CSUN FALL 2009 SOC 324 KARAGEORGIS
Exam 2 Preparation Items (A sample of SEVENTY items
will be selected for the actual Exam 2)
1) According to TGSR (Acker), understanding organizational processes is necessary for understanding gender inequality.
a) True.
b) False.
2) According to TGSR (Acker), traditional and (non-feminist) critical approaches to organizations
a) take as reality the world of organizations as seen from the male, abstract intellectual standpoint
b) theorize organizational structures and processes as gender neutral
c) ignore gendered attitudes and behavior or treat them as brought into and contaminating essentially gender-neutral structures
d) ignore sexuality and other “bodied” processes (e.g. reproduction, emotions)
e) all of the above.
3) According to TGSR (Acker), gender is an addition to ongoing processes, conceived as gender-neutral.
a) True.
b) False.
4) According to TGSR (Acker), to say that an organization or other analytic unit is gendered means that _________ is/are patterned through, and in terms of, a distinction between male and female, masculine and feminine.
a) advantage and disadvantage
b) exploitation and control
c) action and emotion
d) meaning and identity
e) all of the above
5) According to TGSR (Acker), interactions that enact dominance and submission between men and women, but not between men and men and women and women, produce gendered social structures, including organizations.
a) True
b) False
6) According to TGSR (Acker), __________ is/are (a) material form(s) of the underlying assumptions and practices that construct most contemporary (paid) work organizations:
a) written work rules
b) labor contracts
c) job evaluation systems
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
7) According to TGSR (Acker), job evaluation evaluates jobs, not their incumbents.
a) True.
b) False.
8) According to TGSR (Acker),
a) organizational logic is premised on the notion that jobs, as positions on an organizational chart, must be so designed, hierarchically placed, and rewarded as to fit differently skilled and motivated human beings.
b) the final test of the evaluation of any particular job is whether its place in the hierarchy makes sense to managers and is accepted by most workers as just.
c) organizational logic assumes/seeks a congruence between responsibility, job complexity, and hierarchical position.
d) all of the above are true.
e) b) and c) ONLY are true.
9) According to TGSR (Acker), both the concept of “a job” and real workers are, in actuality, deeply gendered and “bodied”.
a) True.
b) False.
10) According to TGSR (Acker), believable rankings of jobs based on managers’ values
a) deviate substantially from pre-existing rankings.
b) tend to rationalize pay and job classifications, such that e.g. managers with similar levels of responsibility in the organization receive similar pay.
c) contain gender typing and gender segregation of jobs and the clustering of women workers in the lowest and worst-paid jobs.
d) have none of the above characteristics.
e) have the characteristics in b) and c) ONLY.
11) According to TGSR (Acker), _______________ is/are excluded from the disembodied job or the gender-neutral organization.
a) women’s sexuality, except when the job involves serving high-ranking (heterosexual) male position-holders or a largely (heterosexual) male customer or client public
b) human reproduction (including menstruation, pregnancy, nursing of infants, etc).
c) the free expression of emotions
d) concern, and identification with, domestic life and family matters
e) all of the above
12) According to TGSR (Acker), the concept of the disembodied job symbolizes the separation of (paid) work and sexuality.
a) True.
b) False.
13) According to TGSR (Acker), male sexual imagery/the
symbolic expression of male sexuality
a) pervades organizational metaphors and language.
b) may be used as a means of control over male, as well as female, workers.
c) of a certain kind plays an important part in legitimating organization power.
d) has all of the above characteristics.
e) has none of the above characteristics.
14) According to TGSR (Acker), organizational structures and processes
a) maintain gender stratification
b) contribute to maintaining class relations
c) possibly contribute to maintaining race and ethnic relations
d) have all of the above effects.
e) have none of the above effects.
15) According to TGSR (Acker), commonsense notions, such as “job” and “position”, which constitute the units managers use in making organization and some theorists use in making theory are posited upon the prior exclusion of [feminine, feminist and female-conscious] women [and inappropriately masculine men]
a) True.
b) False.
