CSUN – SOC 468&468S - KARAGEORGIS – EXAM 2 – PRACTICE TEST 4

Identify the author (by last name) of each of the following seventy (70) passages.

1. “Members of an interest group which is highly mobilized by social rituals thus acquire not only a sense of their own identity but also a polarized sense of membership and a symbolic worldview which similarly dichotomizes the world; as individuals they are charged up with emotional energy to carry on battles on behalf of their group.” COLLINS

2. “[The fate of each individual worker in a capitalist society] is typical of society as a whole in that this self-objectification, this transformation of a human function into a commodity, reveals in all its starkness the dehumanised and dehumanising function of the commodity relation.” LUKACS

3. “The very idea of truth has been reduced to the purpose of a useful tool in the control of nature, and the realization of the infinite potentialities inherent in man has been relegated to the status of a luxury. Thought that does not serve the interests of any established group or is not pertinent to the business of any industry has no place, is considered vain or superfluous.” HORKHEIMER

4. “[E]nlightenment, that is the progressive technical domination of nature, becomes mass deception and is turned into a means for fettering consciousness. It impedes the development of autonomous, independent individuals who judge and decide consciously for themselves. These, however, would be the precondition for a democratic society which needs adults who have come of age in order to sustain itself and develop. [T]he culture industry is not among the least responsible for making [people] into masses and then despising them, while obstructing the emancipation for which human beings are as ripe as the productive forces of the epoch permit.” ADORNO

5. “The relationship between the intellectuals and the world of production is not as direct as it is with the fundamental social groups but is, in varying degrees, ‘mediated’ by the whole fabric of society and by the complex of superstructures, of which the intellectuals are, precisely, the ‘functionaries’.” GRAMSCI

6. “To take an (unfortunately fantastic) example: the mere absence of all advertising and of all indoctrinating media of information and entertainment would plunge the individual into a traumatic void where he would have the chance to wonder and to think, to know himself (or rather the negative of himself) and his society. Deprived of his false fathers, leaders, friends, and representatives, he would have to learn his ABC's again. But the words and sentences which he would form might come out very differently, and so might his aspirations and fears.” MARCUSE

7. “[I]t is the very success with which the economy is totally rationalised and transformed into an abstract and mathematically orientated system of formal ‘laws’ that creates the methodological barrier to understanding the phenomenon of crisis. In moments of crisis, the qualitative existence of the ‘things’ that lead their lives beyond the purview of economics as misunderstood and neglected things-in-themselves, as use-values, suddenly becomes the decisive factor.” LUKACS

8. “[T]he more people who compete for educational credentials, the higher become the conventional educational requirements for jobs. “ COLLINS

9. “Any study of social change, defined even in terms of change in institutionalized value patterns, must be based on concepts that can interrelate the realistic and normative structure of the situation with the resultant actions of individuals and groups.” LOCKWOOD

10. “A well-integrated society will tolerate and even welcome group conflict; only a weakly integrated one must fear it.” COSER

11. “Thus the situation in which the bourgeoisie finds itself determines the function of its class consciousness in its struggle to achieve control of society. The hegemony of the bourgeoisie really does embrace the whole of society; it really does attempt to organize the whole of society in its own interest (and in this it has had some success). To achieve this it was forced both to develop a coherent theory of economics, politics and society (which in itself presupposes and amounts to a ‘Weltanschauung’), and also to make conscious and sustain its faith in its own mission to control and organize society.” LUKACS

12. “The prevailing cynicism among students about education is hardly surprising; they are aware that the sheer number of credits and a person’s relative standing in the queue of degree levels is what determines his/her career, and that the content taught in classrooms is a temporary commodity needed only for passing the course.” COLLINS

13. “Sociological theory is concerned, or should be, with the social and psychological processes whereby social structure in [the] dual sense [of a normative and a factual order] conditions human motives and actions. The existence of a normative order in no way entails that individuals will act in accordance with it; in the same way [,] the existence of a given factual order in no way means that certain kinds of behavior result.” LOCKWOOD

