CSUN FALL 2009 Soc 324 KARAGEORGIS
Exam 1 Prep Items (a sample of at least 50 of the
following items will be on the actual exam)
1)
According
to TGS, gender is simply a system of classification by which biological males and
biological females are sorted, separated, and socialized into equivalent sex
roles.
a)
True.
b)
False.
2)
According
to TGS, when we speak about gender we speak about:
a)
difference
b)
hierarchy
c)
inequality
d)
all
of the above
e)
none of the above.
3)
According
to TGS and class discussion, which of the following would be appropriate
answers to the question: “What is your gender?”
a)
Male
or Female.
b)
Masculine
or Feminine.
c)
Girl(/Gal)/Woman
or Boy/Guy/Man
d)
None
of your business J
4)
According
to TGS, which of the following is NOT an example of gender differentiation?
a)
Girls
and women are (expected to be) more responsive to the needs of infants and
children than boys and men.
b)
Males
are, on average, hairier than females.
c)
Some
domestic tasks are (expected to be) exclusively the responsibility of girls and
women while others that of boys and men.
d)
Women
are excluded from formal, front-line military combat.
e)
Girls
and women are (expected to be) more concerned and knowledgeable about color
co-ordination, fabrics, and style than boys and men.
5)
According
to TGS and class discussion, the rights and obligations, and what is expected,
allowed, encouraged or prohibited, of/to members of sex-classes vary from
society to society, within any society by age/generation, social class, race
and ethnicity, etc., and within any society over historical time.
a)
True
b)
False
6)
According
to TGS, both biological determinist and differential socialization theories of
gender difference and gender domination assume that:
a)
gender differences are marked and enduring.
b)
differences between men and
women are greater and more decisive than differences among men and women.
c)
Differences
between men and women are necessary and sufficient conditions for gender
inequality and gender domination.
d)
all
of the above
e)
none
of the above
7)
According
to TGS, reducing or eliminating gender inequality weakens or destroys the basis
for the creation and persistence of gender differences.
a)
True.
b)
False.
8)
According
to TGS, which of the following gender difference turn out to be ‘deceptive
distinctions’?
a)
Differences
in verbal communication patterns and styles.
b)
Differences
in mathematical ability and consequent comfort with and savvy in financial
matters.
c)
Differences
in competitiveness and ambition in the paid work environment.
d)
Differences
in parenting styles.
e)
All
of the above.
9)
According
to TGS and class discussion, success (failure) in our society’s major
institutional hierarchical domains (occupation, education, property,
organizational and political power, etc) is seen as a mark of successful
(failed) masculinity for men but NOT as a sign of successful (failed)
femininity for women.
a)
True.
b)
False.
10) According to TGS, ‘inter-planetary’
theories of gender
a)
look for and highlight variables in which there are statistically
significant mean differences between men and women.
b)
tend to assume that observed mean differences between men and women are
deep, decisive and (relatively) intractable.
c)
tend to assume that observed mean differences between men and women account
for observed inequalities between men and women (and that to reduce those
inequalities would require reducing or eliminating those differences).
d)
have all of the above characteristics.
e)
have none of the above characteristics.
11) According
to TGS,
a)
We each ‘cut our own deal’ with the
dominant definitions of masculinity and femininity and, therefore, are keenly
attuned and often vigorously resist gender stereotypes when they are applied to
us, individually.
b)
We do not ‘cut our own deal’ by
ourselves in gender-neutral institutions and arenas.
c)
Assuming that major institutions are
gender-neutral results in significant double-binds for individual men and
women.
d)
All of the above are true.
e)
None of the above is true.
12) According to TGS,
biological-determinist theories/explanations of gender (and sexual orientation)
are used by conservatives, misogynists and homophobes while differential
socialization and cultural theories of gender (and sexual orientation) are used
by liberals, feminists and gay activists?
a)
True.
b)
False.
13) According to TGS, contemporary
biological-determinist theories of gender (and sexual orientation) draw their
evidence from which of the following areas of research?
a)
Evolutionary
theory, from sociobiology to ‘evolutionary psychology’.
b)
Brain
research.
c)
Endocrinological
research.
d)
All
of the above.
e)
None
of the above.
