.V. 1996. Elites, Enterprise, and the Making of the British Overseas Empire, 1688-1775. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan; New York: St. Martins.

Boyce, David G. 1999. Decolonisation and the British Empire, 1775-1997. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Burroughs, Peter & A.J. Stockwell (eds.). 1998. Managing the Business of Empire: Essays In Honour of David Fieldhouse. London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass.

[This group of studies first appeared as a special issue of The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, vol. 26, no. 2, May 1998.]

Burton, Antoinette M. 1994. Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Burton, Antoinette M. 1998. At the Heart of the Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter In Late-Victorian Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Burton, Antoinette. 1961. Gender, Sexuality and Colonial Modernities. London; New York: Routledge.

Bush, Julia. 1999. Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power. New York: Leicester University Press.

Caban, Pedro A. 1999. Constructing A Colonial People: Puerto Rico and the United States, 1898-1932. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Chaudhuri, Nupur & Margaret Strobel (eds.). 1992. Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Chew, Sing C. & Robert A. Denemark (eds.). 1996. The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

[Frank's polemics in the 1960s challenged the very idea of modernization by arguing that many countries became underdeveloped because of colonial rule and capitalist penetration, stressing the role of history (the development of underdevelopment) and of external forces (the salience of colonialism and neocolonialism).]

Chomsky, Noam. 1993. Year 501: The Conquest Continues. Boston: South End Press.

Clark, Grover. 1936. A Place In the Sun. New York, The Macmillan Company.

["This book is the result of an attempt to get ... an answer to the question: Do colonies pay?"--p. vii. "The statistical tables and other detailed documentary material which are the foundation of the statements made ... [are] being published separately by the Columbia University Press, under the auspices of the Carnegie endowment for international peace, in a volume entitled The balance sheets of imperialism."] {Colonization--History; Colonies--France; Competition, International Imperialism}

Cooper, Cooper, Frederick & Ann L. Stoler (eds.). 1997. Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures In A Bourgeois World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Crosby, Alfred W. 1986. Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Crosby, Alfred W. 1994. Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies In Ecological History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

Dark, Ken R. & L.L. Harris. 1996. The New World and the New World Order: U.S. Relative Decline, Domestic Instability in the Americas, and the End of the Cold War. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin's Press.

Davis, Clarence B. & Kenneth E. Wilburn, Jr. & Ronald E. Robinson (eds.). 1991. Railway Imperialism. New York: Greenwood Press.

[Proceedings of a conference at East Carolina University, Greenville, N.C., Nov. 5, 1988.]

Dawson, Graham. 1994. Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining of Masculinities. London; New York: Routledge.

De Bevoise, Ken. 1995. Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Denevan, William M. (ed.). 1992. The Native Population of the Americas in 1492. 2nd ed. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Dhavalikar, M.K. ****. Cultural Imperialism: Indus Civilization in Western India. ****

Donaldson, Laura E. 1992. Decolonizing Feminisms: Race, Gender and Empire Building. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Driver, Felix & David Gilbert (eds.). 1999. Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity. Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press; New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martin's Press.

[This "book has its origins in a research project at Royal Holloway, University of London ... [that] was concluded with a major international conference on the theme of imperial cities in May 1997.] [Series: Studies in imperialism]

Fieldhouse, David K. 1999. The West and the Third World: Trade, Colonialism, Dependence, and Development. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Flint, Valerie I.J. 1992. The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Formisano, Luciano (ed.) 1992. Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America. (Trans. by David Jacobson. ) New York: Marsilio.

[Vespucci, Amerigo, 1451-1512.]

Foster, Gwendolyn A. 1999. Captive Bodies: Postcolonial Subjectivity In Cinema. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Frankel, Sally H. 1949. The Concept of Colonization. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

[An inaugural lecture delivered before the University of Oxford on 9 June 1949.]

Fuentes, Carlos. 1992 The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Godlewska, Anne & Neil Smith (eds.). 1994. Geography and Empire. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

[Based on papers presented at a conference held at Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., Apr. 1991.]

