SOC 401 – KARAGEORGIS – EXAM 3 (Dec 15 10:15 am – 12:15 pm) PREPARATION
Half of the following items will appear on Exam 3.
1. Stratification systems in which people are assigned, or ascribed, an overall social status at birth are
A. open systems.
B. more common in the modern world.
C. characterized by extensive inter-generational mobility.
D. closed systems.
2. The class systems of modern societies are characterized by
A. inter- and intra-generational mobility among differentially ranked positions.
B. closed stratification systems.
C. the legitimation of social inequality by prevailing religious beliefs.
D. the predominance of ascriptive stratification processes and structures.
3. The
legal enslavement of blacks in the
A. began in the eighteenth century.
B. was a system of paternalistic domination.
C. was preceded by the development of a racist belief system.
D. endured for longer than did the Brazilian system of slavery.
4. Contemporary slavery takes which of the following forms?
A. debt bondage
B. forced labor in the sex industry
C. the enslavement of black Africans (by other Africans)
D. all of the above
5. Which of the following is characteristic of caste systems of stratification?
A. endogamous (intra-caste) marriage practices
B. physical and interactional segregation between castes
C. inherited caste status
D. all of the above
6. Which of these countries has NOT had a caste system?
A.
B. The
C.
D.
7. Apartheid is an example of which type of stratification system?
A. estate
B. slavery
C. caste
D. class
8. After
slavery was abolished in the
A. a class
B. an apartheid
C. an estate
D. a (near-)caste
9. What type of stratification system typified European societies in the Middle Ages?
A. class
B. estate
C. caste
D. slavery
10. According to Marger, Lenski concludes that which type of society has had the most extensive range of inequality?
A. agrarian
B. slave
C. industrial
D. caste
11. The most open types of stratification systems are
A. estate systems.
B. caste systems.
C. class systems.
D. slavery systems.
12. As agrarian societies become industrialized
A. social mobility increases.
B. social placement based on achievement increases.
C. the stratification system becomes more open.
D. all of the above.
13. The movement between positions that one may experience over the course of one’s life is termed ______ mobility.
A. upward
B. intragenerational
C. horizontal
D. intergenerational
14. Individual
mobility in the
A. intra-social class for the majority of people.
B. most likely to be upward.
C. likely to be short range/incremental.
D. all of the above.
15. Most
socio-economic mobility in the
A. structural factors.
B. individual effort and ability.
C. the level of education achieved.
D. inheritance.
16. When someone experiences upward mobility as a result of changes in the opportunity structure, this is an example of
A. individual mobility.
B. intergenerational mobility.
C. structural mobility.
D. the value of hard work and effort.
17. According to Marger, the most critical aspect of structural mobility is
A. the human capital individuals possess.
B. changes in the number and types of occupational slots relative to the number and qualifications of people available to fill them.
C. luck.
D. being highly skilled.
18. According to Marger and your instructor, the factor that has the greatest single influence on the likelihood of an individual experiencing intra-generational upward mobility is
A. his/her own educational attainment.
B. his/her raceðnicity.
C. his/her own ambition, talent, hard work and perseverance.
D. the social class (income&wealth, education, prestige) position of his/her parents.
E. Either A. or D. above.
19. An individual’s probability of experiencing intra- and inter-generational vertical mobility is influenced by
A. his/her sex.
B. his/her level of educational attainment.
C. the prevailing opportunity structure.
D. his/her race and ethnicity.
E. all of the above.
20. Americans believe in the ideal of equal opportunity. Which of the following is thought to provide the basic social mechanism turning that ideal into reality?