16) According to TGSR (Popenoe), advising young couples
with infants that “every situation is different” and that they will simply have
to work things out for themselves is thoughtful “cultural advice”.
a) True.
b) False.
17) According to TGSR (Popenoe), most mothers living in pre-industrial settings did not participate in productive work, other than motherhood and house-wifery.
a) True.
b) False.
18) According
to TGSR (Popenoe), on average,
a) earlier marriage and child-bearing.
b) an average number of children per family of less than two.
c) a much shorter life-span.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
19) According
to TGSR (Popenoe), on average, a contemporary
a) at-home children.
b) an at-home husband to care for.
c) an at-home husband to rely on economically.
d) all of the above.
e) having access to willing sexual partners.
20) According to TGSR (Popenoe), ________ is NOT one of the things that women must do ‘under the new social circumstances’?
a) choose an occupation early
b) enter employment while young
c) be employed intermittently
d) all of the above
e) none of the above.
21) According to TGSR (Popenoe), (traditional nuclear) family decline has had negligible effects on child well-being.
a) True.
b) False.
22) According to TGSR (Popenoe), almost all women want not only a job/career or financial independence but also to be a mother and form a strong and lasting relationship with a man.
a) True.
b) False.
23) According to TGSR (Popenoe), “new men” are offset by men who have largely abandoned family life.
a) True
b) False
24) According to TGSR (Popenoe), since the era of the ‘traditional nuclear family” is a thing of the past, we should continue in the direction we are currently headed.
a) True.
b) False.
25) According TGSR (Popenoe), ____________ support(s) a strong case in favor of maintaining relatively traditional gendered marital roles while children are young.
a) the requirements of optimal child development.
b) biological differences between men and women.
c) what men and women find fulfilling and “really want” out of marriage.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
26) According to TGSR (Popenoe),
a) there is strong and robust evidence that patterns of
attachment developed in infancy and childhood affect one’s relationship and
sense of well-being well into adulthood.
b) there is inconclusive and controversial research suggesting
negative effects of extensive non-parental child care during the first and
possibly second years of one’s life.
c) there is little or no evidence suggesting that limited,
high-quality day (group) care has any ill effects on children older than two.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
27) According to TGSR (Popenoe), as a result of relevant
universal biological differences between men and women, it is much harder to train
and motivate women for child care compared to men, and most women do not want
to be, nor are comfortable being, dads.
a) True.
b) False.
28) According to class discussion regarding TGSR (Popenoe),
a) androgynous (as opposed to “reversed”) sexual, marital
and parental ‘roles’ do not require that males become women, wives and moms,
and females become men, husbands and dads; rather, they require that both be
willing and capable to be both to/for each other and to/for their children.
b) assuming that stronger, more long-lasting and happier
marriages and families will be produced by a modified return to a strongly
gendered and ‘traditional’ pattern (normative and actual) of sexual, marital
and parental ‘roles’ and behaviors is logically illegitimate, as there is not much
evidence of even strong correlation between the two .
c) while enough ‘difference’ to maintain erotic and
romantic attraction and enough ‘sameness’ to build and maintain ‘companionship’
may well be required for a successful contemporary marriage, there is very
little evidence in support of any particular CONTENT of such difference or that
it needs to be strongly and persistently gendered.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
29) According to TGSR (Popenoe), _________ is/are among the seven tenets for establishing new “marital norms”.
a) it is less important for girls and women to be educated and to make (paid) work contributions over the course of their lives than it is for boys and men.
b) one marriage per person for life to a member of the other sex, to produce children to be raised by the couple should be the normative expectation.
c) even serious, sexually exclusive, caring relationships involving cohabitation should be discouraged in favor of proper marriage.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
30) According to class discussion regarding TGSR (Popenoe), a tax policy proposal consistent with Popenoe’s tenets for new “marital norms” would be a new “Individual Family Fund” along the lines of Education/Roth IRAs.
a) True.
b) False.
31) According to TGSR (Popenoe), much modified, but still strongly gendered, ‘traditional’ marital and parental roles are necessary, for a relatively short phase of adults’ lives, to advance the good of society and of individuals.
a) True.
b) False.
