PRACTICE-EXAM
#3 FOR SOC 468 EXAM 2: Identify the author of the following SEVENTY (70)
passages by last name.
- “The whole of the political
class struggle revolves around the State [, b]y
which I mean around the possession, i.e. the seizure and conservation [,]
of State power by a certain class or by an alliance between classes or
class fractions. [Thus, I] distinguish between State power (conservation
of State power or seizure of State power), the objective of the political
class struggle on the one hand, and the State apparatus on the other.” ALTHUSSER
- “The sources and incidence of conflicting
behaviour in each particular system vary
according to the type of structure, the patterns of social mobility, of
ascribing and achieving status and of allocating scarce power and wealth,
as well as the degree to which a specific form of distribution of power,
resources and status is accepted by the component actors within the
different sub-systems.” COSER
- “Beyond
the personal realm, self-determination presupposes free available energy
which is not expended in superimposed material and intellectual labor. It
must be free energy also in the sense that it is not channeled into the
handling of goods and services which satisfy the individual, while
rendering him incapable of achieving an existence of his own, unable to
grasp the possibilities which are repelled by his satisfaction.” MARCUSE
- “[W]hen the final economic
crisis of capitalism develops, the fate of the revolution (and with it
the fate of mankind) will depend on the ideological maturity of the
proletariat, i.e., on its class consciousness.” LUKACS
- “The highest productivity
of labor can be used for the perpetuation of labor, and the most efficient
industrialization can serve the restriction and manipulation of needs.” MARCUSE
- “The very idea of truth has
been reduced to the purpose of a useful tool in the control of nature, and
the realization of the infinite potentialities inherent in man has been
relegated to the status of a luxury. Thought that does not serve the
interests of any established group or is not pertinent to the business of
any industry has no place, is considered vain or superfluous.” HORKHEIMER
- “The
specific type of bureaucratic ‘conscientiousness’ and impartiality, the
individual bureaucrat’s inevitable total subjection to a system of
relations between the things to which he is exposed, the idea that it is
precisely his ‘honour’ and his ‘sense of
responsibility’ that exact this total submission all this points to the
fact that the division of labour which in the
case of Taylorism invaded the psyche, here invades the realm of ethics.” LUKACS
- “Modern mass culture, although
drawing freely upon stale cultural values, glorifies the world as it is.” HORKHEIMER
- “The
unity of a product as a commodity no longer coincides with its
unity as a use-value: as society becomes more radically capitalistic, the
increasing technical autonomy of the special operations involved in
production is expressed also, as an economic autonomy, as the growing relativisation of the commodity character of a product
at the various stages of production.” LUKACS
- “[C]onflict
can keep going longest when it is mild rather than severe, when it is
institutionalized at moderate levels, with small amounts of violence and
large amounts of organizational maneuvering.” COLLINS
- “It is not only the
continual pressure of normative expectations exerted through the processes
of socialization and social control, but also the range of differential
opportunities created by the division of labor, that form the effective
social environment of action.” LOCKWOOD
- “The older ‘natural’ and
‘conservative’ forms of domination had left unmolested the forms of
production of whole sections of the people they ruled and therefore
exerted by and large a traditional and unrevolutionary influence.