A. Free/Affordable education/schooling
B. Affirmative action
C. The work ethic
D. The opportunity structure
21. Which
of the following is true concerning the educational system in the
A. It promotes equality of opportunity.
B. The quality of education provided is roughly the same across school districts.
C. It helps maintain the structure of inequality.
D. It is primarily financed by state and federal taxes.
22. The social class of parents influences
A. the quality of their children’s schools.
B. how their children score on IQ tests.
C. the probability of their children experiencing upward inter-generational mobility.
D. all of these.
23. In
their influential study of schooling in
A. the quality of the school attended.
B. their home environment.
C. the number of hours spent studying.
D. what academic track they were slotted into.
24. Most societies throughout history have been characterized by significant amounts of social mobility.
25. Social mobility is the (vertical and horizontal) movement of people along society’s various hierarchies.
26. Slavery is a relatively recent form of inequality/stratification.
27. Paternalistic
slavery systems, like that of the antebellum
28. The
“Jim Crow” system that existed in the
29. Two classes, the peasantry and the lords, characterize estate systems.
30. Studies
of mobility in the
31. Inter-generational
upward mobility is fairly common among people from poor backgrounds in the
32. In
the
33. Immigration flows and patterns have negligible effects on the inter- and intra-generational mobility chances of native-born individuals
34. Differences in the extent and quality of one’s (own or one’s family’s) social networks have significant effects on the degree of one’s understanding of the business and academic career selection processes and having connections to those who regulate them.
35. Comparing families from the same social class, those which provide more intellectual stimulation and a richer cultural environment than the others, do not enhance their children’s chances of avoiding downward and achieving upward mobility.
36. Working-class children who do well in school and score well on the SATs are just as likely to go to college as comparably smart and studious children from the upper-middle class.
37. The effects of class of origin on status attainment are canceled out by education.
38. The
educational system contributes to the perpetuation of social inequality in the
39. The fact that members of a society willingly accept social inequality is termed
A. ideology.
B. legitimacy.
C. false consciousness.
D. repression.
40. The process by which serfs came to accept the appropriateness of extensive inequality in feudal society as well as their role in it is called
A. legitimacy.
B. ideological domination.
C. repression.
D. legitimation.
41. Which of the following explains and rationalizes the discrepancies in power and wealth in a society?
A. the dominant ideology
B. authority
C. legitimation
D. ideology
42. In Marger’s interpretation, the Marxist perspective maintains that the ideological hegemony of the dominant group(s) in society depends on
A. its/their authority.
B. its/their intellectual superiority.
C. false consciousness on the part of the dominated.
D. forceful/violent repression.
43. In Marger’s view, from the functionalist perspective, acceptance of the dominant ideology occurs due to
A. belief in legitimate power.
B. ideological hegemony.
C. elite manipulation.
D. a consensus of values.
44. The dominant ideology
A. is accepted and interpreted by everyone in a society in the same way.
B. Functions to justify the system to those whom the system rewards and to comfort those who fail.
C. coincides with the conditions of social reality.
D. none of the above
45. Which
of the following is/are essential components of the dominant ideology in the
A. equality of condition
B. meritocracy and universalism
C. malleability of human nature
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
46. Arguably the most basic component of the dominant American ideology is the belief in
A. individual achievement.
B. equality of opportunity.
C. liberal capitalism.
D. the work ethic.
47. The belief in individual achievement tends to minimize the effect that ______ has/have on the determination of a person’s success in life.
A. discrimination
B. inequality of opportunity
C. structural factors
D. self-reliance
48. Which
of the following components of the dominant American ideology best accounts for
the strong anti-welfare bias in
A. individualism
B. self-reliance
C. meritocracy
D. equality of opportunity
49. According to Marger and class discussion, belief in which of the following is most frequently used by Americans to justify and legitimize inequality of rewards/conditions?
A. the existence of equality of opportunity
B. the superiority of liberal capitalism as a political system.
C. divine will.
D. white racial superiority.
50. Which of the following do Americans believe is the foundation of equal opportunity?
A. the work ethic
B. individualism
C. equal access to public and/or affordable formal education
D. meritocracy
51. A system in which a person earns her or his social position and social rewards on the basis of demonstrated past and current performance is
A. a democracy.
B. a closed system.
C. liberal capitalism.
D. a meritocracy.
52. According to Marger, Americans tend to believe
A. the wealthy have earned their wealth.
B. they themselves have a chance to become wealthy.
C. the country benefits from having a wealthy class.
D. all of these
53. According to Marger, in which of the following countries is the percentage of people who believe that hard work is the route to success the highest?
A.
B. the
C. the
D.
E.