32) According to TGSR (Coltrane), in our society,
a) men typically derive a gendered sense of self from begetting children, and protecting and providing for women and children.
b) men typically depend for their gendered sense of self on not doing (and not being expected or asked to do) the things (e.g. routine care of home and routine primary care of children) that mothers do (and are expected to do).
c) having and parenting children is considered a more significant manifestation and accomplishment of femininity than it is of masculinity.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true..
33) According TGSR (Coltrane), parents in his
sample who equally shared the responsibility for direct and indirect child
care, were more likely to see similarities between them in their relationship
with their children and their parenting styles than parents who did not.
a) True.
b) False.
34) According to TGSR (Coltrane), those parents in his sample who believed that men could nurture like women seriously attempted to share all aspects of child care.
a) True.
b) False.
35) According to class discussion regarding TGSR (Coltrane),
a) consistent and (relatively) successful sharing of all aspects of child-care by men and women undermines the sex-typing of it, and the hold of gender ideologies about the inherent child-care abilities and lack of abilities of men and women
b) many of the held-innate parenting-related skills and attitudes of men and women are, in fact, the result rather than the cause of the division of child-care labor by sex-category.
c) consistent and routine performance of child-care enhances parents’ (including fathers’) willingness and ability to perform routine household labor.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
36) According to class discussion,
a) the sex-category and status of those with whom one compares oneself significantly affects how one evaluates one’s own task and responsibility allocation, one’s task-competence and one’s rewards for task-completion, in both paid and unpaid work settings.
b) the actual or anticipated/perceived non-monetary evaluations of same-sex and other-sex significant others of one’s paid and unpaid work significantly affect one’s willingness to engage in it, and one’s level of satisfaction with the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards associated with it.
c) the rarer and more unusual, in context and in the eyes of participants, a particular division of labor by sex-category is, the more likely are performances and performers of tasks to be noticed and evaluated through unusual standards.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
37) According to TGSR (Coltrane), to treat gender as the ‘cause’ of household division of labor overlooks its emergent character and fails to acknowledge how it is in fact implicated in precisely such routine practices.
a) True.
b) False.
38) According to TGSR (Calasanti),
retirement from employment has significantly different actual and perceived
consequences for men and women, independently of sex-linked biological
differences between them.
a) True.
b) False.
39) According to TGSR (Calasanti), working for pay or barter, formally or informally, is the only way in which women may continue working in retirement.
a) True.
b) False.
40) According to TGSR (Calasanti), (**** Incorrect answer given during in-class review. Correct answer in green****)
a) retirement entails a reduction of total work performed (paid and unpaid) by both men and women.
b) only husbands take on more household tasks when they retire and their wives are still employed.
c) for women, the ‘freedom’ that comes with retirement
primarily means freedom from the sort of activities associated with paid work.
d) All of the above are true.
e) None of the above is true.
41) According to TGSR (Zittleman),
a) in general, both middle school boys AND girls
have more positive things to say about being a boy than being a girl.
b) the fewer and not statistically significant are the differences by race, school and sex-category in student responses to questions about the best and worst things about being a boy and about being a girl, the greater the degree of sharedness and similarity of students beliefs and experiences related to gender[ed] roles.
c) gender plays a significant role in the lives of middle
school students, sometimes expanding, but more often limiting, the academic and
social development options of females and males.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
42) According to class discussion regarding TGSR (Zittleman), it is unwise to assume that the responses of middle-school student to questions about “the best/worst thing” about being a boy and a girl are ONLY related to, affected by, and affect their experiences IN middle-school (or elementary school, previously).
a) True
b) False
43) According to TGSR (Zittleman), the standard questionnaire responses of middle-school students in her purposeful sample reveal that
a) both boys and girls believe that biology and social practice give boys a significant advantage over girls.
b) three of the ‘best things about being a girl’ categories were related to emotional freedom and interpersonal relationships.
c) unfair and unwanted teacher and principal attention, blame and discipline were mentioned most frequently as “the worst thing about being a boy” by both male and female respondents.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
44) According to TGSR (Zittleman), ‘gender blindness’ on the part of educators makes it difficult for them to ‘see’ sexism operating in today’s schools and in the gender(ed) roles adopted by many students.
a) True.
b) False.
