Identify the form and function of the structure in bold. The answers follow the text.
(1) Collaborative filtering is (2) a promising new technology. (3)This is the thinking that is behind it. (4) In an ideal world,(5) when we enter a bookstore, the owner knows us. She knows the books that we have enjoyed in the past and those that we have loathed. (6) On the basis of that knowledge, she can recommend (7) books that she believes we will enjoy. We, in turn, may recommend those books to our friends, who recommend them to others. Independent bookstore owners provide a valuable service (8) to their customers and authors. (9) This insider knowledge that the small bookstore owner has could possibly be duplicated by computers in large impersonal bookstores and videostores. Imagine (10) that you're a customer in a bookstore who doesn't know which book you should buy. You type into a terminal (11)the names of several books that you have enjoyed in the past. (12) Entering many titles guarantees (13) you (14)better results . The computer program will examine the titles you have entered. It will find other people who have entered those same titles. It will then find titles(15) on their lists which are not on yours. Those titles are then suggested to you.
I've listed the form first, followed by the function. Note that NPs can contain Relative Clauses. For example, in (7) you notice that there is a Noun followed by a Relative Clause. The form of the structure as a whole is an NP. That NP contains another structure called a Relative Clause, which, in turn, contains other structures.
1- gerund -- subject ---------2. NP --Sub Comp -----------3. demonstrative pronoun -----Sub
4. PP--Adverbial ------------5. Adverbial Cl--Adverbial ---6. PP----------Adverbial
7. NP--D.O.------------------8. PP------Indirect Obj---------9. NP----------Subject
10. Nominal Cl-------D.O. --11. NP-----D.O.----------------12. Gerund----Subject
13. NP--------Ind. Obj.------14. NP------D.O.---------------15. PP----Adjectival
Name the form and function of the structures in bold in the text below. Ryan Leaf,(1) who is called Cryin' Leaf by his detractors, is a second year player out of Washington State. Leaf, who now plays (2)for the San Diego Chargers, entered the league last year as one of the top two players (3)coming out of college. (4)Because there is a shortage of good quarterbacks in the National Football League, top college quarterbacks know (5)they're going to be courted. The Chargers, offering Leaf a $11.25 million signing bonus, got (6)their man. So, there he was -- a twenty-one year-old multimillionaire, who looked like he was on top of the world. Then, the season started. (7)From the beginning he played (8)badly. Nobody expected him to do everything right; however, he seemed to do everything wrong. He threw interception after interception, he fumbled the ball repeatedly, and he threw temper tantrums (9)when reporters asked him (10)what was up. On one occasion a teammate had to restrain him from (11)attacking a reporter. When the San Diego Chargers went (12)to Seattle (13) to play the team there, Leaf went to a local bar. Someone kidded him about his poor performance; of course, he started yelling at them, saying that he would make more money in a year than they would make their whole life. Halfway into the season his rating was (14)the lowest in the league, and he was no longer the starting quarterback. During the training camp before this year's season, he refused (15) to volunteer to train for the first two weeks. When he did show up, he immediately hurt his shoulder, (16) preventing him from (17) playing the first 10 games of the season. During his rehabiliation he yelled at a coach for telling him to work out and, as a result, was suspended from the team. Guess who was caught on tape playing a flag football game down at the beach. Yep, Cryin' Ryan. And he twisted his ankle. Today, however, he delivered an apology, saying that all he wanted to do was play football. As for his temper, he says (18) that he is an emotional guy, (19) which everybody knows. (20)What everybody knows is if you have a good arm, you get to be Cryin' Ryan.
1. Nonrestrictive relative clause--adjectival 2. Prep phrase--adverbial 3. participle--adjectival
4. adverbial clause--adverbial 5. Nominal (that) clause --Direct object
6. NP--Direct object 7. prep phrase - adverbial 8. adverb --adverbial
9. adverbial clause --adverbial 10. nominal (interrogative) clause -- direct object 11. gerund - object of prep
12. prep phrase - adverbial 13. infinitive (in order to) phrase - adverbial 14. NP - Subj comp
15. infinitive phrase--direct object 16. participle - adverbial 17. gerund-- object of prep
18. nominal (that) clause --direct object 19. nonrestrictive (broad reference) relative clause --sentence modifier
20. nominal (interrogative) clause - subject