54. According to Marger, the belief that liberty is the most critical right of individuals in a society is associated with
A. meritocracy.
B. classical liberalism.
C. democracy.
D. free market competition.
55. In
the
A. the individual oneself
B. the functioning of free markets
C. a lack of opportunity
D. structural factors
56. According to Marger, most Americans believe that
A. schools are non-ideological institutions.
B. the media provide objective, nonbiased accounts.
C. corporations are neutral organizations.
D. all of the above
57. According to Marger, acceptance of the dominant ideology
A. is the result of a subtle and essentially unconscious process.
B. occurs through socialization.
C. leads to the acceptance of the given social system as natural and normative/normal.
D. all of the above.
58. According to Marger, socialization to the dominant ideology occurs most deliberately and systematically in
A. schools.
B. the family.
C. the media.
D. the workplace.
59. According to Marger, because many poor people accept much of the dominant ideology, it can be said they have been effectively
A. repressed.
B. socialized or indoctrinated (depending on one’s perspective).
C. bribed or bought off.
D. provided with equal opportunity.
60. According to Marger, the “hidden curriculum” in schools
A. tends to undercut the dominant ideology.
B. is the way schools legitimize the dominant ideology.
C. is an example of deliberate socialization.
D. is an example of incidental socialization.
61. According to Marger, the mass media generally reflect the interests of big business because
A. they are a primary agent of socialization.
B. they are themselves profit-making enterprises.
C. they embody the dominant ideology.
D. they are directly controlled by big business.
62. According to Marger, because the mass media act as gatekeepers, deciding what is appropriate and inappropriate program content,
A. they have extensive control over shaping people’s reality.
B. the systematic origins of chronic social problems are rarely discussed.
C. whether the media are profit-making or nonprofit can affect program content.
D. all of the above.
63. Although the media may not be overly effective in telling Americans ______, they are extremely effective in telling us ______.
A. what to think; about the shortcomings of our society
B. what and whom to think about; how to think
C. what to think; what and whom to think about
D. the
advantages of the
64. According
to Marger, most people in the
65. According to Marger, ideologies are only developed and disseminated by the elite.
66. According to Marger, false consciousness is the belief by non-dominant groups that the prevailing political and economic systems serve their interests.
67. According to Marger, people’s beliefs about society and the actual conditions of social reality always coincide.
68. According to Marger, a dominant ideology is interpreted in the same way and accepted to the same degree by all members of a society.
69. According
to Marger, the poor in the
70. According to Marger, Americans are less likely than citizens in other industrialized countries to believe it is the responsibility of government to reduce the income disparity between rich and poor people.
71. According to Marger, most Americans believe that the major social institutions tend to serve the interests of the wealthy.
72. According
to Marger, the process of schooling in the
73. According to Marger, the mass media are consciously and intentionally biased in favor of the prevailing system.
74. According to Marger, societies with a variety of ethnic groups are referred to as
A. panethnic
B. multicultural
C. multiethnic
D. melting pot
75. According to Marger, groups of people that share a set of cultural traits and practices that effectively distinguish them from other groups and the population in general are termed ______ groups.
A. ethnic
B. racial
C. immigrant
D. minority
76. According to Marger, which of the following terms refers to a “panethnic” group?
A. whites
B. Asian Americans
C. Jews
D. German Americans
77. According to Marger and Winant, races and racial categories are
A. human groupings based on unmistakable hereditary phenotypical traits.
B. internally homogenous groupings of people who are noticeably different from other groupings.
C. widely agreed upon by social and physical scientists.
D. the result of past and ongoing processes and projects of social construction, associating unequal endowments and rewards with phenotypical characteristics.
78. According to Marger, while heritable phenotypical similarities and differences may be largely unchangeable, what matters most about them is