45) According to TGSR (Zittleman), relational aggression and physical fighting, heightened concern about appearance, conceptions and practices of gendered entitlement, and homophobia (and other irrational fears of real or imagined gender-norm transgression) can create pressures that detract from both the academic emphasis and the social well-being of a school community.
a) True.
b) False.
46) According to TGSR (Reay),
a) while primary/elementary school girls are, on average,
doing better than boys academically, their learning in the classroom exceeds
the official curriculum and includes aspects that are less favorable with
regard to gender equity.
b) culturally exalted forms of masculinity vary from school to
school and are informed by the local community.
c) the associating of normativity with white middle-class
masculinity seems to be the most difficult for girls to challenge effectively.
d) boys who rank low in the male student hierarchy seek to
gain the approval and acceptance of their dominant male peers by actively
acting out a sexist discourse objectifying and putting-down girls.
e) all of the above are true.
47) According to TGSR (Reay), the main difference between the “girlies” and the “spice girls” was the frequency with which they behaved towards boys in ways that boys routinely behaved towards girls, and towards each other.
a) True.
b) False.
48) According to TGSR (Reay), in rejecting all (discursively available to them) things feminine, the self-described “tomboys” in her study shared the boys’ denigration of femininities (and even female sex-category membership) as undesirable.
a) True.
b) False.
49) According to TGSR (Reay), despite the contemporary focus, both within and without the classroom, on ‘girl power’, it appears that girls’ subversions and transgressions are nearly always contained within, and rarely challenge, the existing gender structures.
a) True.
b) False.
50) According to TGSR (Reay), lack of interest in, and actual failure at, academic excellence and intense pre-occupation (instead) sports and other ‘masculine’ extra-curricular activities is characteristic of a particular kind of social class and race-ethnic masculinity.
a) True.
b) False
51) According
to TGSR (
a) the overwhelming majority of every single category of (officially detected and recorded) school rule infringement/violation is committed by males.
b) the more “actively transgressive” behavior is constitutive of masculinity in a school environment, the more likely are some male students actively and invidiously to break the rules.
c) conforming, rule-abiding, even carefully/minimally transgressive, (curricular and extra-curricular) behaviors and attitudes are not ways for boys to make a ‘name for themselves’ and to establish themselves in a relatively high position in both the male, and the mixed-sex peer group.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
52) According to TGSR (Ferguson), boys in school tend not to report being victims (and to seek to have punished the perpetrators) of ‘sexual violence’, especially at the hands of girls, as doing so would risk having them publically appear to have been victimized (and by a girl, to boot), a humiliating outcome that would undermine their masculinity, and their ‘standing’ in both the male and overall student hierarchy.
a) True.
b) False
53) According to TGSR (Ferguson), the open and public defiance of the teacher in order to get a laugh, make things happen, take center stage, be admired, is a resource for doing femininity (at school).
a) True.
b) False.
54) According
to TGSR (
a) True.
b) False.
55) According
to TGSR (
a) ‘telling’ entails a public admission that one is unwilling and unable to deal with a situation on one’s own, an admission that can have (actual or perceived) disastrous consequences when adult authority is (literally or metaphorically) absent.
b) ‘telling’ may not actually result in the offending party ceasing the behavior or in any actual (like for like) retribution or redress for the victim.
c) ‘telling’ amounts to ‘siding with’ and ‘seeking the help’ of the locally/historically perceived ‘enemy’ (teachers, police, psychologists), and thus to ‘collaboration’ and ‘treason’.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
56) According to TGSR (Ferguson), ‘violence’ as discourse constructs ‘fighting’ as pathological, symptomatic of a(nti-)social, dangerous tendencies, even though the practice of ‘fighting’ and the discourses that constitute this practice as ‘normal,’ are in fact taken for granted as ritualized resources for doing ‘masculinity’ (and male sex-category membership) in the contemporary United States.
a) True.
b) False.