Capitalism, by contrast, is a revolutionary form par excellence. The
fact that [the bourgeoisie] must necessarily remain in ignorance of the
objective economic limitations of its own system expresses itself as an
internal, dialectical contradiction in its class consciousness.” LUKACS
- “Thus the task of the
theory of conflict turns out to be to identify the […] conditions [of
organization, conflict and change] and to determine as sharply as possible
their respective weight – ideally, by quantitative measure.” DAHRENDORF
- “Thus it will be well to distinguish
between those departures from the norms of a society which consist in mere
'deviation' and those which involve the formation of distinctive patterns
and new value systems.” COSER
- “[I]t is by an
apprenticeship in a variety of know-how wrapped up in the massive
inculcation of the ideology of the ruling class that the relations of
production in a capitalist social formation, i.e. the relations of
exploited to exploiters and exploiters to exploited, are largely
reproduced.” ALTHUSSER
- “[The State apparatus] may
survive political events which affect the possession of State power.” ALTHUSSER
- “Bourgeois thought observes
economic life consistently and necessarily from the standpoint of the
individual capitalist and this naturally produces a sharp confrontation
between the individual and the overpowering suprapersonal "law of
nature" which propels all social phenomena. This leads both to the antagonism
between individual and class interests in the event of conflict (which, it
is true, rarely becomes as acute among the [other] ruling classes as in
the bourgeoisie), and also to the logical impossibility of discovering
theoretical and practical solutions to the problems created by the
capitalist system of production.” LUKACS
- “[A]ll
ideology has the function (which defines it) of ‘constituting’ concrete
individuals as subjects [; it is] nothing but its functioning in the
material forms of existence of that functioning.” ALTHUSSER
- “Just as the problem of
order is not just a function of the existence of a normative order and the
social mechanisms which procure motivation to conform with it but also of
the existence of a social substratum which structures interests
differentially in the social system, so the problem of conflict is not
reducible to the analysis of the division of labor and the group interests
consequent on it. It is rather that both conflict and order are a function
of the interaction of norm and substratum.” LOCKWOOD
- “There is a good deal of
evidence for micro-solidarity in everyday life; sometimes, under
conditions of massive conflict group mobilization, this solidarity is
temporarily expanded to large social movements. The macro structure of
society, on the other hand, is well explained by the lineup of material
and power resources, and the ideological domination which results from
them.” COLLINS
- “Subjectively - where the market economy has been
fully developed - a man’s activity becomes estranged from himself, it
turns into a commodity which, subject to the non-human objectivity of the
natural laws of society, must go its own way independently of man just
like any consumer article.” LUKACS
- “Just
as the capitalist system continuously produces and reproduces itself
economically on higher and higher levels, the structure of reification
progressively sinks more deeply, more fatefully and more definitively into
the consciousness of man.” LUKACS
- “Bourgeoisie and proletariat are the only pure classes in bourgeois
society. They are the only classes
whose existence and development are entirely dependent on the course taken
by the modern evolution of production and only from the vantage point of
these classes can a plan for the total organization of society even be
imagined.” LUKACS
- “Just as the slogans of
rugged individualism are politically useful to large trusts in seeking
exemption from social control, so in mass culture the rhetoric of
individualism, by imposing patterns for collective imitation, disavows the
very principle to which it gives lip service.” HORKHEIMER
- “The cultural commodities of the
[culture] industry are governed [. . .] by the principle of their
realization as value, and not by their own specific content and harmonious
formation. The entire practice of the culture industry transfers the
profit motive naked onto cultural forms.” ADORNO
- “Now class consciousness
consists in fact of the appropriate and rational reactions ‘imputed’
[/’attributed’] to a particular typical position in the process of
production. This consciousness is, therefore, neither the sum nor the average
of what is thought or felt by the single individuals who make up the
class. And yet the historically significant actions of the class as a
whole are determined in the last resort by this consciousness and not by
the thought of the individual-and these actions can be understood only by
reference to this consciousness.” LUKACS
- “For any consciousness and
conscience, for any experience which does not accept the prevailing
societal interest as the supreme law of thought and behavior, the
established universe of needs and satisfactions is a fact to be questioned
– questioned in terms of truth and falsehood.” MARCUSE
- “The impact of progress
turns Reason into submission to the facts of life, and to the dynamic
capability of producing more and bigger facts of the same sort of life.