A. their ‘objective’ visibility.
B. the degree of race-mixing that has already occurred.
C. whether and how we believe these differences are meaningful.
D. the extent of inequality between groups.
79. According
to Marger, the U.S. Census Bureau currently identifies ______ major
ethno-racial categories of people in the
A. four
B. five
C. six
D. seven
80. Currently,
Euro-Americans comprise roughly ______ percent of the
A. 50; four
B. 60; five
C. 70; six
D. 80; seven
81. According
to Marger, until recently the largest ethnic or racial minority group in the
A. African Americans; Asian Americans
B. Hispanic Americans; Euro-Americans
C. African Americans; Hispanic Americans
D. Hispanic Americans; African Americans
82. Though today the American Indian population is 2.5 million, just one hundred years ago it was
A. 250,000
B. 500,000
C. 1 million
D. 3 million
83. The size of the American Indian population has been increasing in recent decades. According to Marger, one reason for this is the high birthrate among American Indians; the other is
A. the increased ability of the Census Bureau to count people living in rural areas and on reservations.
B. decreasing mortality among Native Americans.
C. a growing tendency for people to declare their Native American affiliation.
D. all of the above
84. The
“charter (or core) group” in the
A. Northern European.
B. American Indian.
C. African.
D. British.
85. During
the “old immigration” period in the
A.
B.
C.
D.
86. According
to Marger, Nativism in the
A. anti-Catholic
B. anti-African
C. anti-Indian
D. anti-Asian
87. According to Marger, the most notable feature of immigrants during the “new immigration” period was that
A. they were primarily “nonwhite” ethnics.
B. most of them came from western Europe.
C. they were from more privileged class backgrounds than previous immigrants.
D. they were predominantly non-Protestant.
88. According to Marger, the “new immigration” period was the period between
A. 1820 and 1880.
B. 1880 and World War I.
C. World War I and World War II.
D. 1960 and 1990.
89. According to Marger, the most critical factor
accounting for the enslavement of Africans was
A. a lack of power to resist capture in Africa and enslavement
in the ‘
B. physical differences from the majority.
C. cultural differences from the majority.
D. a racist ideology.
90. According to Marger, the government action that adumbrated the end of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation was
A. the Plessy
v.
B. the passage of the Voting Rights Act.
C. the Brown v. Board of Education of
D. the passage of the Civil Rights Act.
91. Which
of the following is not one
of the three major Hispanic ethnic groups in the
A. Cuban Americans
B. Mexican Americans
C. Puerto Ricans
D. Brazilian Americans
92. Of
the following Latino groups, which one has experienced social conditions in the
A. Cuban Americans
B. Mexican Americans
C. Puerto Ricans
D. Central Americans
93. Which of the following Hispanic groups has the highest level of economic and educational attainment?
A. Cuban Americans
B. Mexican Americans
C. Puerto Ricans
D. Colombian Americans
94. Marger
distinguishes between two periods of Asian migration to the
A. more likely to be escaping political persecution
B. more
likely to be from
C. more educated
D. more discriminated against
95. Most
immigrants coming into the
A. Latin
America and
B.
C. Asia
and
D.
96. More
than half of all
A.
B.
C.
D.
97. One
of the most provocative social
issues presented by the latest wave of immigration to the
A. whether immigrants are taking jobs from native-born Americans.
B. Language (whether and how quickly English is acquired and used).
C. whether recent immigrants are eligible for welfare benefits.
D. job discrimination.
98. The
99. Ethnicity and its importance vary from society to society.
100. Americans tend to overestimate the percentage of the population that is Euro-American and underestimate the size of minority groups.
101. Golf
star Tiger Woods illustrates the difficulty of attempting officially and
consistently to classify the
102. Charter groups tend to establish the cultural and institutional tone of a society.
103. Today, immigrants from the “new immigration” period remain noticeably economically distinct from immigrants who arrived earlier, during the “old immigration” period.
104. “Jim Crow” was a set of laws set up and designed to reduce institutional discrimination against emancipated African-American former slaves and their descendants.
105. According to Marger, the African American population today is more ethnically varied than ever.
106. According
to Marger, Mexicans did not set foot on what is now
107. Unlike
other Latino groups, Puerto Ricans are
108. According
to Marger, one reason immigrants from
109.