14. “[T]he ideological representation of ideology is itself forced to recognize that every 'subject' endowed with a 'consciousness' and believing in the 'ideas' that his ‘consciousness' inspires in him and freely accepts, must 'act according to his ideas', must therefore inscribe his own ideas as a free subject in the actions of his material practice. If he does not do so, 'that is wicked'.” ALTHUSSER

15. “The impact of progress turns Reason into submission to the facts of life, and to the dynamic capability of producing more and bigger facts of the same sort of life. The efficiency of the system blunts the individuals’ recognition that it contains no facts which do not communicate the repressive power of the whole.” MARCUSE

16. “In consequence of the rationalisation of the work-process, the human qualities and idiosyncrasies of the worker appear increasingly as mere sources of error when contrasted with these abstract special laws functioning according to rational predictions. Neither objectively nor in his relation to his work does man appear as the authentic master of the process; on the contrary, he is a mechanical part incorporated into a mechanical system.” LUKACS

17. “No matter how obvious the irrational character of the whole may manifest itself and, with it, the necessity of change, insight into necessity has never sufficed for seizing the possible alternatives. Confronted with the omnipresent efficiency of the given system of life, its alternatives have always appeared utopian. And insight into necessity, the consciousness of the evil state, will not suffice even at the stage where the accomplishments of science and the level of productivity have eliminated the utopian features of the alternatives – where the established reality rather than its opposite is utopian.” MARCUSE

18. “Bureaucracy implies the adjustment of one’s way of life, mode of work and hence of consciousness to the general socioeconomic premises of the capitalist economy, similar to that which we have observed in the case of the worker in particular business concerns. The formal standardisation of justice, the state, the civil service, etc., signifies objectively and factually, a comparable reduction of all social functions to their elements, a comparable search for the rational formal laws of these carefully segregated partial systems. Subjectively, the divorce between work and the individual capacities and needs of the worker produces comparable effects upon consciousness. This results in an inhuman, standardised division of labour analogous to that which we have found in industry on the technological and mechanical plane.” LUKACS

19. “The tolerance of positive thinking is enforced tolerance – enforced not by any terroristic agency but by the overwhelming, anonymous power and efficiency of the technological society. As such it permeates the general consciousness – and the consciousness of the critic. The absorption of the negative by the positive is validated in the daily experience which obfuscates the distinction between rational appearance and irrational reality.” MARCUSE

20. “[F]or the most part, [the reproduction of the relations of production] is secured by the exercise of State power in the State Apparatuses, on the one hand the (Repressive) State Apparatus, on the other the Ideological State Apparatuses.” ALTHUSSER

21. “[I]t is by an apprenticeship in a variety of know-how wrapped up in the massive inculcation of the ideology of the ruling class that the relations of production in a capitalist social formation, i.e. the relations of exploited to exploiters and exploiters to exploited, are largely reproduced.” ALTHUSSER

22. “The sources and incidence of conflicting behaviour in each particular system vary according to the type of structure, the patterns of social mobility, of ascribing and achieving status and of allocating scarce power and wealth, as well as the degree to which a specific form of distribution of power, resources and status is accepted by the component actors within the different sub-systems.” COSER

23. “Every social group, coming into existence on the original terrain of an essential function in the world of economic production, creates together with itself, organically, one or more strata of intellectuals which give it homogeneity and an awareness of its own function not only in the economic but also in the social and political fields.” GRAMSCI

24. “Decreases in conflict come about by and large by the opposite of the processes which mobilize conflict.” COLLINS

25. “American society is settling into a Marxian-style structural crisis, but without a Marxian class mobilization. To the contrary, the fragmentation of conflict group[s] makes a unified class-based movement reacting to the economic crisis both ideologically and organizationally remote.” COLLINS

26. “The more intense an individual’s concern with power over things, the more will things dominate him, the more will he lack any genuine individual traits, and the more will his mind be transformed into an automaton of formalized reason.” HORKHEIMER