57) According
to TGSR (
a) (physical) fighting is not
part of (adult, white, middle-class) normal corporeal and mental enactments of
femaleness and femininity, even though young and teenage girls and women do, at
times, physically fight both with each other and with boys (and even, infrequently,
with men).
b) in our society, being female entails always being
conscious of men’s physical power and continuously charting one’s everyday
routines to avoid becoming its victim.
c) in our society, most women never learn the bodily and
mental pleasure of physically (fighting and) fighting back.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above are true.
58) According to TGSR (Ferguson), because physical fighting is so incontrovertibly coded as masculine, any emotional work, especially behaviors marked as feminine (and thus reserved for females and less-than-normatively-masculine boys and men), is forbidden to/by boys and men.
a) True.
b) False.
59) According to TGSR
(Ferguson) and class discussion, though class and race/ethnicity make some
difference in when, how, with whom, and under what conditions physical fighting
takes place for both boys/men and girls/women, physically fighting is (such a
significant part of) the hegemonic representation of masculinity that, while
the potential for the unleashing of physical power is (taken to be) inscribed
in the male body, physical fighting for girls (and women) is considered an
aberration, something requiring special explanation.
a) True
b) False
60) According to TGSR (Ferguson), while girls do get in
fights at school, can fight and sometimes get into fights more easily than
boys, and make a name for themselves that way, their doing so is not assumed to
be primarily reflective of their (excess or premature or over-eager)
femininity or ‘femaleness’ (or their race/ethnicity or class) but of their
singularity/individuality (their ‘uniqueness’).
a) True.
b) False.
61) According to TGSR (Reskin),
a) most sociologists agree that the major cause of male-female wage gap is the segregation of women and men into different kinds of work.
b) regardless of whether women freely choose the occupations in which they are concentrated or not, the wage gap outcome is the same.
c) the more proportionately female (the labor force of) an occupation, the lower its average wages.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
62) According to TGSR (Reskin), ensuring that women have access to traditionally male(-typed) occupations or instituting comparable worth pay policies that compensate workers for the worth of their job regardless of the sex composition of its labor force are remedies for sex inequality in pay that address its ‘true’ root causes.
a) True.
b) False.
63) According to TGSR (Reskin) and class discussion,
a) attributing the male-female wage gap to job (or occupational)
segregation by sex misses its basic cause: men’s propensity to maintain their
[relatively privileged] position.
b) men (vis-à-vis women), like other dominant groups
vis-à-vis other subordinate groups, avoid having to give up their (relative)
advantages by constructing ‘rules’ for distributing (opportunities and) rewards
whereby they (seek to) guarantee themselves the lion’s share.
c) the main cause of male-female wage (or income from work)
gap is men’s desire to preserve their advantaged position and their ability to
do so by establishing distributional rules that favor them.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
64) According to TGSR (Reskin), men can be expected to
oppose integration by sex-category of jobs and occupations,
for fear that it would equalize women and men on the current superficial cause
of the wage gap (occupation).
a) True.
b) False.
65) According to TGSR (Reskin) and class discussion, men may try to preserve job/occupational segregation by sex-category because
a) it is a central mechanism through which they retain
their dominance in other spheres.
b) they, like everybody else, learn to prefer the company of
others like them (‘homophily’).
c) it is a convenient and visible basis on which to account
for differential compensation that favors them.
d) of all of the above.
e) of none of the above.
66) According TGSR (Reskin), in a hierarchical context, differentiation assumes, amplifies and even creates psychological and behavioral differences in order to ensure that the subordinate group differs from the dominant group, such that systematically differential allocation of (opportunities and) benefits and deprivations can be accomplished and (in the local physical, interactional and cultural context) justified and accounted for (i.e. post hoc excused).
a) True.
b) False.
67) According to TGSR (Reskin) and class discussion,
a) differentiated status characteristics influence evaluations of people’s behavior and their overall worth..
b) the choice of which characteristics of people will be deemed relevant for the allocation of opportunities and rewards is arbitrary but non-random.
c) patterned inequality of opportunities and rewards (benefits and deprivations) cannot long be sustained in the absence of enduring, patterned differentiation (naturally occurring or otherwise) among those receiving unequal opportunities and rewards.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
68) According to TGSR (Reskin), differentiation is the most significant necessary condition of existence (the sine qua non) of dominance systems.
a) True.
b) False.
