FORCED REGULATORY CONSTRAINTS ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT ARE NOT DESIRABLE.

• FIRST, THEY MAY INITIATE A BACKLASH AND UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES.
• SECOND, CONSTRAINTS CHANGE WITH POLITICAL REGIMES; SHORT-TERM CONSTRAINTS CREATE MORE HARM THAN GOOD IN THE LONG-RUN

• Integrated Development Strategy
• NUDS is an integrated development strategy, rather than a sectoral strategy.  It focuses on the overall economy rather than each sector (e.g. transportation, housing, environment, informal economy, etc.)
• NUDS is complementary with Rural Development Strategy
• NUDS is a macro level strategy for a balanced development of urban areas within the country
• Decentralization Programs [Distribution of Functions between Central (Federal) government and Local Government]
• Regional Authorities to oversee Transportation and Environmental issues
• Local governments to oversee locally manageable issues (especially Housing, Local Planning)
• Capacity Building Initiative (Providing Technical and Financial Resources at the local level)
• E.g. Provide training to local officials for local urban management
• Allocate taxes (especially property and sales taxes to local governments)
• Spatial Development Strategies
• MOST SPATIAL STRATEGIES ARE AIMED AT REDUCING POPULATION GROWTH OF LARGE CITIES, AND REDIRECTING GROWTH TOWARDS SMALL AND MEDIUM CITIES
• Free Market
• Do Nothing; Market principles will influence growth of cities
• The argument for doing nothing is that negative effects of large cities naturally slow their growth
• Larger cities have higher pollution, higher housing costs, and high congestion levels, which deter industrial and population growth
• Industrial Location Policies
• Provide Incentives for Locating Industries in small and medium towns to spur their growth (incentives include tax holidays for a fixed period, subsidized land)
• Provide Disincentives for Locating Industries in Mega cities and Primate Cities (disincentives include additional taxes, de-zoning of industrial clusters)
• Most big projects (e.g. heavy industries like steel industries, chemical industries) develop in new towns
• Success depends on choice of new locations with respect to marketability of products and infrastructure availability
• Move National and State Capitals to smaller-size cities (e.g. Abuja (Nigeria), Brasilia (Brazil))
• Requires Heavy Capital Outlay
• Strategy is very politically sensitive
• Develop Satellite Cities near major cities
• Move key functions out of the city to satellite cities (e.g. dairy farms, wholesale markets, polluting industries)
• Polycentric Growth
• Develop Secondary Cities
• Various Forms
• Counter magnets
• Growth Poles/ Centers
• Development Corridors/ Axes
• Focus on Land Policies
• Improve Land Titling and Land Registration Systems
• Focus on Improving Regional Transportation

NUDS Examples:

•  Indonesia
• South Africa;  Complementary Rural Development Strategy  Responses
• India
• Guyana's UDS
• Nigeria
• Senegal