GoGwilt, Christopher L. 1995. The Invention of the West: Joseph Conrad and the Double-Mapping of Europe and Empire. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Goodlad, Graham D. 2000. British Foreign and Imperial Policy, 1865-1919. London; New York: Routledge.

Goonatilake, Susantha. 1982. Crippled Minds: An Exploration Into Colonial Culture. New Delhi: Vikas; New York: Exclusive distributor, Advent Books.

Gordon, David M. 1996. Fat and Mean. New York: Free Press.

Grafton, Anthony & April Shelford & Nancy Siraisi. 1992. New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press.

Greenlee, James G. & Charles M. Johnston. 1999. Good Citizens: British Missionaries and Imperial States, 1870-1918. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Grewal, Inderpal. 1996. Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire, and the Cultures of Travel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Hargreaves, John D. (comp.). 1968. The Expansion of Europe: A Selection of Articles from History Today. Edinburgh, London, Oliver & Boyd.

Harris, Paul W. 1991. "Cultural Imperialism and American Protestant Missionaries: Collaboration and Dependency in Mid-Nineteenth-Century China," Pacific Historical Review, v60n3 (Aug 1991): 309-338.

[The work of US Protestant missionaries in China in the 19th century is examined, focusing on the relationship between the missionary enterprise and the larger history of Western imperialism.] {Missionaries History Protestant churches Foreign policy}

Harshe, Rajen. 1997. Twentieth Century Imperialism: Shifting Contours and Changing Conceptions. New Delhi; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Headrick, Daniel R. 1988. The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hennessy, Alistair. 1993. "Columbian Exchange -- European Encounters with the New World by Anthony Pagden / New Worlds and Ancient Texts by Anthony Grafton / The Armature of Conquest: Spanish Accounts of the Discovery of America by Beatriz Pastor-Bodmer / and others," Times Literary Supplement, n4706 (Jun 11, 1993): 4-6.

[Book Review-Comparative.] {Nonfiction Exploration History Slavery Indigenous people}

Hoganson, Kristin L. 1998. Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Howe, Stephen. 1993. Anticolonialism In British Politics: The Left and the End of Empire, 1918-1964. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press.

Ingram, Edward. 1995. Empire-Building and Empire-Builders: Twelve Studies. London; Portland, OR: F. Cass.

Isbister, John. 1998. Promises Not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change In the Third World. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.

Johns, R.A. ****. Colonial Trade and International Exchange: The Transition from Autarky to International Trade. ****

Johnson, Chalmers A. 2000. Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire. New York: Metropolitan Books.

Judd, Denis. 1996. Empire: The British Imperial Experience, from 1765 To the Presentd. London: HarperCollins.

Kaplan, Amy & Donald E. Pease (eds.). 1993. Cultures of United States Imperialism. Durham: Duke University Press.

[Taxidermy in the garden of Eden, New York City, 1908-1936 / Donna Haraway -- Americo Paredes and decolonization / Jose David Saldivar -- Pious sites: Chamorro culture between Spanish catholicism and American liberal individualism / Vicente M. Diaz.-- Anti-imperial americanism / Walter Benn Michaels --Appeals for (mis)recognition: theorizing the Diaspora / Kenneth W. Warren -- Resisting the heat: Menchu, Morrison, and incompetent readers / Doris Sommer -- Black Americans' racial uplift ideology as "civilizing mission": Pauline E. Hopkins on race and imperialism / Kevin Gaines -- From liberalism to communism: the political thought of W.E.B. Du Bois / William E. Cain -- White like me: racial cross-dressing and the construction of American whiteness / Eric Lott -- "Make my day!": spectacle as amnesia in imperial politics [and] the sequel / Michael Rogin -- The patriot system, or, Managerial heroism / Susan Jeffords --Hiroshima, the Vietnam Veterans War Memorial, and the Gulf War : post-national spectacles / Donald E. Pease -- Techno-muscularity and the "boy eternal": from the quagmire to the gulf / Lynda Boose -- "Bwana Mickey" : constructing cultural consumption at Tokyo Disneyland / Mary Yoko Brannen -- We think, therefore they are? : on occidentalizing the world / Deborah Gewertz and Frederick Errington] {Imperialism; Racism; Political culture--History; Territorial expansion; Territories and possessions; United States--Race relations.}

Keay, John. 1997. Empire's End: A History of the Far East From High Colonialism To Hong Kong. New York: Scribner.

