History 479B
Fall 2012
Devine
Study Questions: Porter,
The Rise of Big Business
Preface
- How have developments over the
past twenty years changed the ways in which both historians and the
American public have viewed Big Business?
What factors caused this shift in perception?
Chapter 1
- According to Porter, why was the
coming of the giant corporation “profoundly unsettling” for many
Americans? Why was the public
reaction to the rise of big business paradoxical?
- Over the years, how have
historians approached the history of the rise of big business? How did the work of Alfred Chandler
change historians’ focus?
- Between 1860 and 1920, when
people spoke of big businesses they usually had in mind three kinds of
enterprises in particular. What
were they? What characteristics or
distinctive features made these firms “big businesses” as opposed to other
businesses not considered “big”?
- What do the terms “fixed
capital,” “working capital,” “fixed costs,” and “operating costs” mean?
Why were fixed capital and fixed costs more significant for big
businesses?
- How did the rise of big business
change the process of marketing and sales?
- Why big businesses have to be run
differently than small businesses?
In what ways were they administered differently?
- How did the rise of big business
affect the relationship: 1) between ownership and control and 2) between
employees and employer?
Chapter 2
- What role did the rise of the
railroads play in the emergence of Wall Street as the nation’s center of
finance? How did one precipitate
the other?
- Why would working for a railroad
during the 1860s and 1870s have been good training for someone who went on
to run a manufacturing business in the 1880s and 1890s?
- How did the railroad owners’
fixed costs help to precipitate rate wars and price cutting? Why did pools
fail to end cutthroat competition?
- What three conditions had to be
met before the modern corporation could arise in American manufacturing?
- What is vertical
integration? What is “integrating
forward”? What is integrating
“backward”? Why would a company do
each of these things? Why did many
vertically integrated businesses succeed?
- What is an “oligopoly”? Why did oligopolies emerge in several
industries?
- How did Gustavus
Swift modernize the meat packing industry?
- Why did the electrical industry (and
other industries) need to develop a sophisticated marketing and
merchandizing strategy?
- How did Carnegie engage in
backward integration?
- What is horizontal integration?
How did falling prices and economies of scale spur horizontal integration?
- How did John D. Rockefeller come
to dominate the oil industry?
- What factors account for the
large number of mergers at the turn of the 20th Century?
- What were the unintended
consequences of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act?
- Why did the emergence of an
industrial securities market facilitate combinations?
- Why did some horizontal
combinations succeed while others failed?
For example, why did the steel and oil trusts succeed while the
salt trust failed?
- Once prices stabilized, how did firms
compete for greater market share?
Chapter Three
- What aspects of the rise of big
business disturbed many Americans?
What role did the government play in addressing these concerns?
- What effects did
industrialization have on workers and the nature of work?
- How did Taylorism
and welfare work differ in their approach to dealing with industrial
employees?
- How did big business influence
the education system, farm life, and the nature of labor unions? In short,
how did big business facilitate the creation of a “corporate civilization”
in the United States?
- How did the corporate
civilization spur consumerism?
- According to Porter, why have
critics of industrial capitalism and America’s materialist culture
failed to win over the majority of the people to their point of view?