14) The statement: “Female procreative
strategy is like that of single-celled organisms - steady, inexorable
multiplication - and this phylogenetic procreative strategy greatly colors
their total phylogenetically predetermined ethos.” is an example of an
evolutionary psychological account of human sexuality and gender.
a)
True.
b)
False.
15) According to TGS, a variety of
‘reproductive strategies’, for both men and women, is made possible by our
genetic heritage and is available to individuals and populations, as the
natural, demographic, and socio-cultural environments allow, reward, prescribe
or proscribe.
a)
True.
b)
False.
16) According to TGS, the most reliable
way for a man, through his own actions, to ensure that his genes are passed on
to future generations is to have regular sexual intercourse with healthy,
fertile, maternally-inclined and -capable, sexually faithful to him, women and
to support them from conception through to their potential offspring’s
attainment of sexual/reproductive maturity.
a)
True.
b)
False.
17) According to TSG, brain researchers
interested in explaining observed behavioral differences between adult men and
women seek morphological or functional differences in the brains of males and
females and attempt causally to connect them to those behavioral differences.
a)
True.
b)
False.
18) According to TGS, on which of the
following areas have contemporary brain research-based attempts to account for
observed behavioral differences between men and women focused?
a)
Differences
in left- vs right-hemisphere dominance in men vs women.
b)
Differences
in the degree of brain lateralization between men and women.
c)
Differences
in the structure and function of the corpus collosum, the amygdala, the
quantity of secretion of (and responsiveness to) neurotransmitters, etc. between
men and women.
d)
All
of the above.
e)
None
of the above.
19) According to TGS, theory and
research seeking to establish brain (structure & function)-based and /or
endocrinological causes or origins of same-sex sexual attraction and sexual
behavior
a)
are related to those on the biological bases of observed or normative
differences between boys/men and girls/women.
b)
tend to assume that brain structure/function and hormone levels determine
behavior (patterns) rather than vice-versa.
c)
tend to assume that same-sex sexual attraction, sexual behavior and
identity by men/women is biologically akin to their being like women/men.
d)
have ALL of the above characteristics.
e)
have NONE of the above characteristics.
20) According to TGS, TGSR (Herdt), and
class discussion, it appears that patterns of voluntary same-sex sexual
behavior by men are not the causal effect of gene, brain structure/function,
hormonal or developmental (physical or psychological) abnormalities.
a)
True.
b)
False.
21) According to TGS, some
biological-determinist theories of gender difference and gender inequality
argue that patterned, chromosomally-based, endocrinological sex-differences
during the fetal and puberty periods of human development decisively affect
a)
the development of gender identity.
b)
physical and psychological expressions of masculinity and
femininity.
c)
sexual object-choice (male and masculine vs female and feminine).
d)
all of the above.
e)
none of the above.
22) According to TGS, research on three
generations of 5-alpha-reductase deficient genetically male people in the
a)
pre-natal hormonal secretions had created ‘male’ brains and
ambiguous or female-appearing external genitalia.
b)
pubertal ‘male’ hormonal secretions transformed their bodies into
(more) ‘male’ bodies and activated their ‘male’ brains.
c)
the combination of prenatal and pubertal hormonal secretions made their
transition to ‘normal’ manhood and heterosexuality relatively psychologically
unproblematic.
d)
all of the above.
e)
none of the above.
23) According to TGS, gay men and
lesbians are sexual gender non-conformists, except when it comes to the sex of
their sexual object choice.
a)
True.
b)
False.
24) According to TGS, it is gay men
rather than lesbian women who (tend to) believe that their same-sex sexual
object choice is natural, biological, inborn.
a)
True.
b)
False.
25) According to TGS,
social-constructionist sociologists of sex and gender maintain that
a)
there are fewer genuine and substantial differences in thinking,
attitudes, behaviors and capacities between men and women (as such) than is
generally assumed.
b)
genuine gender differences do not, by themselves, explain gendered
institutional/organizational arrangements, interactions and identities that
create or reproduce gendered inequality.
c)
neither biological-determinist nor differential socialization
explanations account for patterned differences and inequalities among women and among men which are, more often than not, greater than those between women and men..
d)
all of the above.
e)
none of the above.
