PRACTICE
EXAM #1 FOR SOC 468 EXAM 2: Identify the author of the following SEVENTY (70)
passages by last name.
- “Thus the task of the
theory of conflict turns out to be to identify the […] conditions [of
organization, conflict and change] and to determine as sharply as possible
their respective weight – ideally, by quantitative measure.” DAHRENDORF
- “[T]hose who are in
ideology believe themselves by definition outside ideology: one of the
effects of ideology is the practical denegation of the ideological
character of ideology by ideology: ideology never says, 'I am
ideological'. […] As is well known, the accusation of being in ideology
only applies to others, never to oneself.”ALTHUSSER
- “The generation of
conflict, which may be taken as index of social instability, is never a
simple matter of a conflict of material interest but also involves the
normative definition of the situation.”LOCKWOD
- “Potential conflicting
interests become effective to the extent that they are mobilized, relative
to the mobilization of opposing interests.”COLLINS
- “[L]abour, abstract, equal, comparable labour, measurable with increasing precision according
to the time socially necessary for its accomplishment, the labour of the capitalist division of labour existing both as the presupposition and the
product of capitalist production, is born only in the course of the
development of the capitalist system. Only then does it become a category
of society influencing decisively the objective form of things and people
in the society thus emerging, their relation to nature and the possible
relations of men to each other.”LUKACS
- “Modern mass culture,
although drawing freely upon stale cultural values, glorifies the world as
it is.”HORKHEIMER
- “The masses are not the
measure but the ideology of the culture industry, even though the culture
industry itself could scarcely exist without adapting to the masses.”ADORNO
- “The distinguishing feature
of advanced industrial society is its effective suffocation of those needs
which demand liberation – liberation also from that which is tolerable and
rewarding and comfortable – while it sustains and absolves the destructive
power and repressive function of the affluent society.”MARCUSE
- “Beyond
the personal realm, self-determination presupposes free available energy
which is not expended in superimposed material and intellectual labor. It
must be free energy also in the sense that it is not channeled into the
handling of goods and services which satisfy the individual, while
rendering him incapable of achieving an existence of his own, unable to
grasp the possibilities which are repelled by his satisfaction.” MARCUSE
- “Workers today, no less
than the rest of the population, are intellectually better trained, better
informed and much less naïve. The workers […] will join in any persecution
of a capitalist or politician who has been singled out because he has
violated the rules of the game; but they do not question the rules in
themselves. They have learned to take social injustice – even inequity
within their own group – as a powerful fact, and to take powerful facts as
the only things to be respected. Their minds are closed to dreams of a
basically different world and to concepts that, instead of being mere
classification of facts, are oriented toward real fulfillment of their
dreams.”HORKHEIMER
- “It
is evident that the whole structure of capitalist production rests on the
interaction between a necessity subject to strict laws in all isolated
phenomena, and the relative irrationality of the total process. […]The
capitalist process of rationalisation based on
private economic calculation requires that every manifestation of life
shall exhibit this very interaction between details which are subject to
laws and a totality ruled by chance.”LUKACS
- “In
this environment, where time is transformed into abstract, exactly
measurable, physical space, an environment at once the cause and effect of
the scientifically and mechanically fragmented and specialised
production of the object of labour, the subjects
of labour must likewise be rationally
fragmented.”LUKACS
- “[S]olidarity
has not only a positive face but also a negative one; the group which is
most morally committed, its members most dedicated to the altruistic,
self-sacrificing tasks of defending the collective whole, is also the
group which is most morally self-righteous.”COLLINS
- “Sociological theory is
concerned, or should be, with the social and psychological processes
whereby social structure in [the] dual sense [of a normative and a factual
order] conditions human motives and actions. The existence of a normative
order in no way entails that individuals will act in accordance with it;
in the same way [,] the existence of a given factual order in no way means
that certain kinds of behavior result.”LOCKWOOD
- “Thus it will be well to distinguish
between those departures from the norms of a society which consist in mere
'deviation' and those which involve the formation of distinctive patterns
and new value systems.”COSER
- “[T]he class struggle
extends beyond the ISAs because it is rooted elsewhere than in ideology,
in the Infrastructure, in the relations of production, which are relations
of exploitation and constitute the base for class relations.”ALTHUSSER
- “Even presupposing that it
exists, the unity that constitutes th[e] plurality of ISAs as a body is not immediately
visible.”ALTHUSSER
- “The power of the culture
industry’s ideology is such that conformity has replaced consciousness.