Kidd, Benjamin. 1898. The Control of the Tropics. New York: Macmillan.

["Appendix: The Principles of the Relations of Our Civilization To the Tropics. (Reprinted from chapter X of the author's Social evolution)": 61-101]

Kieh, George Klay Jr. 1992. "The Roots of Western Influence in Africa: An Analysis of the Conditioning Process," Social Science Journal, v29n1 (1992): 7-19.

[The issue of the dominance of Western cultural imperialism in Africa and the resistance to its continuation are discussed. Despite the pervasiveness of Western cultural imperialism, the last two decades have witnessed the re-emergence of resistance to the continuation of Western cultural imperialism.] {Culture; Colonialism}

Kiernan, Victor G. 1995. Imperialism and Its Contradictions. New York: Routledge.

[Collection of previously published essays, edited & introduced by Harvey J. Kaye.]

Kumar, Deepak. 1995. Science and the Raj, 1857-1905. Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press.

{Science--India--History--British occupation, 1765-1947}

LaFeber, Walter (ed.). 1998 (1963). The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Lamouchi, Noureddine. 1996. Jean-Paul Sartre et le Tiers Monde: Rhetorique D'un Discours Anticolonialiste. Paris: L'Harmattan.

{Political and social views; Developing countries in literature; Colonies; Decolonization; Imperialism.}

Landes, David S. 1990. "Rich Country, Poor Country: How Do Nations Develop?" Current, n321 (Mar 1990): 11-16.

Landes, David S. 1990. "Why Are We So Rich and They So Poor?" American Economic Review, v80n2 (May 1990): 1-13.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Landes, David S. 1994. "What Room for Accident in History?: Explaining Big Changes by Small Events," Economic History Review, v47n4 (Nov 1994): 637-656.

Lane, Christopher. 1995. The Ruling Passion: British Colonial Allegory and the Paradox of Homosexual Desire. Durham: Duke University Press.

Lawson, Philip. 1997. A Taste for Empire and Glory: Studies In British Overseas Expansion, 1660-1800. Brookfield, VT: Variorum.

MacDonald, Robert H. 1994. The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918. Manchester, UK; New York: Manchester University Press; New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA and Canada by St. Martin's Press.

Macleod, Roy & Deepak Kumar. 1995. Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India, 1700-1947. New Delhi; Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Manley, Michael. 1991. The Poverty of Nations: Reflections On Underdevelopment and the World Economy. London; Concord, MA: Pluto Press.

Maxwell, Kenneth. 1993. "!Adios Columbus! -- The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World by Carlos Fuentes / The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus by Valerie I. J. Flint / Isabel the Queen by Peggy K. Liss / and others," New York Review of Books, v40n3 (Jan 28, 1993): 38-45.

{Nonfiction Biographies Explorers Native Americans History}

Mayne, Alan James C. 1993. The Imagined Slum: Newspaper Representation In Three Cities 1870-1914. Leicester, UK; New York: Leicester University Press; Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St. Martin's Press.

[The construction of "slum" stereotypes.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Meade, Teresa & Mark Walker (eds.). 1991. Science, Medicine, and Cultural Imperialism. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Means, Philip A. 1935. The Spanish Main: Focus of Envy, 1492-1700. New York: C. Scribner's Sons; London: C. Scribner's Sons, Ltd.

Melkote, S. 1991. Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. New Delhi; Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

[Useful summaries of timelines in development theory, interleaved with developments in communication theory. Nice base from which to discuss mutually constitutive relationships in social theory.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Merivale, Herman. 1928 (1861). Lectures On Colonization and Colonies Delivered Before the University of Oxford In 1839, 1840, & 1841. London: Oxford University Press; H. Milford.