26) According to TGS,
biological-determinist explanations are least convincing when it comes
to accounting for:
a)
cross-cultural, longitudinal and contextual variations in the definitions
of masculinity and femininity.
b)
cross-cultural, longitudinal and contextual variations in gender
inequality.
c)
cross-cultural,
longitudinal and contextual variations in primary and secondary
sex-characteristics
d)
none
of the above
e)
a) and b) ONLY.
27) According to TGS, anthropological
researchers and theorists of gender and sexuality have discovered no universal
or constant themes.
a)
True.
b)
False.
28) According to TGS and TGSR (M.
Mead), Margaret Mead maintained that
a)
what we have traditionally regarded as feminine and masculine temperamental
attributes are biologically sex-linked.
b)
while
the clothing, manners and forms of head-dress that a society at a given period
assigns to members of either sex-class are very lightly (if at all) determined
by physiological sex, the feminine and masculine personalities likewise
assigned to and expected of them are strongly determined by physiological sex.
c)
standardized personality differences between boys/men and girls/women
are cultural creations to which each generation of males and females is trained
to conform.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
29) According to TGS and TGSR (M.
Mead), Margaret Mead argues that human nature is completely homogenous raw
material, lacking specific drives and characterized by no important
constitutional differences between individuals.
a)
True.
b)
False.
30) According to class discussion and
TGSR (M. Mead), Margaret Mead does not provide a theory to account for
variation in the social-cultural selection of temperaments, attitudes and
behaviors assigned and conformed to by members of the male and female
sex-classes of various societies at different times.
a)
True.
b)
False.
31) According to TGS and class
discussion,
a)
Every
known society is characterized by SOME division of labor by sex-class (and age
or age-grade).
b)
Some
kinds of division of labor by sex-class may have been highly functionally
significant for the survival, adaptation and relative flourishing of human
societies.
c)
Our
physical constitutions (including our sex and sex-linked physical
attributes) have become significantly less determinative in the
assignment and choice of tasks and occupations with the advent and spread of
modern industrial capitalism.
d)
All
of the above are true.
e)
None
of the above is true.
32) According to TGS and class
discussion, the less socially indispensable or physically imperative particular
divisions of labor by sex-class and patterns of associated gender-inequality
in/of a society become (all other things equal),
a)
the more likely they are to require ideological and coercive domination to
be maintained.
b)
the more likely those disadvantaged by them to seek individually or
collectively to alter them.
c)
the less likely they are to persist if that society is facing competitive
threats to its existence, power or economic well-being.
d)
all of the above.
e)
none of the above.
33) According to TGS, generally, the
higher the degree of gendered differentiation among people in a society, the
greater the level of gender inequality.
a)
True.
b)
False.
34) According to TGS, Peggy Reeves
Sanday’s research suggests that strict physical and social segregation of a
society’s members by sex-category correlate with strong and persistent patterns
of inequality by sex-category and male dominance.
a)
True.
b)
False.
35) According to TGS, the findings of
cross-cultural research on the determinants of “female status and
male-dominance” DO NOT include which of the following?
a)
Lower
levels of division of labor by sex-category are associated with low levels of
male dominance
b)
Control
by men of political and ideological resources necessary to achieve a society’s
goals and of productive property is associated with high levels of male
dominance.
c)
The
higher the ratio of ‘marriageable men’ to ‘marriageable women’, the higher the status of women relative
to men.
d)
All
of the above.
e)
Any
of the above.
36) According to TGS, anthropological and ethnographic research on rape suggests that:
a)
rape is a manifestation of men’s hard-wired evolutionary reproductive
strategy.
b)
‘mass’ rape tends to occur when one group is facing a
shortage of sexually mature females while another has a surplus of sexually
mature females.
c)
rape is a manifestation of, and a strategy within, dominance hierarchies
among men, as well hierarchies that place (most) men over (most) women.
d)
All
of the above are true.
e)
None
of the above is true.
37) According to TGS, social rituals in
which only members of a society or group’s male OR female sex-category are allowed to or must
participate:
a)
have often been associated with reproduction and child-rearing.
b)
require and cement spatial segregation between men and women, and
between ‘junior’ males and females and their ‘senior’ counterparts.
c)
are most prevalent among societies and groups characterized by significant
gender inequality and male dominance.
d)
tend to assume and reproduce belief in the essential, intractable and
decisive natural differences between men and women.
e)
Have
all the above characteristics.