27. “Bureaucracy [i.e. formal rules, permanent organizational positions, and specialized personnel] is, to a large extent, a precipitate of past social conflicts. […] The result of conflict is never the utopia envisioned in the movements of intense ideological mobilization; there are hard-won gains, usually embedded in an expanded bureaucratic shell. Those who would like to debureaucratize today’s society are ahistorical romanticists; what they are asking is to clear away the result of victories by past conflict movements.” COLLINS

28. “Regarded abstractly and formally, then, class consciousness implies a class-conditioned unconsciousness of one's own socio-historical and economic condition. This condition is given as a definite structural relation, a definite formal nexus which appears to govern the whole of life. The ‘falseness.’ the illusion implicit in this situation is in no sense arbitrary; it is simply the intellectual reflex of the objective economic structure.” LUKACS

29. “With the modern ‘psychological’ analysis of the work-process (in Taylorism) this rational mechanisation extends right into the worker’s ‘soul’: even his psychological attributes are separated from his total personality and placed in opposition to it so as to facilitate their integration into specialized rational systems and their reduction to statistically viable concepts.” LUKACS

30. “The productive apparatus and the goods and services which it produces ‘sell’ or impose the social system as a whole. The means of mass transportation and communication, the commodities of lodging, food, and clothing, the irresistible output of the entertainment and information industry carry with them prescribed attitudes and habits, certain intellectual and emotional reactions which bind the consumers more or less pleasantly to the producers and, through the latter, the whole. The products indoctrinate and manipulate; they promote a false consciousness which is immune against its falsehood. And as these beneficial products become available to more individuals in more social classes, the indoctrination they carry ceases to be publicity; it becomes a way of life. It is a good way of life – much better than before – and as a good way of life, it militates against qualitative changes.” MARCUSE

31. “The highest productivity of labor can be used for the perpetuation of labor, and the most efficient industrialization can serve the restriction and manipulation of needs.” MARCUSE

32. “[T]hose who are in ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, 'I am ideological'. […] As is well known, the accusation of being in ideology only applies to others, never to oneself.” ALTHUSSER

33. “[T]here is no practice except by and in an ideology; [. . .] there is no ideology except by the subject and for subjects.” ALTHUSSER

34. “It is not only the continual pressure of normative expectations exerted through the processes of socialization and social control, but also the range of differential opportunities created by the division of labor, that form the effective social environment of action.” LOCKWOOD

35. “Conflict turns the wheels of history, because the endpoint of one conflict is a new lineup of resources, which in turn become the basis for the formation of new interests and new conflicts.” COLLINS

36. “Beyond the personal realm, self-determination presupposes free available energy which is not expended in superimposed material and intellectual labor. It must be free energy also in the sense that it is not channeled into the handling of goods and services which satisfy the individual, while rendering him incapable of achieving an existence of his own, unable to grasp the possibilities which are repelled by his satisfaction.” MARCUSE

37. “By virtue of the way it has organized its technological base, contemporary industrial society tends to be totalitarian.” MARCUSE

38. “When changes in the equilibrium of a society lead to the formation of new groupings or to the strengthening of existing groupings that set themselves the goal of overcoming resistance of vested interests through conflict, changes in structural relations, as distinct from simple 'maladjustment', can be expected. COSER

39. “It is not sufficiently borne in mind that many political acts [, rather than being immediate expression of the structure,] are due [, instead,] to internal necessities of an organizational character, that is they are tied to the need to give coherence to a party, a group, a society.” GRAMSCI

40. “It may also be supposed that the consciousness of the consumers [of the products of the culture industry] themselves is split between the prescribed fun which is supplied them by the culture industry and a not particularly well-hidden doubt about its blessings. […] People are not only, as the saying goes, falling for the swindle; if it guarantees them even the most fleeting gratification, they desire a deception which is nonetheless transparent to them. […] […] Without admitting it [,] they sense that their lives would be completely intolerable as soon as they no longer clung to satisfactions which are none at all.” ADORNO