["This impression has been produced photographically by the Muston Company from sheets of the edition of 1861."]

Merk, Frederick & Lois B. Merk. 1995 (1963). Manifest Destiny and Mission In American History: A Reinterpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. Originally published: New York: Knopf, 1963.

Midgley, Clare (ed.). 1998. Gender and Imperialism. Manchester; New York: Manchester University Press; New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martin's Press.

Miller, Peter N. 1994. Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion, and Philosophy In Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Mongia, Padmini (ed.). 1996. Contemporary Postcolonial Theory: A Reader. London; New York: Arnold; New York: Distributed exclusively in the USA by St Martin's Press.

Morris, Henry C. 1908. The History of Colonization from the Earliest Times To the Present Day. New York: Macmillan Co.; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.

Muir, Ramsay. 1926. The Expansion of Europe. London: Constable.

Muldoon, James. 1999. Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800-1800. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Nussbaum, Felicity. 1995. Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire In Eighteenth-Century English Narratives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Orde, Anne. 1996. The Eclipse of Great Britain: The United States and British Imperial Decline, 1895-1956. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Pagden, Anthony. 1995. Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire In Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c. 1800. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Parry, John H. (ed.). 1963 (1981). The Age of Reconnaissance. Cleveland: World Pub. Co. (Berkeley: University of California Press.)

Parsons, Timothy. 1999. The British Imperial Century, 1815-1914: A World History Perspective. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Petras, James. 1993. "Cultural Imperialism in the Late 20th Century," Journal of Contemporary Asia, v23, n2 (May 1993): 139(10).

[The US's cultural imperialism towards the Third World is motivated by economic and political reasons, and the Left has to reclaim its language to counter the imperialism. Cultural imperialism, perpetuated by the mass media, is subtle in that it is not visibly connected to any political power. The mass media uses the language of liberalism to advertise a non-existent international culture which is meant to distract the poor from the reality of their situation. Socialism should address spiritual and material needs of people to win their attention from the capitalist propaganda.] {Imperialism, Popular culture Mass media, International aspects Developing countries, Relations with the United States Asia, Relations with the United States United States, Relations with developing countries}

Phillips, Richard. 1997. Mapping Men and Empire: A Geography of Adventure. London; New York: Routledge.

{Robinson Crusoe; Daniel Defoe; Influence; Adventure stories --History and criticism; English; Australian; French; Intercultural communication in literature; Masculinity (Psychology); Difference; Imperialism; Geography; Colonies; Boys--Books and reading; Men; Travel.}

Pierson, Ruth R. & Nupur Chaudhuri & Beth McAuley (eds.). 1998. Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Pilger, John. 1991. "Information is Power," New Statesman & Society, v4n177 (Nov 15 1991): 10(2).

[The major Western news agencies, UPI, AP, Reuters, and Agence France, publish 90% of international news. Little of the coverage deals with developing countries. This situation leads to information imperialism.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Pilger, John. 1993. "The Old Order Changeth Not," New Statesman & Society, v6n243 (Mar 12 1993): 14(2).

[Imperialism is flourishing on a global scale in the 1990s, and the media is supporting the past and present imperial activities of the US. The concept of free trade is the latest propaganda tool used to dominate developing countries.] {Imperialism, Analysis Free trade, Political aspects}

Pilger, John. 1993. "The Strange Silence of the Press," New Statesman & Society, v6n237 (Jan 29 1993): 15(1).

[The British press has made little criticism of US control of the United Nations or US imperialism in Iraq or Somalia. Journalists are accepting government propaganda and printing it as fact.] {Imperialism, Media coverage Press and propaganda, United Kingdom Operation Restore Hope, 1992-, Media coverage}

Polanyi, Karl. (1944) 1957. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.

Porter, Andrew N. 1994. European Imperialism, 1860-1914. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.

Pyenson, Lewis. 1985. Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences: German Expansion Overseas, 1900-1930. New York: P. Lang.

Raudzens, George. 1999. Empires: Europe and Globalization, 1492-1788. Stroud, Gloucestershire [England]: Sutton.