38) According to TGS, while most
societies recognize only two “genders” (i.e. socially accepted/legitimate
sex-classes to which one can belong and according to the normative expectations
attached to which one is to have one’s behavior perceived and evaluated)
conceived of as being ‘normally’ associated with only two physiological sexes,
there are some societies that recognize three or four.
a)
True.
b)
False.
39) According to TGS, the recognition
of more than two “genders” by a society or group is generally associated with
low levels of differentiation,and
ascriptive allocation of roles and statuses, by gender.
a)
True.
b)
False.
40) According to TGS,
a)
research
into where, when, and with whom one is allowed or even required to have sexual
relations in a society, across societies, and across time-periods suggests that
human sexual behavior is not exclusively organized around reproduction.
b)
When
questioned about the ‘rationale’ for their sexual practices, members of diverse
societies and groups invariably respond that they are only doing what is
‘normal’ and even ‘natural’.
c)
The
documented variety in the observed and normative patterns of sexual activities
across, and within, societies and groups suggests that the biological imperative
toward reproduction can and does take many forms none of which, in its
specifics, is more ‘natural’ than the others.
d)
all of the above are true.
e) none of the above is true.
41) According to TGS, divorce and
remarriage, institutionalized child-care provided by non-kin, and both men and
women as active participants in both domestic and extra-domestic work and life
are more alike the arrangements of prehistoric foraging-and-hunting human
societies (and thus more ‘natural’ to human life on the planet) than those of
settled agrarian societies out of which our contemporary societies developed.
a)
True.
b)
False.
42) According to TGS, while
cross-cultural anthropological and ethnographic research establishes that there
is no biologically/evolutionary basis for any particular pattern of gender
differences and gender inequality, it does not adequately address the question
of the persistence and near universality of ‘male dominance’.
a)
True
b)
False
43) According to TGS, Freud’s theory of
psycho-sexual development posits BOTH a universal, cross-cultural, problematic
and precarious, stage process of psychological development through which all
human beings must go through in order to attain mature adulthood AND one that
is differentiated by an individual’s physiological and anatomical sex.
a)
True.
b)
False.
44) According to TGS, the most
significant impact of Freud’s theories on contemporary studies and popular
assumptions has been an emphasis on infancy and childhood as crucial
determinants of subsequent ‘normal’ or ‘problematic’ psychological development
and adjustment, gender identity and sexual orientation.
a)
True.
b)
False.
45) According to TGS,
a)
theories of cognitive development locate the trigger of gender
development and gender identity formation in early childhood.
b)
theories of cognitive development maintain that children’s early
gender identities entail categorizing themselves and the world in gendered
terms based on abstract, cultural cues.
c)
theories
of cognitive development suggest that the crucial, long-lasting contribution of
early psychological development to gender identity and gendered practice lies
in one’s developing a sense that seeing others, oneself and the world in terms
of persisting sex-categories (male OR female) is both mandatory and
useful.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
46) According to TGS, in a society or
group in which being a member of the male sex-category is (and is treated as) a
pre-requisite or a rationale for relatively privileged access to
resources and rewards,
a)
boys and men will tend to be psychologically ‘invested’ in their possession
and demonstration of their ‘uniquely’ male characteristics and abilities.
b)
Boys
and men will tend to distance themselves from and ‘denigrate’ uniquely female
characteristics and abilities.
c)
Boys
and men will tend to exclude women from activities and prerogatives that they
are assumed to be uniquely qualified for and/or entitled to because of their
maleness.
d)
Girls
and women may develop ‘envy’ for those ‘uniquely’ male characteristics
(directly physical or derivative) and ‘resignation’ regarding the
‘debilitating’ effects of their ‘uniquely’ female characteristics and their
lack of ‘uniquely’ male characteristics..
e)
All
of the above are likely outcomes regardless of the presence or absence of any
actual intrinsic connection between anatomical-physiological sex and ability to
engage (or eminence in engaging) in activities requiring those resources and
resulting in those rewards.