69) According to TGSR (Reskin),
a) physical/spatial segregation fosters unequal treatment because it allows for unequal, differential treatment to remain hidden to both dominant and subordinate groups.
b) men resist allowing women and men to work together as equals because doing so undermines differentiation and hence male dominance.
c) sex-category based differentiation in both market and nonmarket work legitimates women’s lower pay, hinders women’s ability to succeed in traditionally male enterprises, and, in general, reinforces men’s hegemony.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
70) According to TGSR (Reskin),
a) gender etiquette (in our society) requires poor and working-class men to display deference to women of the same (or higher) classes.
b) physical/spatial segregation, behavioral differentiation, social separation, and even hierarchy are functional alternatives for satisfying the need for differentiation in domination systems.
c) physical/spatial proximity with women is in itself threatening to men.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
71) According to TGSR (Reskin) and class discussion,
a) dominants respond to subordinates’ challenges by citing the group differences that supposedly warrant differential treatment that benefits them.
b) the more innate, long-lasting, hard/costly/resistant-to-change, and overall/otherwise desirable or functional the group differences are (or are perceived as being), the greater the likelihood that they will be claimed by dominants as the warrant for differential treatment that favors them.
c) men who are unable to bar women from (their) ‘male’ jobs often respond by insisting on preserving the differentiation by sex-category of other spheres in which they are advantaged (e.g. in household work and child-care).
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
72) According to TGSR (Reskin) and class discussion, weakening/undermining the mechanisms (and/or their legitimacy or their ‘fairness’) by which women have been able to advance in the workplace has been one of the ways in which men (and women who depend on the earnings of men for their livelihood and standard of living) have responded to challenges to their (relatively) privileged position in the workplace resulting from increased integration by sex-category of previously exclusively or preferentially male-typed jobs and occupations.
a) True.
b) False.
73) According to TGSR (Reskin), a lowering of the desirability of a job or occupation (in terms of pay, returns to education and training, authority and autonomy, etc.) for men often precedes its transition from a ‘male’ to a ‘sex-integrated’ one, resulting in male-flight from it and the creation of personnel shortages for it.
a) True.
b) False.
74) According to TGSR (Reskin),
a) although some objective criteria exist for assessing skill, typically the designation of work (and the workers doing the work) as ‘skilled’ is socially negotiated.
b) the evaluation of ‘skill’ is shaped by and confounded with workers’ sex.
c) the devaluation of women’s work leads whatever work women do to be seen as unskilled.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
75) According to TGSR (Reskin), setting wages and salaries according to an occupation’s “worth” will reduce the male-female wage gap only to the extent that
a) women are prohibited from doing tasks that society values.
b) evaluators take workers’ sex into account in determining a job’s worth.
c) implementers sacrifice gender equity to other political agendas.
d) all of the above are the case.
e) none of the above is the case.
76) According to TGSR (Williams),
a) since the proportion of men and women in the labor force is approaching parity (particularly for younger cohorts of workers), men and women are no longer confined to predominantly single-sex occupations.
b) it is very common to find specific jobs where equal numbers of men and women are engaged in the same activities in the same industries.
c) women are less likely to enter male sex-typed jobs/occupations than men are likely to enter female sex-typed jobs/occupations..
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
77) According to TGSR (Williams), _____________ is/are among the “female ‘semi-professions’”.
a) sewing and needlework.
b) librarianship.
c) high-school teaching.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
78) According to TGSR (Williams), _________________ is/are forms of discrimination preventing or prohibiting the integration of women into “male fields”.
a) laws or institutionalized rules prohibiting the hiring or promotion of women into certain job specialties.
b) sexual harassment, sabotage and other forms of hostility by male co-workers resulting in a poisoned work environment.
c) gender stereotypes about women’s competence which undermine their work performance (and lower its evaluation by clients and super-ordinates).