The order that springs from it is never confronted with what it claims to
be or with the real interests of human beings. Order, however, is not good
in itself. It would be so only as a good order. The fact that the culture
industry is oblivious to this and extols order in abstracto, bears witness to the impotence and untruth of
the messages it conveys. While it claims to lead the perplexed, it deludes
with false conflicts which they are to exchange for their own. It solves
conflicts for them only in appearance, in a way that they can hardly be
solved in their real lives.”ADORNO
- “The range of choice open
to the individual is not the decisive factor in determining the degree of
human freedom, but what can be chosen
and what is chosen by the
individual. […] Free choice among a wide variety of goods and services
does not signify freedom if these goods and services sustain social
controls over a life of toil and fear – that is, if they sustain
alienation. And the spontaneous reproduction of superimposed needs by the
individual does not establish autonomy; it only testifies to the efficacy
of the controls.”MARCUSE
- “[C]onflict
can keep going longest when it is mild rather than severe, when it is institutionalized
at moderate levels, with small amounts of violence and large amounts of
organizational maneuvering.”COLLINS
- “Any study of social
change, defined even in terms of change in institutionalized value
patterns, must be based on concepts that can interrelate
the realistic and normative structure of the situation with the resultant
actions of individuals and groups.” LOCKWOOD
- “[T]he criticism of the
unapplicability of the structural-functional theory for the analysis of
conflict is directed only against a claim of generality of this theory
which leaves untouched its competence with respect to the problem of
integration.”DAHRENDORF
- “[T]he ideal […] and
spiritual existence of ‘ideas' arises exclusively in an ideology of the
'idea' and of ideology, and let me add, in an ideology of what seems to
have ‘founded' this conception since the emergence of the sciences, i.e.
what the practicians of the sciences represent to themselves in their
spontaneous ideology as 'ideas', true or false.”ALTHUSSER
- “Whether given forms of conflict will
lead to changes in the social system or to breakdown and to formation of a
new system will depend on the rigidity and resistance to change, or
inversely on the elasticity of the control mechanisms of the system.”COSER
- “It is not only the
continual pressure of normative expectations exerted through the processes
of socialization and social control, but also the range of differential
opportunities created by the division of labor, that form the effective
social environment of action.”LOCKWOOD
- “The mass inflationary
credential-producing education of the future may not be very pleasant to
live in, especially if one is an educator who values cultural ideals or an
egalitarian ideology. Nevertheless,
it is a solution to the structural crisis in employment, and it appeals to
the material interests of educators, since it makes their jobs
structurally indispensable.”COLLINS
- “Reification
requires that a society should learn to satisfy all its needs in terms of
commodity exchange. The separation of the producer from his means
of production, the dissolution and destruction of all ‘natural’ production
units, etc., and all the social and economic conditions necessary for the
emergence of modern capitalism tend to replace ‘natural’ relations which
exhibit human relations more plainly by rationally reified relations.”LUKACS
- “This
rationalisation of the world appears to be
complete; it seems to penetrate the very depths of man’s physical and
psychic nature. It is limited, however, by its own formalism. That is to
say, the rationalisation of isolated aspects of
life results in the creation of formal laws. All these things do join
together into what seems to the superficial observer to constitute a
unified system of general ‘laws’. But the disregard of the concrete
aspects of the subject matter of these laws, upon which disregard their
authority as laws is based, makes itself felt in the incoherence of the
system in fact. This incoherence becomes particularly egregious in periods
of crisis.”LUKACS
- “In our era of large
economic combines and mass culture, the principle of conformity
emancipates itself from its individualistic veil, is openly proclaimed and
raised to the rank of an ideal per se.”HORKHEIMER
- It may also be supposed
that the consciousness of the consumers [of the products of the culture
industry] themselves is split between the prescribed fun which is supplied
them by the culture industry and a not particularly well-hidden doubt
about its blessings. […] People are not only, as the saying goes, falling
for the swindle; if it guarantees them even the most fleeting
gratification, they desire a deception which is nonetheless transparent to
them. […] […] Without admitting it [,] they sense that their lives would
be completely intolerable as soon as they no longer clung to satisfactions
which are none at all.”ADORNO
- “The productive apparatus