47) According to TGS and class
discussion, feminist psychoanalytic sociologist Nancy Chodorow argues that in
societies in which primary care-taking of infants and children (primary
parenting) is done (almost) exclusively by women
a)
masculinity is defined in largely negative terms, as that which is not
feminine or involved with women.
b)
femininity is associated with a greater capacity for, and interest
in, forming and maintaining deep, personal relationships with particular
others.
c)
(exclusive and permanent) heterosexual adult relationships
and parenting have different (at times conflicting) meanings and satisfy
different relational needs for men and women.
d)
normative
masculine development handicaps one in personal, affective relationships and
activities while normative feminine development handicaps one in impersonal,
competitive relationships and activities, thereby reproducing the division of
domestic and extra-domestic labor and ‘spheres’ by sex by creating men and
women who are psychologically adapted to one and not the other.
e)
all of the above are true.
48) According to TGS, the presence of PDD
(Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder) and the absence of something like DDPD
(‘Delusional Dominating Personality Disorder) from the DSM (Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is an instance of an androcentric bias
in that ostensibly gender-neutral manual.
a)
True.
b)
False.
49) According to TGS, Maccoby and
Janklin’s work found that which of the following is NOT a significant
and consistent difference between boys and girls in how they are raised?
a)
Boys
are handled and played with somewhat more roughly than girls.
b)
Boys
receive more physical punishment than girls.
c)
Parents,
especially mothers, are considerably more likely to show concern about and to
discourage girls from being or becoming a ‘tomboy’ than they are to show
concern about and discourage boys from being or becoming a ‘sissy’.
d)
All
of the above.
e)
None
of the above.
50) According to TGS, the less clearly
gendered (sex-category or gender-typed) the setting and/or the activity, the
less likely one is to find statistically significant AND large differences
between boys/girls and men/women, regardless of the strength/depth and content
of their respective gender identities and socializations.
a)
True.
b)
False
51) According to TGS and class
discussion, sociological “sex (or gender) role” theorizing and research has
which of the following characteristics?
a)
It
is not really about ‘sex roles’ as such,
but about the kinds of roles that are ascriptively allocated to
individuals on the basis of sex-class membership, and about the roles that
members of the two sex-classes must take on in order to be considered
competent, full members of their society at different points during the life
course.
b)
Regards
incongruities between, on the one hand, social and cultural demands imposed on
men and women for complete and successful membership in their society, and
their socialization experiences and personality development as male and female
infants, children and adolescents, on the other, as causes of severe strain in
both the personalities of men and women as well in the successful functioning
of their society.
c)
Posits
that both adult men and women in advanced industrial societies are likely to
find adolescent and early adulthood patterns of masculinity and femininity as
‘tempting’ models to fall back on, compared to the normative adult patterns
with their high requirements for sober responsibility, assumption of
obligations to others and children, etc..
d)
All
of the above.
e)
None
of the above.
52) According to TGS, TGSR (West and
Zimmerman; Dozier) and Ridgeway and Correll (Online),
a)
“female”
and “male” are ‘cultural events’ such that one’s categorization (by others,
primarily, but also oneself) as a “male” or “female” significantly affects and
is affected by whether one’s behavior is accounted as appropriately or
inappropriately ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’.
b)
people’s categorization (by others) as a member of one or the other
sex-category does not usually depend on empirical demonstrations of one’s possession
of the appropriate primary sex-characteristics (and non-possession of those
appropriate for the other sex).
c)
So
long as, and whenever/wherever, placement of oneself and others in discrete sex
categories is both relevant and enforced, engaging in behavior and perceiving
one’s own and others’ behavior amounts to, among other things, ‘doing gender’.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
53) According to TGSR (West and
Zimmerman),
a)
a person’s seen and seeable, in context, management of one’s behavior
(including one’s perception, accounting of, and response to others’ behaviors)
in different situations as a presumed incumbent of one or the other sex
category is that person’s gender.
b)
doing gender renders the social arrangements based on sex category
accountable as normal and natural, as legitimate ways of organizing social
life.
c)
if we do gender appropriately, we simultaneously sustain, reproduce and
legitimize institutional arrangements based on sex category; if we fail to do
gender appropriately we, rather than the institutional arrangements, may be
called to account.
d)
All
of the above are true.
e)
None
of the above is true.
54) According to TGSR (West and
Zimmerman), gender is a powerful ideological device which produces, reproduces,
and legitimates the choices and limits that are predicated on sex category.
a)
True.
b)
False.