Roach, Colleen. 1997. "Cultural Imperialism and Resistance In Media Theory and Literary Theory," Media, Culture & Society, v19, n1 (Jan 1997): 47(20).

[The media has been used both as a force of resistance against cultural imperialism and as tools of cultural imperialism and modern theorists believe cultural imperialism is present in media and literature worldwide. Images such as fast food, t.v. shows, and popular celebrities can be found everywhere and serve to promote commercial agendas. Through the same medium, writers and theorists work to promote active audience resistance. Brazilian television acts a resisting force successfully promoting Brazilian soap-operas over Western shows and many works of literature call for non-standard social positions on a variety of issues.] {Mass media, Social aspects Imperialism in literature, Social aspects}

Rogers, Everett M. 1962. The Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Rogers, J. Daniel & Samuel M. Wilson (eds.). 1993. Ethnohistory and Archaeology. Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas. New York: Plenum..

Rosenberg, Nathan & L.E. Birdzell, Jr. 1986. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. New York: Basic Books.

[Conventional but useful account, based on (unexplained) traits of innovation, experimentation, encouraging diversity in human wants and in the means to satisfy them, giving autonomy to merchants. All these treated as neutral, objective, factual descriptions.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Rothkopf, David. 1997. "In Praise of Cultural Imperialism?" Foreign Policy, n107 (Summer 1997): 38(15).

[Globalization has economic and political impacts on international relations but its cultural impact is projected to result in the decline of cultural differences. In this setup, supports the development of a dominant American culture because of its status as the Information Age leader.] {International economic relations, Social aspects Culture, International aspects Foreign policy Globalization}

Rouse, Irving. 1992. The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Said, Edward W. (1981) 1997. Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. Rev. ed. New York: Vintage Books.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Said, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House.

Said, Edward W. 1993. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf; Distributed by Random House.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Sardar, Ziauddin. 1999. Orientalism. Buckingham [England ]; Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Sauer, Carl Ortwin. 1966. The Early Spanish Main. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Scammell, Geoffrey V. 1989. The First Imperial Age: European Overseas Expansion c.1400-1715. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman.

Schlereth, Thomas J. 1992. "Columbia, Columbus, and Columbianism," Journal of American History, v79n3 (Dec 1992): 937-968.

[The process in the public American history of Christopher Columbus becoming a national symbol, traced in the three chronological periods of Columbus as a feminine classical deity--Columbia, as the masculine 15th century European figure Columbus and as the major symbol of Columbianism, is discussed.] {History Symbolism Heroism and heroes Explorers}

Semmel, Bernard. 1993. The Liberal Ideal and the Demons of Empire: Theories of Imperialism from Adam Smith To Lenin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Simpson, Lewis P. 1989. "Slavery and the Cultural Imperialism of New England," The Southern Review, v25, n1 (Wntr 1989): 1(29).

{Slavery, History Slavery, Public opinion New England, Social aspects}

Slater, David & Peter J. Taylor (eds.). 1999. The American Century: Consensus and Coercion In the Projection of American Power. Oxford, UK; Malden, MA: Blackwell

Smith, Angel & Emma Davila-Cox (eds.). 1999. The Crisis of 1898: Colonial Redistribution and Nationalist Mobilization. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Smith, Linda T. 1999. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London; New York: Zed Books; Dunedin: University of Otago Press; New York: distributed in the USA exclusively by St Martin's Press.

Smith, Simon C. 1998. British Imperialism, 1750-1970. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sowell, Thomas (ed.). 1998. Conquests and Cultures: An International History. New York: Basic Books.

Spanos, William V. 2000. America's Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Spurr, David. 1993. The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse In Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Straubhaar, Joseph D. 1991. "Beyond Media Imperialism: Asymmetrical Interdependence and Cultural Proximity," Critical Studies in Mass Communication, v8, n1 (March 1991): 39(21).