and the goods and services which it produces ‘sell’ or impose the social
system as a whole. The means of mass transportation and communication, the
commodities of lodging, food, and clothing, the irresistible output of the
entertainment and information industry carry with them prescribed
attitudes and habits, certain intellectual and emotional reactions which
bind the consumers more or less pleasantly to the producers and, through
the latter, the whole. The products indoctrinate and manipulate; they
promote a false consciousness which is immune against its falsehood. And
as these beneficial products become available to more individuals in more
social classes, the indoctrination they carry ceases to be publicity; it
becomes a way of life. It is a good way of life – much better than before
– and as a good way of life, it militates against qualitative changes.”MARCUSE
- “The whole of the political
class struggle revolves around the State [, b]y
which I mean around the possession, i.e. the seizure and conservation [,]
of State power by a certain class or by an alliance between classes or
class fractions. [Thus, I] distinguish between State power (conservation
of State power or seizure of State power), the objective of the political
class struggle on the one hand, and the State apparatus on the other.”ALTHUSSER
- “[T]he peculiarity of
ideology is that it is endowed with a structure and functioning such as to
make it a non-historical reality, i.e. an omni-historical reality, in the
sense in which that structure and functioning are immutable, present in
the same form throughout what we call history [, i.e.] the history of
class societies.”ALTHUSSER
- “However, mere 'frustration' will not
lead to a questioning of the legitimacy of the position of the vested
interests, and hence to conflict. Levels of aspiration as well as feelings
of deprivation are relative to institutionalized expectations and are
established through comparison.”COSER
- “[T]he structural origin of
social conflict [is located] in the dominance relations which prevail
within certain units of social organization [, i.e. ‘imperatively co-ordinated group[s]’].”DAHRENDORF
- “American society is
settling into a Marxian-style structural crisis, but without a Marxian
class mobilization. To the contrary, the fragmentation of conflict
group[s] makes a unified class-based movement reacting to the economic
crisis both ideologically and organizationally remote.”COLLINS
- “Just as the capitalist system continuously produces and reproduces
itself economically on higher and higher levels, the structure of
reification progressively sinks more deeply, more fatefully and more
definitively into the consciousness of man.”LUKACS
- “The
distinction between a worker faced with a particular machine, the
entrepreneur faced with a given type of mechanical development, the
technologist faced with the state of science and the profitability of its
application to technology, is purely quantitative; it does not directly
entail any qualitative difference in the structure of consciousness.”LUKACS
- “Just as the slogans of
rugged individualism are politically useful to large trusts in seeking
exemption from social control, so in mass culture the rhetoric of
individualism, by imposing patterns for collective imitation, disavows the
very principle to which it gives lip service.”HORKHEIMER
- “For any consciousness and
conscience, for any experience which does not accept the prevailing
societal interest as the supreme law of thought and behavior, the
established universe of needs and satisfactions is a fact to be questioned
– questioned in terms of truth and falsehood.”MARCUSE
- “The highest productivity
of labor can be used for the perpetuation of labor, and the most efficient
industrialization can serve the restriction and manipulation of needs.”MARCUSE
- “Civilization
produces the means for freeing Nature from its own brutality, its own
insufficiency, its own blindness, by virtue of the cognitive and
transforming power of Reason. And Reason can fulfill this function only as
post-technological rationality, in which technics is itself the
instrumentality of pacification, organon of the “art of life.” The
function of Reason then converges with the function of Art.” MARCUSE
- “It is not technology or
the motive to self-preservation that in itself accounts for the decline of
the individual; it is not production per se, but the forms in which it
takes place – the interrelationships of human beings within the specific
framework of industrialism. Human toil [,] and research and invention
[are] a response to the challenge of necessity. The pattern becomes absurd
only when people make toil, research, and inventions into idols.”HORKHEIMER
- “The
transformation of the commodity relation into a thing of ‘ghostly
objectivity’ cannot therefore content itself with the reduction of all
objects for the gratification of human needs to commodities. It stamps its
imprint upon the whole consciousness of man; his qualities and abilities
are no longer an organic part of his personality, they are things which he
can ‘own’ or ‘dispose of’ like the various objects of the external world.