55) According to TGS and TGSR (Gerson
and Peiss),
a)
gender
boundaries are complex physical, social, ideological and psychological
structures which establish the differences and commonalities between women and
men, among women, and among men, shaping and constraining the behaviors and
attitudes of (members of ) each gender group (sex-category or sex-class).
b)
describing the nature, and analyzing the degree of congruence or
contradiction, of gender boundaries cross-culturally, across different
institutional and interactional contexts, and longitudinally, results in a less
static and more nuanced understanding of gender relations.
c)
the concept of gender boundaries delineates the interaction between
homosocial and heterosocial relationships and their contribution to the
construction, maintenance or change of patterns of gender relations.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above are true.
56) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online), while social relational contexts and interactional processes
contribute to all systems/forms of difference and inequality, ________ is/are
among the reasons they are especially important in gender inequality.
a)
our system of sex categorization creates the maximum structural likelihood
of a high rate of interaction between men and women, in public and private
settings, and in impersonal as well personal and ‘intimate’ domains.
b)
sex categorization cross-cuts almost all other divisions in the
population, thus forcing regular cross-sex interaction on virtually everyone.
c)
our cultural system of gender difference relies heavily on situated
interaction/social relational contexts.
d)
all
of the above
e)
none
of the above
57) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online), ubiquitous, automatic (pre- or un-conscious) and apparently ‘natural’
sex-categorization in social relational contexts can activate a number of
gender processes that recreate and may even create gender hierarchy in the organizational
and resource-distributing processes that such contexts and interaction mediate.
a)
True.
b)
False.
58) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online),
a)
the effects of (hegemonic) cultural beliefs about gender in social
relational contexts are such as invariably to bias in gendered directions
behaviors and evaluations that are largely determined by more context-relevant
identities and roles.
b)
since gender is usually a background identity, the effects of
gender beliefs on behavior and evaluations are constant across social
relational contexts.
c)
Gender
is/becomes effectively salient ONLY in contexts the activities of/in
which are culturally linked to the stereotypic traits and abilities of members
of one sex-class (or ‘gender (group)’) or the other.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
59) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online), the sex categorization of self and others, even in institutionally
scripted settings such as education and formal employment, is a fundamental
process that, depending on the degree of gender salience, injects a variety of
gender effects into the activities and institutional contexts that people
enact.
a)
True.
b)
False.
60) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online), even though the range of behavior among people of the same sex will
usually be greater than the average differences between men and women, cultural
beliefs about gender sufficiently bias self-other expectations to produce
measurable average differences between the behavior and evaluation of men and
women acting in equivalent positions in social relational contexts in which
hegemonic gender beliefs are effectively salient.
a)
True.
b)
False.
61) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online), our hegemonic gender beliefs
a)
contain both a horizontal and a vertical dimension.
b)
view men as more status worthy and competent overall and more competent in
the things that ‘count the most’ (e.g. instrumental rationality).
c)
view women as less competent in general but ‘nicer’ and better at (in
themselves less-valued) communal tasks.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
62) According to Ridgeway and Correll
(Online) and TGS (discussing Acker’s work), when the framing assumptions about
women, men, and the work/tasks for which they are suited or not suited (and in
doing which they are likely to do well or poorly) contained in gender beliefs
become enmeshed and codified in the structures, authority lines, job or task
classifications, rules and procedures of ostensibly ‘gender-neutral’,
‘rational’ organizations, they acquire a solidity and institutional force that
‘genders’ work processes and domains, performers and performances, evaluators
and evaluations, thus powerfully contributing to gender differentiation and
gender inequality.
a)
True.
b)
False.
63) According to TGSR (Gerson and
Peiss), ___________ would be an example of female/male consciousness.
a)
Married
mothers of infants and toddlers insisting that their husbands become equal
contributors to house-keeping and primary care-taking of children.
b)
Blue-collar
workers demanding a ‘family wage’, i.e. one that would enable them, through
their own earnings alone, to support a wife and children.
c)
Well-educated,
high income-earning women complaining about the dearth of available equally or
better-educated and equally or higher income-earning ‘eligible’ and ‘willing to
marry them’ men.
d)
b)
and c) ONLY.
e)
None
of the above.