A system in which
groups are hierarchically ranked on the basis of their degree of socially
perceived cultural and physical similarity with the dominant group is termed
A. ethnic discrimination.
B. ethnic stratification.
C. social distance.
D. a multiethnic hierarchy.
110. A key characteristic of (sociological) minority groups is that
A. they possess less power than the dominant group.
B. they receive fewer social rewards than the dominant group.
C. they are aware of being treated differently.
D. all of the above.
111. The ethnic group at the top of the ethnic hierarchy, with maximal access to the society’s power resources is that multiethnic society’s
A. elite group.
B. numerical majority.
C. dominant or (sociological) majority group.
112. Of
the following ways in which minority, or subordinate, status can be created,
which one best describes the situation of Mexicans who were living in what
became
A. annexation
B. conquest
C. involuntary migration
D. voluntary migration
113. According to Marger, which of the following is not one of the elements of Noel’s account of the origins of ethnic stratification?
A. differential power
B. exploitation
C. ethnocentrism
D. competition over scarce resources
114. In
the
A. the top tier
B. the intermediate tier
C. the bottom tier
D. each
tier, depending on when they arrived in the
115. According to Marger, which of the following is true regarding the American ethnic hierarchy?
A. Individual members of various ethnic minorities will be found at all levels.
B. Ethnicity is correlated with occupation and income.
C. Differences in wealth, power, and prestige are greatest between the bottom tier and the intermediate tier.
D. all of the above.
116. Of the following groups, which one has the highest median household income according to the latest U.S. Government statistics?
A. Non-Hispanic whites
B. African Americans
C. Asians
D. Hispanics
117. Of the following groups, which one has the greatest proportion of its members officially classified as poor according to the latest U.S. Government statistics?
A. American Indians
B. African Americans
C. Euro-Americans
D. Hispanics
118. According to Marger, the general differences in income patterns between whites and blacks is accounted in large measure by
A. the substantially greater percentage of blacks over whites below the poverty line.
B. the substantially lower levels of educational attainment of blacks vs whites.
C. the persistence of intentional discrimination against blacks.
D. the overrepresentation of whites in prestigious, well-paying occupations.
119. Which of the following are explanations/accounts of the persistent economic gap between whites and blacks?
A. continued employment and housing discrimination
B. dysfunctional ghetto culture
C. economic
and spatial restructuring of the
D. continued housing segregation
E. all of the above
120. Of the various accounts of the continued high proportion of poor African Americans compared to the Euro-American population, which one stresses the disappearance of the work ethic among severely impoverished blacks?
A. continued discrimination
B. dysfunctional ghetto culture
C. economic restructuring
D. affirmative action backlash
121. Of the following Latino groups, which one has the lowest average socioeconomic status?
A. Puerto Ricans
B. Mexicans
C. Cubans
122. According to Marger, which of the following factors is most important in accounting for the lower average income levels of Latinos/as?
A. as
a group, they are relatively recent arrivals to
B. employment discrimination
C. their lower average levels of educational attainment
D. higher unemployment rates than other ethnic groups
123. According to Marger, Asian Americans rank higher than most ethnic groups in?
A. median family income
B. median occupational prestige
C. median educational attainment
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
124. According
to Marger, which factor best accounts for the relative impoverishment of Native
Americans compared to other ethnic groups in the
A. high rates of alcoholism
B. high unemployment rates
C. the geographic isolation of Native American reservations
D. low level of human capital, primarily in the form of formal education
125. According to Marger, which of the following groups is overrepresented in Congress compared to its percentage in the total population?
A. Catholics
B. Jews
C. African Americans
D. Asian Americans
126. According to Marger, which of the following groups is/are underrepresented in the top echelons of the corporate world compared to its/their percentage in the total population?