And there is no natural form in which human relations can be cast, no
way in which man can bring his physical and psychic ‘qualities’ into play
without their being subjected increasingly to this reifying process.”LUKACS
- “The domain of the State
escapes [the distinction between the public and the private that is
internal to bourgeois law, valid in the (subordinate) domains in which
bourgeois law exercises its ‘authority’,] because […] the State, which is
the State of the ruling class,
is neither public nor private; on the contrary it is the precondition for
any distinction between public and private.”ALTHUSSER
- “A well-integrated society will tolerate
and even welcome group conflict; only a weakly integrated one must fear
it.”COSER
- “Just as the problem of
order is not just a function of the existence of a normative order and the
social mechanisms which procure motivation to conform with it but also of
the existence of a social substratum which structures interests
differentially in the social system, so the problem of conflict is not
reducible to the analysis of the division of labor and the group interests
consequent on it. It is rather that both conflict and order are a function
of the interaction of norm and substratum.”LOCKWOOD
- “Deescalation of relatively
mild forms of group conflict tends to take place by bureaucratization.”COLLINS
- “The
unity of a product as a commodity no longer coincides with its
unity as a use-value: as society becomes more radically capitalistic, the
increasing technical autonomy of the special operations involved in
production is expressed also, as an economic autonomy, as the growing relativisation of the commodity character of a product
at the various stages of production.”LUKACS
- “For
the essence of rational calculation is based ultimately upon the
recognition and the inclusion in one’s calculations of the inevitable
chain of cause and effect in certain events - independently of individual
‘caprice’. In consequence, man’s activity does not go beyond the correct
calculation of the possible outcome of the sequence of events (the ‘laws’
of which he finds ‘ready-made’), and beyond the adroit evasion of
disruptive ‘accidents’ by means of protective devices and preventive
measures (which are based in their turn on the recognition and application
of similar laws).”LUKACS
- “Within
the established societies, the continued application of scientific
rationality would have reached a terminal point with the mechanization of
all socially necessary but individually repressive labor (‘socially
necessary’ here includes all performances which can be exercised more
effectively by machines, even if these performances produce luxuries and
waste rather than necessities). But this stage would also be the end and
limit of the scientific rationality in its established structure and
direction. Further progress would mean the break, the turn of
quantity into quality. It would open the possibility of an essentially new
human reality – namely, existence in free time on the basis of fulfilled
vital needs. Under such conditions, the scientific project itself would be
free for trans-utilitarian ends, and free for the ‘art of living’ beyond
the necessities and luxuries of domination. In other words, the completion
of the technological reality would be not only the prerequisite, but also
the rationale for transcending the technological reality.” MARCUSE
- “The cultural commodities of the
[culture] industry are governed [. . .] by the principle of their
realization as value, and not by their own specific content and harmonious
formation. The entire practice of the culture industry transfers the
profit motive naked onto cultural forms.”ADORNO
- “[I]f one is pursuing the
ideal of reducing social inequality, decredentialing jobs and eliminating
the inflationary educational marketplace would be structurally necessary.”COLLINS
- “[I]n principle [,] the
concepts with which we try to analyze the dynamics of social systems ought
to be equally applicable to the problems of stability and instability,
continuance and change of social structures [.]”LOCKWOOD
- “[I]deology ‘acts’ or
‘functions’ in such a way that it ‘recruits’ subjects among the
individuals (it recruits them all), or ‘transforms’ the individuals into
subjects (it transforms them all) by that very precise operation which I
have called interpellation or hailing [.]”ALTHUSSER
- “The sources and incidence of conflicting
behaviour in each particular system vary
according to the type of structure, the patterns of social mobility, of
ascribing and achieving status and of allocating scarce power and wealth,
as well as the degree to which a specific form of distribution of power,
resources and status is accepted by the component actors within the
different sub-systems.”COSER
- “[The
fate of each individual worker in a capitalist society] is typical of
society as a whole in that this self-objectification, this transformation
of a human function into a commodity, reveals in all its starkness the dehumanised and dehumanising
function of the commodity relation.”LUKACS
- “The very idea of truth has
been reduced to the purpose of a useful tool in the control of nature, and
the realization of the infinite potentialities inherent in man has been
relegated to the status of a luxury. Thought that does not serve the
interests of any established group or is not pertinent to the business of any
industry has no place, is considered vain or superfluous.”HORKHEIMER
- “The people recognize
themselves in their commodities; they find their soul in their automobile,
hi-fi set, split-level home, kitchen equipment. The very mechanism which ties
the individual to his society has changed, and social control is anchored
in the new needs it has produced.”MARCUSE
- “[A]ll
ideology represents in its necessarily imaginary distortion not the
existing relations of production (and the other relations that derive from
them), but above all the (imaginary) relationship of individuals to the
relations of production and the relations that derive from them. What is
represented in ideology is therefore not the system of the real relations
which govern the existence of individuals, but the imaginary relation of
those individuals to the real relations in which they live.”ALTHUSSER
- “Regarded abstractly and
formally, then, class consciousness implies a class-conditioned unconsciousness
of one's own socio-historical and economic condition. This condition is given as a definite
structural relation, a definite formal nexus which appears to govern the
whole of life. The ‘falseness.’ the illusion implicit in this situation is
in no sense arbitrary; it is simply the intellectual reflex of the
objective economic structure.”LUKACS
- “Politics
in fact is at any given time the reflection of the tendencies of
development in the structure, but it is not necessarily the case that
these tendencies must be realized. A structural phase can be correctly
studied and analyzed only after it has gone through its whole process of
development, and not during the process itself, except hypothetically and
with the explicit proviso that one is dealing with hypotheses.”GRAMSCI
- “The
functions in question are precisely organizational and connective. The
intellectuals are the dominant group's ‘deputies’ exercising the subaltern
functions of social hegemony and political government. These comprise:
- “The
"spontaneous" consent given by the great masses of the
population to the general direction imposed on social life by the
dominant fundamental group; this consent is "historically"
caused by the prestige (and consequent confidence) which the dominant
group enjoys because of its position and function in the world of
production.”