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
79) According to TGSR (Williams), there appeared to be very little negative discrimination in hiring and promotions for men entering female semi-professions, except in some university/academic settings and (otherwise) only away from the (overall) least (extrinsically) well-rewarded positions and specialties within them.
a) True.
b) False.
80) According to TGSR (Williams),
a) the ‘glass escalator’ refers to situations and mechanisms in workplaces that require workers to work at staying in place (as opposed to moving up in pay, responsibility and authority).
b) the ‘glass escalator’ effect operates on men entering female semi-professions independently of their individual desires or motives.
c) the more ‘masculine’ or less female-typed (and numerically dominated by women) the specialty or position in female semi-professions, the better paid and more prestigious it is.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
81) According to TGSR (Williams), unlike women who enter ‘male fields’ and tend not to be supervised and managed by members of their own sex, the men in female semi-professions often work under the supervision of other men. (**** Incorrect answer given during in-class review. Correct answer in green ****)
a) True.
b) False.
82) According to TGSR (Williams),
a) men working in female semi-professions tend to have good rapport with and receive mentorship and encouragement to advance by their male supervisors.
b) openly gay men working in female semi-professions may encounter less favorable treatment in the hands of their supervisors.
c) female supervisors of men working in female semi-professions are generally eager to see men enter “their” occupations, are generally supportive of those who do, but may, at times, resent the ease with which they advance within those professions.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
83) According to TGSR (Williams), female co-workers’ and supervisors’ differential/special treatment of men in female semi-professions, while not invariably positive or appreciated, tends in general to enhance their work environment.
a) True.
b) False.
84) According to TGSR (Williams) and class discussion, which of the following is LEAST likely to be career outcomes accruing to ‘token’ men in female-typed occupations?
a) Alienation from female staff.
b) Privileged access to and incumbency in positions of power, and enhanced pay and other benefit rewards, compared to women colleagues.
c) Reduced prospects for advancement if they enact a traditional masculinity and challenges to their (hetero-) sexuality and masculinity if they adopt a more feminine approach.
d) Enhanced pay and authority returns to their human capital and work-effort compared to similar men in male-typed and gender-neutral occupations.
e) Initial hiring advantages compared to equally or better qualified female job candidates.
85) According to TGSR (Williams) and class discussion, the most compelling evidence of discrimination against men in the female semi-professions is related to their dealings with clients and ‘outsiders’.
a) True.
b) False.
86) According to TGSR (Williams),
a) just like women who enter traditionally male professions,
men’s movement into the female semi-professions is perceived by the ‘outside
world’ as a step up in status.
b) the ‘status enhancing’ effects accruing to men who enter
the female semi-professions encourage them to accept lower pay than they could
have received in traditionally male or not strongly sex-typed professions.
c) since women numerically dominate the female semi-professions,
when men enter them they have a similar experience there as when women enter
them.
d) all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
87) According to class discussion, ____________ is/are among the strategies men working in female-dominated or female sex-typed jobs, occupations or professions use to overcome the discomfort associated with the incongruity between their male and masculine self identity and the (female or feminine) image of their job?
a) re-labeling the job to minimize female and/or feminine associations.
b) recasting their own particular job’s content to emphasize its male or masculine components.
c) creating a distance from the (assumed or real) feminine aspects of the profession or occupation, while either still remaining in the same job or pursuing different, more (assumed) masculine specialties.
d) all of the above.
e) none of the above.
88) According to TGSR (Williams), unlike those facing “nontraditional” women workers, most of the discrimination and prejudice facing men in the “female professions” emanates from inside those professions.
a) True.
b) False.
89) According to TGSR (Williams) and class discussion, isolation from, and polarization against, the numerical majority group in the workplace:
a) have the same career- and non-career-related effects for men as they do for women.
b) have different effects depending on whether they are actively pursued by the ‘tokens’ as opposed to being imposed on them by the numerical majority group.
c) have both of the above characteristics.
d) have none of the above characteristics.
90) According to TGSR (Williams), lower wages and salaries than those in male-typed or sex-neutral occupations and professions for comparable individuals are the major, if not the only, impediment to men’s entry into numerically female-dominated or female sex-typed occupations and professions.
a) True.
b) False.