[This paper analyzes some of the controversies in the literature on media imperialism by drawing on two revised concepts: the idea of asymmetrical interdependence as a more precise and complex way to frame the imperialism issues, and the idea of audience s actively searching for cultural proximity in cultural goods, as a way to reincorporate the r ole of audiences in the media imperialism debate. The focus in on limits imposed by dependence, growth in cultural industries, technological change, and reconceptualization of an active audience t hat is divided by class. The study focuses on television flows vs. national television production, on the primary case of Brazil, and on institutional and audience-centered evidence.] {International economic relations, Social aspects Imperialism, Mass media, Political aspects broadcasting organization, Analysis}

Subrahmanyan, Sanjay. ****. The Portuguese Empire in Asia 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History. Longman.

Third World Editors. 1990. The World as Seen by the Third World: Third World Guide, 1989-90, Facts, Figures, Opinions. Montevideo; Rio De Janeiro; Lisbon: Third World Editors.

{Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Thorne, Susan. 1999. Congregational Missions and the Making of An Imperial Culture In Nineteenth-Century England. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Tomlinson, J. 1991. Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

[Disaggregates cultural imperialism into four categories: as media imperialism, as discourse of nationality, as critique of global capitalism, and critique of modernity.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Townsend, Mary E. 1941. European Colonial Expansion Since 1871. Philadelphia; New York: J.B. Lippincott Co.

Turner, B. L. II. & Karl W. Butzer. 1992. "The Columbian Encounter and Land-Use Change," Environment, v34n8 (Oct 1992): 16-20+.

[The 1492 "Columbian encounter" set in motion the most dramatic changes in land use and land cover induced by human action up to that time. A historical narrative of the changes that took place around the world is given.] {Explorers; Land use; History}

Tyabji, Nasir. 1995. Colonialism, Chemical Technology and Industry In Southern India. Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[Study with special reference to Madras, India; covers period: 1880-1937.] {Chemical industry--India--Madras--History--Industrialization--Industrial policy--Industries--Economic conditions.}

van Elteren, Mel. 1996. "Conceptualizing the Impact of US Popular Culture Globally," Journal of Popular Culture, v30n1 (Summer 1996): 47-89.

[Van Elteren addresses the question of how the global impact of American popular culture can be conceptualized most adequately. He examines the recent GATT negotiations and reflects on the ways in which the influence of US popular culture was conceptualized among the protagonists of cultural protectionism.] {Culture Globalization International relations-US GATT}

Verano , John W. & Douglas H. Ubelaker (eds.). 1992. Disease and Demography in the Americas. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Vilanilam, J.V. 1993. Science Communication and Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Waisbord, Silvio. 1998. "When the Cart of Media is Before the Horse of Identity: A Critique of Technology-centered Views on Globalization," Communication Research, v25n4 (Aug 1998): 377-398.

[Different positions have argued that the media have effectively shaped and reshaped national and transnational identities. In light of recent studies showing the complexity of identity-formation processes, however, it is unclear that prevalent arguments convincingly explain the relations between media and identity -- whether at the local, national, regional, and global levels.] {Media Information technology Culture Globalization}

Wakefield, Edward G. (ed.). 1849. A View of the Art of Colonization: With Present Reference To the British Empire: In Letters Between A Statesman and A Colonist. London: J.W. Parker.

Wallen, David. 1995. "Stumbling in Marco Polo's footsteps," World Press Review, v42n1 (Jan 1995): 46.

[A library curator, Frances Wood, has completed a book that she says disproves Marco Polo ever traveled to China. Wood believes the great explorer was merely a literary con man used by romance writer Rusticello of Pisa.] {Explorers; Books; Fraud; Travel}

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1988. "Should We Unthink the Nineteenth Century?" 185-191 in Francisco O. Ramirez (ed.), Rethinking the Nineteenth Century: Contradictions and Movements, (Studies in the Political Economy of the World System: Contributions in Economics and Economic History, No. 76.) New York: Greenwood Press.