A. African-Americans
B. Latinos/as
C. Asian Americans
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
127. According to Marger, prejudice involves ______, whereas discrimination involves ______.
A. beliefs; actions
B. stereotypes; conscious intent
C. actions; deprivation
D. beliefs; conscious intent
128. When a landlord refuses to rent an apartment to a couple because they are Haitian, this is an example of
A. individual-level discrimination.
B. institutional discrimination.
C. prejudice.
D. ethnocentrism.
129. Institutional discrimination
A. involves conscious intent.
B. is less serious than individual discrimination.
C. is a product of the ‘normal’ functioning of society’s institutions.
D. is based on prejudicial beliefs and ethnocentrism.
130. The
most persistent and consequential form of institutional discrimination in the
A. employment.
B. education.
C. politics.
D. housing.
131. According to Marger, when members of an ethnic group begin to be represented at all levels of the political and economic hierarchy, we would say that the group is experiencing
A. cultural assimilation.
B. structural assimilation.
C. pluralistic acceptance.
D. structural pluralism.
132. According to Marger, ethnic groups that experience relatively rapid assimilation are groups that
A. have high levels of educational attainment.
B. are (and are socially perceived as) most similar to the dominant group.
C. are voluntary immigrants.
D. have all of the above characteristics.
E. have none of the above characteristics.
133. A key way to assess whether members of a particular ethnic or racial group have been integrated into society is
A. their rate of intermarriage with non-minority ethnic/racial minority groups.
B. their level of educational attainment.
C. whether they proportionally occupy positions of power.
D. their income level.
134. According to Marger, proponents of affirmative action feel that ______ should take precedence over ______.
A. individual initiative; equity
B. liberty; the free market
C. equity; liberty
D. social equality; equity
135. broadly speaking, Euro-Americans tend to oppose affirmative action programs because they
A. seek to protect their privileges.
B. believe it has accomplished its goals.
C. believe institutional discrimination has significantly diminished.
D. believe it targets them for differential negative/discriminatory treatment.
136. According to Marger, opponents of affirmative action argue that it
A. emphasizes equality of results over equality of opportunity.
B. creates the implication that certain minority groups are inferior.
C. helps people who may have not themselves been discriminated against.
D. does all of the above.
E. does none of the above.
137. Sociologically speaking, a minority group is one that is numerically smaller than the dominant group.
138. In
the
139. Being a member of the dominant group assures one of success.
140. According to Marger, the American ethnic hierarchy has changed drastically in the last one hundred years.
141. According to Marger, greater proportions of whites have college degrees than all other racial and ethnic groups.
142. According to Marger, there are significant socioeconomic differences between the three major Latino groups.
143. According to Marger, Euro-American dominance of positions of power is greater in the political/governmental sphere than in the corporate sphere.
144. According to Marger, the majority of African Americans reside in majority-black neighborhoods.
145. According
to Marger, African Americans marry outside their group more than any other
ethnic or racial group in the
146. According to Marger, affirmative action programs represent the valuing of equity over liberty.
147. Marger refers to systematic dominance of males over females as
A. sexism.
B. discrimination.
C. patriarchy.
D. prejudice.
E. male supremacy.
148. According to Marger, ______ refers to the physiological and biological similarities among and differences between men and women, whereas ______ refers to socially and culturally determined similarities among and differences between men and women.
A. Gender; sex
B. Sex; gender roles
C. Sex; sexuality
D. Sex; gender
149. According to Marger, the prevailing social science view regarding how best to understand why men and women in a society, or especially in different societies or at different time periods, behave differently, occupy different social statuses and perform different social roles, then one
A. must examine the biological differences between men and women.
B. should investigate which sex has more political power in the society.
C. should examine the culture of that/those society/ies.
D. needs to examine the level of technological development of the society.
150. According to Marger, theories that emphasize that gender differentiation and inequality are necessary to help fill and accomplish important roles in a society are
A. functionalist theories.
B. sexist.
C. patriarchal theories.
D. conflict theories.
151. According to Marger, ______ theories stress that gender inequality is the result of power differences between men and women.
A. Functionalist
B. Conflict
C. Symbolic Interactionist
D. Feminist
152. According to Marger, the ideology that rationalizes and helps maintain gender inequality is called
A. gender stereotypes.
B. functionalism.
C. patriarchy.
D. sexism.
153. According to Marger, which of the following would NOT qualify as sexist stereotypes?
A. Men are inherently more confident and decisive than women.
B. Women are inherently more compassionate and sensitive than men.
C. Females are inherently capable of nursing infants while males are inherently incapable of doing so.
D. Women are inherently more romantic than men are.
E. Women are inherently more capable in domestic tasks than men.
154. According to Marger, women’s power in society is increased when
A. they become accepted as political leaders.
B. men become less sexist.
C. their economic power increases.
D. they adopt more masculine traits.
155. According
to Marger, in the
A. 70 percent.
B. 60 percent.
C. 50 percent.
D. 40 percent.
156. Of the following, which is NOT descriptive of women in the paid workforce?
A. They receive a greater return for each year of education completed than men.
B. They are likely to be paid less than men, all other things equal.
C. They are occupationally concentrated.
D. They are less likely to occupy positions of authority than men.
157. According to Marger and class discussion,
A. in virtually all societies, work is divided along sex (male/female) lines.
B. which statuses and roles are sex-typed as male and which as female (and which as neither) varies across societies and time periods.