The efficiency of the system blunts the individuals’ recognition that it
contains no facts which do not communicate the repressive power of the
whole.” MARCUSE
- “[E]nlightenment, that is
the progressive technical domination of nature, becomes mass deception and
is turned into a means for fettering consciousness. It impedes the
development of autonomous, independent individuals who judge and decide
consciously for themselves. These, however, would be the precondition for
a democratic society which needs adults who have come of age in order to
sustain itself and develop. [T]he culture
industry is not among the least responsible for making [people] into
masses and then despising them, while obstructing the emancipation for
which human beings are as ripe as the productive forces of the epoch
permit.” ADORNO
- “In our era of large
economic combines and mass culture, the principle of conformity
emancipates itself from its individualistic veil, is openly proclaimed and
raised to the rank of an ideal per se.” HORKHEIMER
- “It
is evident that the whole structure of capitalist production rests on the
interaction between a necessity subject to strict laws in all isolated
phenomena, and the relative irrationality of the total process. […]The
capitalist process of rationalisation based on
private economic calculation requires that every manifestation of life
shall exhibit this very interaction between details which are subject to
laws and a totality ruled by chance.” LUKACS
- “The mass inflationary credential-producing
education of the future may not be very pleasant to live in, especially if
one is an educator who values cultural ideals or an egalitarian
ideology. Nevertheless, it is a
solution to the structural crisis in employment, and it appeals to the
material interests of educators, since it makes their jobs structurally
indispensable.” COLLINS
- “Potential conflicting
interests become effective to the extent that they are mobilized, relative
to the mobilization of opposing interests.” COLLINS
- “[W]hen we talk of the
stability or instability of a social system, we mean [,] more that
anything else [,] the success or failure of the normative order in
regulating conflicts of interest.” LOCKWOOD
- “Naturally this need to
provide the widest base possible for the selection and elaboration of the
top intellectual qualifications -- i.e., to give a democratic structure to
high culture and top-level technology -- is not without its disadvantages:
it creates the possibility of vast crises of unemployment for the middle
intellectual strata, and in all modern societies this actually takes
place.” GRAMSCI
- “With technical progress as
its instrument, unfreedom – in the sense of man’s subjection to his
productive apparatus – is perpetuated and intensified in the form of many
liberties and comforts. The novel feature is the overwhelming rationality
in this irrational enterprise, and the depth of the preconditioning which
shapes the instinctual drives and aspirations of the individuals and
obscures the difference between false and true consciousness.” MARCUSE
- “[I]t is the very success with which the economy is totally rationalised and transformed into an abstract and
mathematically orientated system of formal ‘laws’ that creates the
methodological barrier to understanding the phenomenon of crisis. In
moments of crisis, the qualitative existence of the ‘things’ that lead
their lives beyond the purview of economics as misunderstood and neglected
things-in-themselves, as use-values, suddenly becomes the decisive
factor.” LUKACS
- “[I]f one is pursuing the
ideal of reducing social inequality, decredentialing jobs and eliminating
the inflationary educational marketplace would be structurally necessary.”
COLLINS
- “Sociological theory is concerned,
or should be, with the social and psychological processes whereby social
structure in [the] dual sense [of a normative and a factual order]
conditions human motives and actions. The existence of a normative order
in no way entails that individuals will act in accordance with it; in the
same way [,] the existence of a given factual order in no way means that
certain kinds of behavior result.” LOCKWOOD
- “Deescalation of relatively
mild forms of group conflict tends to take place by bureaucratization.” COLLINS
- “It is not sufficiently
borne in mind that many political acts [, rather than being immediate
expression of the structure,] are due [, instead,] to internal necessities
of an organizational character, that is they are tied to the need to give coherence
to a party, a group, a society.” GRAMSCI
- “[T]he structural origin of
social conflict [is located] in the dominance relations which prevail
within certain units of social organization [, i.e. ‘imperatively co-ordinated group[s]’].” DAHRENDORF
- “[A]ll
ideology represents in its necessarily imaginary distortion not the
existing relations of production (and the other relations that derive from
them), but above all the (imaginary) relationship of individuals to the
relations of production and the relations that derive from them. What is
represented in ideology is therefore not the system of the real relations
which govern the existence of individuals, but the imaginary relation of
those individuals to the real relations in which they live.” ALTHUSSER
- “No
matter how obvious the irrational character of the whole may manifest