[Identifies four basic premises of social science and history studies: that new is better than old; that simple precedes the complex; that knowledge (scientific) becomes increasingly certain and predictive (nomothetic); and that boundaries of the state express fundamental units of society. Together, these as sources of most "anomalies" in social science. Proposes five steps to undo these: replace "society" with "historical system;" de-idealize, historicize and particularize the gemeinschaft-gesellschaft antinomy; erase the separation between "arenas" of activity--economy, polity, and culture (liberals), or base and superstructure (Marxists); undo the association between culture and pastness, and rethink the distinctions between the past and the present; and fifth, undo the notion that science simplifies, or even, is completely distinct from art. No footnotes or citations.] {Media, Journalism, Cultural imperialism, International development}

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1989. "The French Revolution as a World-Historical Event," Social Research, v56n1 (Spring 1989): 33-52.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1992. "The Concept of National Development, 1917-1989: Elegy and Requiem," American Behavioral Scientist, v35n4-5 (Mar 1992): 517-529.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1992. "The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World System," Review, v15n4 (Fall 1992): 561-619.

[Defines capitalism as (and only as) "the system based on a structural priority given to the ceaseless (emphasis) accumulation of capital." Argues that the move to capitalism was not progressive, but rather a descent. Suggests four reasons for the collapse: the seigniors, the states, the Church, and the Mongols. This dismantled the existing world trade system. "For one moment in historical space-time the protective anti-capitalist gates were opened up, and capitalism "snuck in," to the loss of all of us." Wallerstein, 1993.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1993. "World Systems versus World System: A Critique," 292-296 in Andre Gunter Frank & Barry K. Gills, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London, New York: Routledge.

[Part of the three way debate between Frank & Gills, Abu-Lughod, and Wallerstein. Provides context for his arguments, shows misunderstandings in debate. "My 'world-system' is not a system 'in the world' or 'of the world.' It is a system 'that is a world.' Hence the hyphen, since 'world' is not an attribute of the system." Many world-systems could and did coexist prior to the 19th century. But after, there was only one--capitalism.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1995. "The Insurmountable Contradictions of Liberalism: Human Rights and the Rights of Peoples in the Geoculture of the Modern World-System," South Atlantic Quarterly, v94n4 (Fall 1995): 1161-1178.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1997. "Social Science and the Quest for a Just Society," American Journal of Sociology, v102n5 (Mar 1997): 1241-1257.

Walvin, James. 1997. "A Taste of Empire, 1600-1800," History Today, v47n1 (Jan 1997): 11-16.

[Tea, sugar and tobacco are habits that have become British by adoption. Walvin traces how these staples hooked Britons into a fondness for the fruits of imperial expansion.] {History Colonies and territories Commodities International trade}

Waters, Malcolm. 1995. Globalization. New York: Routledge.

Wesseling, H. L. 1997. Imperialism and Colonialism: Essays On the History of European Expansion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Whitt, Laurie Anne. 1995. "Cultural Imperialism and the Marketing of Native America," American Indian Culture and Research Journal, v19n3 (1995): 1-31.

[The marketing of Native America, particularly native spirituality, is a virulent form of cultural imperialism. Whether it is intentional or not, cultural imperialism extends the political, social and economic power of the dominant culture.] {Native Americans Spirituality Cultural relations Power Marketing}

Wilberforce, Archibald (comp.). 1904. Spain and Her Colonies. New York: Co-operative Publishing Society.

Wilson, Kathleen. 1995. The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture, and Imperialism In England, 1715-1785. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Winsberg, Morton D. 1992. "Five Hundred Years After the Old World Discovered the New World: The Results of the Great Agricultural Exchange," Social Studies, v83n5 (Sep 1992): 216-219.

[There are many animals and crops that were brought to the Western Hemisphere from the Eastern Hemisphere. Historian Alfred Crosby has called this transfer the "Columbian Exchange." The percentages of the world's crops and animal populations in the Western Hemisphere in 1988 are listed in ascending order.] {Animals Crops History Ratings and rankings}

Wolfe, Patrick. 1999. Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of An Ethnographic Event. London; New York: Cassell.

Wood, Frances. ****. Did Marco Polo Go to China? Westview Press.

[Contends that Marco Polo did not actually travel to the Orient, but rather fabricated his accounts from tales told around the fire place by other travelers.]

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