Progressives and Progressive Reform
Progressives
were troubled by the social conditions and economic exploitation that
accompanied the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the late 19th
century.
And so
at its origins, the Progressive movement was a…
RESPONSE
TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
Progressives
feared that if economic inequality grew any more pronounced, there could be a
social revolution. People forced to live
in squalid conditions due to low wages might grow so disillusioned that they
might follow the lead of radical “rabble rousers” who were urging them to
overturn the capitalist system.
There
had been revolutions or threats of revolutions in Europe over the past fifty
years, and Progressives feared that some immigrants who had fled Europe to
escape prosecution for participating in such revolutionary activity might bring
their radical ideas with them to the United States.
Progressives
appealed to the wealthy and business elite to join with them to improve the
conditions of workers and the poor so that a revolution could be avoided. They
get little cooperation on this front.
This
fear of approaching social turmoil or even revolution leads the middle class
Progressive reformers to a…
SEARCH
FOR ORDER
The
Progressives’ ideal society is one in which conflict is minimized and consensus
is emphasized. Industrialization, immigration, and urbanization has produced “disorder” on a massive scale. All sorts of
conflicting values, races, ethnicities, cultures, and economic interests run
rampant in American cities at the turn of the 20th Century.
The
Progressives are determined to “smooth over” these conflicts and produce a more
unitary culture where everyone agrees on basic issues. Of course, their model for this “ordered”
unitary culture looks much like their own white, middle-class, Anglo-Saxon
culture.
Progressives
are especially concerned about papering over class conflict (again motivated by
their fear of “disorder” in the form of revolution).
How,
then, does one produce a more humane, yet “ordered” society?
INNOVATIVE
NOSTALGIA
Not
necessarily a contradiction in terms, though one might read it this way.
On
the “innovative” side…
Progressives
sought to put into practice new ideas that had been discussed in the
universities during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.
Many of these ideas came from disciplines like Economics, Sociology,
Psychology, Urban Planning, and Political Science (the “social sciences”).
Progressives
believed that applying “social science” principles from the university, they could
produce order in the urban neighborhoods.
On
the “nostalgia” side…
Progressives
look back – somewhat romantically – to the American society of their youth. In
their memories, this had been a “Golden Age” when citizens shared common
values, priorities, and interests; when communities were strong and supportive;
when people looked out for each other instead of focusing exclusively on making
money.
In sum,
they harkened back to “small town” America. In many ways, then, the
Progressives’ nostalgic vision was profoundly anti-urban. More subtly, it was
also at times anti-immigrant (since the old small towns had been largely
homogeneous – consisting largely of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants like
themselves.)
The
Progressives bring together innovation and nostalgia by offering a social
vision in which the “Golden Age” of small town WASP America can be re-created
and brought into the disorderly cities by having educated experts (like
themselves) apply innovative social science methods to solve the problems that
have created such disorder.
Progressives
see themselves as “innovative” reformers – unlike the old reform crusaders who
used to focus on preaching adherence to religious values.
They
also contrast themselves to SOCIAL DARWINISTS
Social
Darwinists believed that “survival of the fittest” applied not only in the
plant and animal kingdoms, but could also be applied to human society.
The
weak, the sick, the badly bred, the poor, and (often) the non-white, they
believed, would eventually die out and the ambitious, entrepreneurial,
intelligent, physically strong, (and white) would come to dominate society.
This would produce, in the end, a stronger society.
Accordingly,
Social Darwinists insisted nothing should be done to help the disadvantaged
since doing so interfered with “natural selection” and impeded the course of
social improvement.
Social
Darwinists, then, put great emphasis on “nature” in the nature vs nurture debate. People were born the way they were and
had little chance of changing for the better over the course of their lives – a
rather pessimistic view of human nature.
Progressives
shared some of the Social Darwinists’ prejudices regarding “lower” races and
ethnicities (witness their support for Eugenics and birth control –
particularly birth control for non-WASPs)
HOWEVER,
the new social sciences that the Progressives embraced had a far more
optimistic view of human nature and attributed far more significance to
ENVIRONMENT (or nurture) as an influence in shaping human development.
A very
“fit” whale dropped into the Sahara desert, Progressives noted, stood little
chance of surviving – not because it was genetically inferior, but because it
could not be expected to survive in such an inhospitable environment. Likewise
with a champion thoroughbred horse dropped into the Pacific Ocean.
This
reasoning extended to human society.
