History
479B
Devine
Fall
2012
Railroad
Study Questions
“James J. Hill
and the Transcontinental Railroads”
- The
government awarded subsidies to railroad builders based on how fast they worked
and how much track they laid. Why did this incentive system end up
producing badly run railroad lines that often went bankrupt?
- Why was
James Hill able to build a profitable railroad line without government
subsidies? What were the “secrets
of his success”?
- Why did
Henry Villard fail to build a profitable railroad line?
- How did
James Hill insure ahead of time that once his railroad was built, there
would be customers and goods to fill the trains?
- How did
the “strings attached” to government subsidies end up hurting the railroad
lines that accepted these subsidies?
- Railroad
owners asked for government subsidies in order to stimulate foreign
trade. Hill refused subsidies but
developed an extensive foreign trade with Asia.
Why did he succeed in doing so? Why did his competitors fail?
- What was
Hill’s business model? How would
you sum up his basic approach to building and running an efficient and
profitable railroad?
- How did
government regulations (the Hepburn Act, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act) aimed
at reforming poorly run railroads instead end up hurting Hill’s well-run
railroad?
“Railroads and
the Reorganization of Nature and Time”
- Unlike
earlier transport systems (lakes, rivers, canals, mud roads), how were
railroads “liberated” from the limits imposed by both geography and
climate?
- How did
the railroads change people’s perception of space and time? How did they decrease the cost of
distance and increase the value of time?
- How did
the coming of the railroad change the process of farming?
- How did
railroads change the ways in which travelers interacted with the
surrounding environment?
- How did
the railroads literally come to dictate what time it was in any given
location? Why did this happen?
- Why does
the author say that the railroads created a whole new class of
professionals?
“Main Line to E Pluribus Unum”
- Summers
observes, “Railroad building led to everything.” Why was this the
case? Why did the railroads become
the “wiring” of the new industrial economy?
- What
significant innovations occurred in the railroad industry during the
1880s?
- How did
the railroads change farming and encourage the development of latent
resources in the West? Why was the
railroad the prerequisite for these changes?
- How did
the railroads change the daily lives, consumption patterns, and even diets
of both rural and urban Americans?
- How did
the “big business” of the railroad contribute to new methods of financing
and the “management revolution”?
- Why was
the railroad strike of 1877 a significant moment in Gilded Age history?