41. “The range of choice open to the individual is not the decisive factor in determining the degree of human freedom, but what can be chosen and what is chosen by the individual. […] Free choice among a wide variety of goods and services does not signify freedom if these goods and services sustain social controls over a life of toil and fear – that is, if they sustain alienation. And the spontaneous reproduction of superimposed needs by the individual does not establish autonomy; it only testifies to the efficacy of the controls.” MARCUSE

42. “It is not technology or the motive to self-preservation that in itself accounts for the decline of the individual; it is not production per se, but the forms in which it takes place – the interrelationships of human beings within the specific framework of industrialism. Human toil [,] and research and invention [are] a response to the challenge of necessity. The pattern becomes absurd only when people make toil, research, and inventions into idols.” HORKHEIMER

43. “Just as the problem of order is not just a function of the existence of a normative order and the social mechanisms which procure motivation to conform with it but also of the existence of a social substratum which structures interests differentially in the social system, so the problem of conflict is not reducible to the analysis of the division of labor and the group interests consequent on it. It is rather that both conflict and order are a function of the interaction of norm and substratum.” LOCKWEOOD

44. “With technical progress as its instrument, unfreedom – in the sense of man’s subjection to his productive apparatus – is perpetuated and intensified in the form of many liberties and comforts. The novel feature is the overwhelming rationality in this irrational enterprise, and the depth of the preconditioning which shapes the instinctual drives and aspirations of the individuals and obscures the difference between false and true consciousness.” MARCUSE

45. “Under the conditions of a rising standard of living, non-conformity with the system itself appears to be socially useless, and the more so when it entails tangible economic and political disadvantages and threatens the smooth operation of the whole.” MARCUSE

46. “[T]here is an insoluble contradiction running through the internal structure of capitalism between the social and the individual principle, i.e., between the function of capital as private property and its objective economic function.” LUKACS

47. “[I]deology ‘acts’ or ‘functions’ in such a way that it ‘recruits’ subjects among the individuals (it recruits them all), or ‘transforms’ the individuals into subjects (it transforms them all) by that very precise operation which I have called interpellation or hailing [.]” ALTHUSSER

48. “The distinguishing feature of advanced industrial society is its effective suffocation of those needs which demand liberation – liberation also from that which is tolerable and rewarding and comfortable – while it sustains and absolves the destructive power and repressive function of the affluent society.” MARCUSE

49. “For the essence of rational calculation is based ultimately upon the recognition and the inclusion in one’s calculations of the inevitable chain of cause and effect in certain events - independently of individual ‘caprice’. In consequence, man’s activity does not go beyond the correct calculation of the possible outcome of the sequence of events (the ‘laws’ of which he finds ‘ready-made’), and beyond the adroit evasion of disruptive ‘accidents’ by means of protective devices and preventive measures (which are based in their turn on the recognition and application of similar laws).” LUKACS

50. “Bourgeois thought observes economic life consistently and necessarily from the standpoint of the individual capitalist and this naturally produces a sharp confrontation between the individual and the overpowering suprapersonal "law of nature" which propels all social phenomena. This leads both to the antagonism between individual and class interests in the event of conflict (which, it is true, rarely becomes as acute among the [other] ruling classes as in the bourgeoisie), and also to the logical impossibility of discovering theoretical and practical solutions to the problems created by the capitalist system of production.” LUKACS

51. “Potential conflicting interests become effective to the extent that they are mobilized, relative to the mobilization of opposing interests.” COLLINS

52. “The proletariat must act in a proletarian manner, but its own vulgar-marxist theory blocks its vision of the right course to adopt. The dialectical contradiction between the [course of action to which the economic situation necessarily commits the proletariat (regardless of its own thoughts on the subject)] and the vulgar-marxist (bourgeois) theory becomes more and more acute. As the decisive battle in the class struggle approaches, the power of a true or false theory to accelerate or retard progress grows in proportion.” LUKACS