64) According to TGSR (Dozier),
a)
whether one’s behavior is labeled masculine or feminine, and the
consequences of that labeling vary according to one’s having been categorized as
male or female.
b)
the
less ‘secure’ and ‘obvious’ one’s ‘perceived sex’ is, the less leeway is one
afforded, in practice, to express one’s own individual femininity and/or
masculinity.
c)
sexual orientation is based not solely on the object of one’s
sexual and erotic attraction, but also on the sex category and gender
performance created in the context of sexual and erotic interaction.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
65) According to TGSR (Bem), in
general, EBE theory predicts that, in a gender-polarizing cultures like
ours, the effect of any childhood
variable on an individual’s sexual orientation depends on whether it prompts
him or her to feel more similar to or more different from same-sex or opposite-sex
peers.
a)
True.
b)
False.
66) According to TGSR (Bem), nature
influences not only the structure and distribution of sexual orientations in a
society, but also how its natives, including its biological and behavioral
scientists, conceptualize sexual orientation.
a)
True.
b)
False.
67) According to TGSR (Bem),
a)
attitudes towards homosexuality are substantially influenced by
beliefs about causality.
b)
biological/genetic factors influence sexual orientation only
indirectly, by intervening earlier in the chain of events to determine a
child’s temperaments and subsequent activity preferences..
c)
the closer the familiarity of the context in which sexual activities
occur, the easier the development of strongly charged erotic feelings towards
the co-participants or those of their ‘kind’.
d)
All
of the above are true.
e)
None
of the above is true.
68) According to TGSR (Shibley Hyde),
a)
the magnitude and even the direction of observed gender differences depend
on the context.
b)
the magnitude of observed gender differences fluctuates with age and stage
in the life-course.
c)
the
combination of a small average difference favoring males (females) and a larger
standard deviation (greater variability) for males (females), for some observed
trait can lead to a lopsided gender ratio favoring males (females) in the tails
of the overall distribution of that trait.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
69) According to TGSR (Shibley Hyde),
grip strength, throwing velocity, throwing distance, vertical jump, sprinting,
flexibility, and overall (physical) activity have been considered psychological
variables.
a)
True.
b)
False.
70) According to TGSR (Pascoe), the
“fag” epithet, when hurled at other boys/young men, may or may not have
explicit gendered meanings, but it always has sexual (orientation) meanings.
a)
True.
b)
False.
71) According to TGSR (Pascoe), the
‘fag discourse’ affects not just male homosexual teens, but all boys, gay and
straight.
a)
True.
b)
False.
72) According to TGSR (Pascoe),
a)
the sort of gendered homophobia that constitutes adolescent masculinity
also constitutes adolescent femininity.
b)
the terms “gay” and “fag” are deployed as insults in the same way and
towards the same targets.
c)
the distinction between “fag” as an unmasculine and problematic identity
and “gay” as a possibly masculine, although marginalized, sexual identity is
not limited to a teenage lexicon, but is reflected in both psychological
discourses and gay and lesbian activism.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
73) According to TGSR (Sapolsky),
a)
Inter-individual
differences in testosterone levels do not predict subsequent differences in
aggressive behavior among individuals.
b)
Intra-individual
fluctuations in testosterone levels over time do not predict subsequent changes
in the level of aggression in that individual.
c)
Normal
levels of testosterone are a prerequisite for normal levels of aggression.
d)
All
of the above are true.
e)
None
of the above is true.
74) According to TGSR (Sapolsky),
a)
the dichotomy between nature and
nurture, between genes and environment, regardless of the behavior and
underlying biology in question, is “a sham”.
b)
the more prior experience an individual has in engaging in behaviors
‘permitted’/enabled by the normal presence of particular hormones, the more
likely the behaviors to persist, even in the complete absence of those
hormones.
c)
the genetics of behavior are usually meaningless outside of the social
factors and environment in which it occurs.
d)
all of the above are true.
e)
none of the above is true.
75) According to TGSR (Lorber), which
of the following is NOT true?
a)
Physical
differences between male and female bodies do not exist.
b)
Physical
differences between male and female bodies are socially meaningless until
social practices transform them into social facts.
c)
There
is no core or bedrock human nature below the endlessly looping processes of the
social production of sex and gender, self and other, identity and psyche, each
of which is a complex cultural construction.
d)
All
of the above.
e)
None
of the above.