itself and, with it, the necessity of change, insight into necessity has
never sufficed for seizing the possible alternatives. Confronted with the
omnipresent efficiency of the given system of life, its alternatives have
always appeared utopian. And insight into necessity, the consciousness of
the evil state, will not suffice even at the stage where the
accomplishments of science and the level of productivity have eliminated
the utopian features of the alternatives – where the established reality
rather than its opposite is utopian.” MARCUSE
- “The power of the culture
industry’s ideology is such that conformity has replaced consciousness. The
order that springs from it is never confronted with what it claims to be
or with the real interests of human beings. Order, however, is not good in
itself. It would be so only as a good order. The fact that the culture
industry is oblivious to this and extols order in abstracto, bears witness to the impotence and untruth of
the messages it conveys. While it claims to lead the perplexed, it deludes
with false conflicts which they are to exchange for their own. It solves
conflicts for them only in appearance, in a way that they can hardly be
solved in their real lives.” ADORNO
- “[T]hose who are in
ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the
effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological
character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, 'I am
ideological'. […] As is well known, the accusation of being in ideology
only applies to others, never to oneself.” ALTHUSSER
- “Whether given forms of conflict will
lead to changes in the social system or to breakdown and to formation of a
new system will depend on the rigidity and resistance to change, or
inversely on the elasticity of the control mechanisms of the system.” COSER
- “To
take an (unfortunately fantastic) example: the mere absence of all
advertising and of all indoctrinating media of information and
entertainment would plunge the individual into a traumatic void where he
would have the chance to wonder and to think, to know himself (or rather
the negative of himself) and his society. Deprived of his false fathers,
leaders, friends, and representatives, he would have to learn his ABC's
again. But the words and sentences which he would form might come out very
differently, and so might his aspirations and fears.” MARCUSE
- “Bureaucracy
implies the adjustment of one’s way of life, mode of work and hence of
consciousness to the general socioeconomic premises of the capitalist
economy, similar to that which we have observed in the case of the worker
in particular business concerns. The formal standardisation
of justice, the state, the civil service, etc., signifies objectively and
factually, a comparable reduction of all social functions to their
elements, a comparable search for the rational formal laws of these
carefully segregated partial systems. Subjectively, the divorce between
work and the individual capacities and needs of the worker produces
comparable effects upon consciousness. This results in an inhuman, standardised division of labour
analogous to that which we have found in industry on the technological and
mechanical plane.” LUKACS
- “The prevailing cynicism
among students about education is hardly surprising; they are aware that
the sheer number of credits and a person’s relative standing in the queue
of degree levels is what determines his/her career, and that the content
taught in classrooms is a temporary commodity needed only for passing the
course.” COLLINS
- “Any study of social
change, defined even in terms of change in institutionalized value
patterns, must be based on concepts that can interrelate
the realistic and normative structure of the situation with the resultant
actions of individuals and groups.” LOCKWOOD
- “All men are intellectuals,
one could therefore say: but not all men have in society the function of
intellectuals.” GRAMSCI
- “When changes in the equilibrium of a
society lead to the formation of new groupings or to the strengthening of
existing groupings that set themselves the goal of overcoming resistance
of vested interests through conflict, changes in structural relations, as
distinct from simple 'maladjustment', can be expected. COSER
- “[F]or the most part, [the
reproduction of the relations of production] is secured by the exercise of
State power in the State Apparatuses, on the one hand the (Repressive)
State Apparatus, on the other the Ideological State Apparatuses.”ALTHUSSER
- “However, mere 'frustration' will not
lead to a questioning of the legitimacy of the position of the vested
interests, and hence to conflict. Levels of aspiration as well as feelings
of deprivation are relative to institutionalized expectations and are
established through comparison.” COSER
- “An interaction ritual can
reach a high degree of emotional intensity only if there is a single focus
of attention. Thus, although there are numerous lines of potential
conflict around the various distributions of economic power and status
resources, only one conflict can have a high degree of emotional and
symbolic intensity at a time. Insofar as there are a plethora of
non-coinciding lines of group conflict […] a long series of disparate
conflicts tends to demobilize each in turn.” COLLINS
- “For