- The
apparatus of state coercive power which ‘legally’ enforces discipline on
those groups who do not ‘consent’ either actively or passively. This
apparatus is, however, constituted for the whole of society in
anticipation of moments of crisis of command and direction when
spontaneous consent has failed.”GRAMSCI
- “[T]he rule of the
bourgeoisie can only be the rule of a minority. Its hegemony is exercised not merely by a minority but in the interest of that minority so
that the need to deceive the other classes and to insure that their class
consciousness remain amorphous is inescapable for a bourgeois regime.
(Consider here the theory of the state that stands ‘above’ class
antagonisms, or the notion of an ‘impartial’ system of justice.)”LUKACS
- “The proletariat must act
in a proletarian manner, but its own vulgar-marxist theory blocks its
vision of the right course to adopt. The dialectical contradiction between
the [course of action to which the economic situation necessarily commits
the proletariat (regardless of its own thoughts on the subject)] and the
vulgar-marxist (bourgeois) theory becomes more and more acute. As the
decisive battle in the class struggle approaches, the power of a true or
false theory to accelerate or retard progress grows in proportion.”LUKACS
- ” If
the relationship between intellectuals and people-nation, between the
leaders and the led, the rulers and the ruled, is provided by an organic
cohesion in which feeling-passion becomes understanding and thence
knowledge (not mechanically but in a way that is alive), then and only
then is the relationship one of representation. Only then can there take place an
exchange of individual elements between the rulers and ruled, leaders [dirigenti] and led, and can the shared life be
realized which alone is a social force --with the creation of the
‘historical bloc’.”GRAMSCI
- “[E]very
‘essential’ social group which emerges into history out of the preceding
economic structure, and as an expression of a development of this
structure, has found […] categories of intellectuals already in existence
and which seemed indeed to represent an historical continuity
uninterrupted even by the most complicated and radical changes in
political and social forms.”GRAMSCI
- “For the proletariat the truth is a weapon that brings
victory; and the more ruthless, the greater the victory. This makes more
comprehensible the desperate fury with which bourgeois science assails
historical materialism: for as soon as the bourgeoisie is forced to take
up its stand on this terrain, it is lost. And, at the same time, this
explains why the proletariat and only the proletariat can discern
in the correct understanding of the nature of society a
power-factor of the first, and perhaps decisive importance.”LUKACS
- “Thus the situation in which the bourgeoisie finds itself determines the function of its class
consciousness in its struggle to achieve control of society. The hegemony
of the bourgeoisie really does embrace the whole of society; it really
does attempt to organize the whole of society in its own interest (and in
this it has had some success). To
achieve this it was forced both to develop a coherent theory of economics,
politics and society (which in itself presupposes and amounts to a ‘Weltanschauung’),
and also to make conscious and sustain its faith in its own mission to
control and organize society. LUKACS
- “What
we can do, for the moment, is to fix two major superstructural ‘levels’:
the one that can be called ‘civil society’, that is the ensemble of
organisms commonly called ‘private’, and that of ‘political society’ or
‘the State’. These two levels correspond on the one hand to the function
of ‘hegemony’ which the dominant group exercises throughout society and on
the other hand to that of ‘direct domination’ or command exercised through
the State and ‘juridical’ government.”GRAMSCI