C. the degree of occupational concentration/segregation by sex (male/female) varies across societies and time periods.
D. All of the above are true.
E. None of the above is true.
158. Occupational segregation and clustering by sex (male/female) is reinforced by
A. discrimination in hiring decisions.
B. the fact that men have more authority in the workplace than women.
C. women’s jobs receiving lower pay.
D. gender stereotypes.
159. According to Marger, the key reason women earn less than men is because
A. they are disproportionately employed in low-paying jobs.
B. they have lower levels of educational attainment.
C. of direct discrimination against women.
D. they are likely to be supervised by men.
160. According
to Marger, in the
A. 57
B. 67
C. 77
D. 87
161. According to Marger, which of the following statements is/are true?
A. The actual number of hours that women work in the home is today substantially different from what it was in the early parts of the 20th century.
B. Despite some small changes, the gendered division of household and child-care labor, whereby women doing more/most and men do less/least of it persists.
C. Women encounter more frequent and more severe conflicts between the demands of their paid work and family roles than men.
D. A. and B. only.
E. B. and C. only
162. According to Marger, which of the following statements about women’s experience in the workforce is/are true?
A. When women enter male-dominated fields, they tend to occupy positions that are lower in prestige and income than those occupied by men in such fields.
B. In female-dominated fields, women are underrepresented in positions of power.
C. It is easier for women to rise to positions of power in female- than in male-dominated field.
D. all of the above.
163.
A. by the Bill of Rights.
B. by the Voting Rights Act.
C. by the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
D. by the original Constitution.
164. Of the following, which is true regarding women in leadership positions?
A. Women have made more progress in the political realm than the corporate realm.
B. Women’s
movement into corporate leadership positions has been faster in the
C. Women have made more gains at the lower levels of government than at the higher levels.
D. all of the above
165. According to the survey of 461 women executives in Fortune 1,000 companies discussed in Marger, the primary reason women do not occupy more top corporate positions is
A. male stereotyping of women.
B. women still are expected to fulfill the child-rearing role.
C. men feel threatened by aggressive women.
D. women are more reluctant to change locations to secure promotions than men.
166. According to Marger, which of the following statements about women and education is true today?
A. Women are less likely to attend college than men.
B. The degrees women earn continue to be sex-typed.
C. Men earn more master’s degrees than women.
D. Women are more likely to earn doctorate and professional degrees than men.
167. In many of the developing and less developed countries, much of the discrimination against women is
A. less extensive than it is in the
B. illegal.
C. built into the legal structure of society.
D. based on religious beliefs.
168. The
A. are less likely to be employed than American women.
B. earn less money on average than their American counterparts.
C. experience more blatant forms of discrimination.
D. all of the above
169. Which of the following would be considered part of the feminist worldview?
A. the belief that only women should define what is feminine.
B. a claim that women are a special category of people based on biological features and cultural experiences.
C. recognition of and dissatisfaction with the fact that men create the rules women must live by.
D. all of the above.
170. Gender essentialism is the idea that there are no unique male and female traits that make men and women naturally suited for different activities and roles.
171. Sexist stereotypes serve to justify gender inequality.
172. The labor force participation rate of women in a society is influenced by the level of technological development in the society.
173. The particular statuses occupied and roles fulfilled by men and women are consistent across societies and time periods.
174. Occupational
sex segregation has not diminished in the
175. In
the
176. Women
have moved into positions of power within corporations more quickly in European
countries than in the
177. Despite their progress, women still earn fewer bachelor’s and master’s degrees than men.
178. Compared to women in other countries in the world, American women are relatively privileged.
179. Because
of their widespread mistreatment, women in developing nations are more likely
to agitate for change than women in the
180. Multicultural feminism holds that women’s experiences are quite similar across time and culture.