the essence of rational calculation is based ultimately upon the
recognition and the inclusion in one’s calculations of the inevitable
chain of cause and effect in certain events - independently of individual
‘caprice’. In consequence, man’s activity does not go beyond the correct
calculation of the possible outcome of the sequence of events (the ‘laws’
of which he finds ‘ready-made’), and beyond the adroit evasion of disruptive
‘accidents’ by means of protective devices and preventive measures (which
are based in their turn on the recognition and application of similar
laws).” LUKACS
- “Workers today, no less
than the rest of the population, are intellectually better trained, better
informed and much less naïve. The workers […] will join in any persecution
of a capitalist or politician who has been singled out because he has
violated the rules of the game; but they do not question the rules in
themselves. They have learned to take social injustice – even inequity
within their own group – as a powerful fact, and to take powerful facts as
the only things to be respected. Their minds are closed to dreams of a
basically different world and to concepts that, instead of being mere
classification of facts, are oriented toward real fulfillment of their
dreams.” HORKHEIMER
- “[F]rom a very early stage
the ideological history of the bourgeoisie was nothing but a desperate resistance to every insight into the true
nature of the society it had created and thus to a real understanding of
its class situation.” LUKACS
- “Today th[e]
private sphere has been invaded and whittled down by technological
reality. Mass production and mass distribution claim the entire individual, and industrial
psychology has long ceased to be confined to the factory.” MARCUSE
- “The
transformation of the commodity relation into a thing of ‘ghostly
objectivity’ cannot therefore content itself with the reduction of all
objects for the gratification of human needs to commodities. It stamps its
imprint upon the whole consciousness of man; his qualities and abilities
are no longer an organic part of his personality, they are things which he
can ‘own’ or ‘dispose of’ like the various objects of the external world.
And there is no natural form in which human relations can be cast, no
way in which man can bring his physical and psychic ‘qualities’ into play
without their being subjected increasingly to this reifying process.” LUKACS
- “In
this environment, where time is transformed into abstract, exactly
measurable, physical space, an environment at once the cause and effect of
the scientifically and mechanically fragmented and specialised
production of the object of labour, the subjects
of labour must likewise be rationally fragmented.”
LUKACS
- “The more intense an
individual’s concern with power over things, the more will things dominate
him, the more will he lack any genuine individual traits, and the more
will his mind be transformed into an automaton of formalized reason.” HORKHEIMER
- “The people recognize
themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in their automobile,
hi-fi set, split-level home, kitchen equipment. The very mechanism which
ties the individual to his society has changed, and social control is anchored
in the new needs it has produced.” MARCUSE
- “[T]he objective of the
class struggle concerns State power, and in consequence [,] the use of the
State apparatuses by the classes (or alliance of classes or of fractions
of classes) holding State power as a function of their class objectives.” ALTHUSSER
- “Conflict turns the wheels
of history, because the endpoint of one conflict is a new lineup of
resources, which in turn become the basis for the formation of new
interests and new conflicts.” COLLINS
- “The
divorce of the phenomena of reification from their economic bases, and
from the vantage point from which alone they can be understood, is
facilitated by the fact that the [capitalist] process of transformation
must embrace every manifestation of the life of society if the
preconditions for the complete self-realisation
of capitalist production are to be fulfilled. Thus, capitalism has created
a form for the state and a system of law corresponding to its needs and harmonising with its own structure. The structural
similarity is so great that no truly perceptive historian of modern
capitalism could fail to notice it.” LUKACS
- “It is not technology or
the motive to self-preservation that in itself accounts for the decline of
the individual; it is not production per se, but the forms in which it
takes place – the interrelationships of human beings within the specific
framework of industrialism. Human toil [,] and research and invention
[are] a response to the challenge of necessity. The pattern becomes absurd
only when people make toil, research, and inventions into idols.” HORKHEIMER
- “This is the pure form of
servitude: to exist as an instrument, as a thing. And this mode of
existence is not abrogated if the thing is animated and chooses its
material and intellectual food, if it does not feel its being-a-thing, if
it is a pretty, clean, mobile thing.” MARCUSE
- “[T]here is an insoluble
contradiction running through the internal structure of capitalism between
the social and the individual principle, i.e., between the function of
capital as private property and its objective economic function.” LUKACS