53. “The domain of the State escapes [the distinction between the public and the private that is internal to bourgeois law, valid in the (subordinate) domains in which bourgeois law exercises its ‘authority’,] because […] the State, which is the State of the ruling class, is neither public nor private; on the contrary it is the precondition for any distinction between public and private.” ALTHUSSER

54. “[T]he structural origin of social conflict [is located] in the dominance relations which prevail within certain units of social organization [, i.e. ‘imperatively co-ordinated group[s]’].” DAHRENDORF

55. “Thus the task of the theory of conflict turns out to be to identify the […] conditions [of organization, conflict and change] and to determine as sharply as possible their respective weight – ideally, by quantitative measure.” DAHRENDORF

56. “[T]he presence of a normative order, or common value-system, does not mean that conflict has disappeared, or been resolved in some way.” LOCKWOOD

57. “[C]onflict can keep going longest when it is mild rather than severe, when it is institutionalized at moderate levels, with small amounts of violence and large amounts of organizational maneuvering.” COLLINS

58. “Subjectively - where the market economy has been fully developed - a man’s activity becomes estranged from himself, it turns into a commodity which, subject to the non-human objectivity of the natural laws of society, must go its own way independently of man just like any consumer article.” LUKACS

59. “All men are intellectuals, one could therefore say: but not all men have in society the function of intellectuals.” GRAMSCI

60. “Just as the slogans of rugged individualism are politically useful to large trusts in seeking exemption from social control, so in mass culture the rhetoric of individualism, by imposing patterns for collective imitation, disavows the very principle to which it gives lip service.” HORKHEIMER

61. The masses are not the measure but the ideology of the culture industry, even though the culture industry itself could scarcely exist without adapting to the masses.” ADORNO

62. “The reproduction of labor power requires not only a reproduction of its skills, but also, at the same time, a reproduction of its submission to the rules of the established order, i.e. a reproduction of submission to the ruling ideology for the workers, and reproduction of the ability to manipulate the ruling ideology correctly for the agents of exploitation and repression, so that they, too, will provide for the domination of the ruling class ‘in words’.” ALTHUSSER

63. “One of the most important characteristics of any group that is developing toward dominance is its struggle to assimilate and to conquer ‘ideologically’ the traditional intellectuals, but this assimilation and conquest is made quicker and more efficacious the more the group in question succeeds in simultaneously elaborating its own organic intellectuals.” GRAMSCI

64. “[T]he objective of the class struggle concerns State power, and in consequence [,] the use of the State apparatuses by the classes (or alliance of classes or of fractions of classes) holding State power as a function of their class objectives.” ALTHUSSER

65. “Just as the capitalist system continuously produces and reproduces itself economically on higher and higher levels, the structure of reification progressively sinks more deeply, more fatefully and more definitively into the consciousness of man.” LUKACS

66. “Validated by the accomplishment of science and technology, justified by the growing productivity, the status quo defies all transcendence. Faced with the possibility of pacification on the grounds of its technical and intellectual achievements, the mature industrial society closes itself against this alternative.” MARCUSE

67. “Whether given forms of conflict will lead to changes in the social system or to breakdown and to formation of a new system will depend on the rigidity and resistance to change, or inversely on the elasticity of the control mechanisms of the system.” COSER

68. “However, mere 'frustration' will not lead to a questioning of the legitimacy of the position of the vested interests, and hence to conflict. Levels of aspiration as well as feelings of deprivation are relative to institutionalized expectations and are established through comparison.” COSER

69. “Reification requires that a society should learn to satisfy all its needs in terms of commodity exchange. The separation of the producer from his means of production, the dissolution and destruction of all ‘natural’ production units, etc., and all the social and economic conditions necessary for the emergence of modern capitalism tend to replace ‘natural’ relations which exhibit human relations more plainly by rationally reified relations.” LUKACS

70. “Naturally this need to provide the widest base possible for the selection and elaboration of the top intellectual qualifications -- i.e., to give a democratic structure to high culture and top-level technology -- is not without its disadvantages: it creates the possibility of vast crises of unemployment for the middle intellectual strata, and in all modern societies this actually takes place.” GRAMSCI