If the
environment in which people lived and worked could be improved – if people’s
surroundings could be made more hospitable – the people would benefit and
improve as well.
HOW TO
IMPROVE THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENT?
Progressives
believe this can be achieved through…
THINKING
SYSTEMATICALLY
You
don’t solve problems in isolation. You must figure out how problems are related
and then devise scientifically viable plans to solve these related problems.
Initially,
Progressives believe they can systematically solve urban problems on their
own. Go to the site of the problem –
talk to the people – tell them how to solve their problem.
Soon,
however, they realize they must involve local government in the process.
[Consider
the example of the trash being dumped into the air shafts and how this was but
one isolated problem in a larger series of problems. Ultimately, the trash
problem was part of a larger economic problem – the poor did not have access to
sufficient financial resources, and this why their
neighborhoods were unhealthy.]
In
trying to convince Americans of all classes that problems had to be solved
“systematically,” Progressives emphasized that bad conditions in the urban
ghettos and factories did not only affect the poor, they affected all of
society and therefore all of society should take an interest in improving the
slums.
-- all urban residents had to breathe polluted air;
-- everyone could suffer if contagious diseases
spread due to poor sanitary conditions;
-- factory owners’ productivity would suffer if
workers were sick and malnourished or so underpaid they could not afford to
seek medical attention when they were sick;
-- business owners who did not maintain sanitary
conditions and standards of quality control not only exploited poor workers but
also risked the health and safety of all those who bought their products (this
concern led to such Progressive Era legislation as the Meat Inspection Act, and
the Pure Food and Drug Act.)
The
Progressives’ answer to how one could systematically solve problems that
affected all citizens and that were largely attributable to environmental
factors was based on two premises:
1)
INTERVENTIONISM
and
2)
OPTIMISM
Progressives
rejected the Social Darwinists’ insistence that the poor must be “left alone”
and that for the best society to emerge, nature should simply be allowed take
its course.
Instead,
they believed that a more humane (and more orderly) society could only result
if reformers INTERVENED to change conditions.
In time, Progressives realized not only reformers, but government at the
local, state, and federal level had to intervene to improve social conditions.
Progressives’
support for intervention suggests a more OPTIMISTIC view of human nature à
Improved conditions would actually produce “improved” people.
Some
Progressives took their OPTIMISM even further.
Adherents to the SOCIAL GOSPEL came to believe (or at least to hope)
that enlightened social policies and reform legislation could produce a “HEAVEN
ON EARTH.”
This
marked a sharp break from an earlier theology that emphasized that if one lived
a good life, one’s reward would be in the “next world.”
The
difficulty with Progressives’ OPTIMISTIC INTERVENTIONISM was that the
Progressives so convinced themselves their ends were noble and righteous that
they considered those who opposed them – whether businessmen, politicians, or
the very constituencies they were trying to help – not as groups with contending
interests who might want to solve the same problems using different means (or
who might view “heaven on earth” differently) but as corrupt or evil –
opponents of “progress.”
When
this happened, Progressives shifted from an emphasis on SOCIAL JUSTICE to SOCIAL
CONTROL. They could become excessively
coercive – particularly when dealing with non-white constituencies. In identifying and solving social problems,
they tended to dictate more than listen, which often alienated those who they
were supposed to be helping.
The
other shortcoming of Progressivism was that despite the reformers’ zeal to
create better conditions for the disadvantaged, they were reluctant to confront
(or even acknowledge) that some conflicts and sources of disorder derived from
more fundamental problems that demanded more fundamental changes if a consensus
were to be achieved – particularly changes related to the allocation of
economic resources.
Although
they believed government should play a more interventionist role in solving
social problems, Progressives, like most Americans, did not believe it was
government’s role to redistribute wealth or power from one group to another.
In
general, they were satisfied with the capitalist system; they simply believed
that it should be regulated more carefully so that it worked to the benefit of
more citizens (and not just the very wealthy or powerful).
Unlike
a later generation of reformers in the 1930s, Progressives also did not believe
government could dictate what citizens did with their own private property and
resources.
For
example, most Progressives did not believe the federal government should
dictate the wages that employers paid their workers.
Ultimately,
Progressives’ desire for order and consensus outweighed their commitment to addressing
the plight of the poor, particularly if alleviating poverty meant giving the government
too much power. In this, however, they likely mirrored the political sentiments
of the majority of Americans in the 1910s.