INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY

California State University
Northridge

Two Great Revolutions
• The first agricultural revolution…the domestication of plants
• The Industrial Revolution
– urbanization, transportation, philosophy, science, demography revolutions
• The Information Revolution?
Three types of industry
• 1. Primary Industry
– extractive industries of all sorts
– renewable and non-renewables
– sometimes spurs on manufacturing
– often leaves areas engaged in extractive industries polluted and poor
– What is one of California's primary industries?
Primary Industry-Oil Drilling (fig)
Types of Industry
• 2. Secondary Industry
– Essentially the processing of products produced by primary industries.
– Frequently considered synonymous with manufacturing
– Shows core and periphery patterns and may lead to uneven development
– Regions specialize in types of manufacturing.
– Name a Louisiana secondary industry
Types of Industry
• B. Secondary Industry carries with it some problems…
– Deindustrialization has affected what part of the US most?
– There has also been a deskilling of the American work force.
– Consider the move The Full Monty
– High skill manufacturing jobs are more secure. Why?
– High skill manufactures may establish “post industrial technopoles”
– What is a footloose industry?
– MNCs or Global Corporations
Primary and Secondary Centers- West (fig)
Primary and Secondary Centers-East (fig)
US Manufacturing Zones and Technopoles (fig)
European Deindustrialization (fig)
Japanese Manufacturing (fig)
Types of Industry
• C. Tertiary Industry
– transportation, communication, utilities
– increasing importance of internet
– different countries have different strategies for communication and transportation
Persons per Car (fig)
Persons Per Car(fig)
A Car in Every Garage (fig)
Machine Space (fig)
Types of Industry
• D. Quaternary Industry
– “services required by producers”
– trade, wholesaling, retailing, advertising
– banking, legal, insurance, real estate
– information production & management
– major growth sector today-bifurcation
– multiplier leakage & increasing concentration of power and wealth
Types of Industry
• D. Quaternary Industry
– the new industries rely on high skill labor
– restructured immigration law
– locate near major universities
– also seek amenities
– “silicon landscapes”
– Ruston the Silicon Bayou?
US Manufacturing Zones and Technopoles (fig)
Types of Industry
• E. Quinary Industry
– consumer services
– education, government, tourism, lawn care
– tourism
Tourism
– tourism is world’s largest business
– basic industry
– well spread, but suffers from multiplier leakage
– seacoasts, mountains, rural areas benefit
– historical and cultural locations also big
– gambling?
– Ecotourism or Green tourism
Tourism-West (fig)
Tourism-East (fig)
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
• Where did the industrial revolution begin?
– England with cottage & guild industries during the 1700s
– Early products were crafted by machines powered by inanimate sources.
– What is an example of an inanimate source?
– Textiling, metallurgy, mining industries were early to capitalize on machine power.
Diffusion from Britain
• Other early industrial states include:
– Germany - 1830s
– United States - 1850s
– Japan -1900
– Southeast Asia-1960s
– Latin America-1970s
American
• Typically, textiles are now followed by low skilled small manufactures and electronic goods.
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
Railroad Diffusion-Europe (fig)
III. Industrial Ecology
• The industrial revolution opened an era of environmental destruction
• A. crisis of renewable resources
• B. acid rain
• C. the greenhouse effect
• D. ozone depletion
• E. radioactive pollution
• F. the ”green" reaction
Industrial Pollution (fig)
Acid Rain’s Effects (fig)
US Acid Rain Deposition (fig)
Rainforest Destruction (fig)
Brazil-Rainforest Destruction (fig)
US Environmental Pollution (fig)
CO2 Emissions (fig)
Precipitation Change (fig)
Precipitation Change (fig)
Polar Ozone Holes (fig)
Chernobyl Radioactivity (fig)
Oil Spill (fig)
IV. Industrial Cultural Integration
• Alfred Weber: the father of industrial location theory, a career path that can be very lucrative.
• Site location considerations:
1. Labor Cost, Skill and Supply
– some industries seek low cost labor
– others may seek high skill employees
– worker productivity also considered
– industries move more since 1970
– What is effect on wages and benefits?
IV. Industrial Cultural Integration
• 2. Markets and Materials
– Some industries need to locate close to their market, especially if their product is bulk gaining.
– Some industries have a raw materials orientation, particularly when they are producing bulk reducing commodities.
– Some industries need to be close to others, and produce agglomeration economics
– Can you think why? Examples?
IV. Industrial Cultural Integration
• C. The Political Element
– many defense industries are sited with political and strategic priorities in mind
– industrial location is often affected by regulatory climate
– tax and tariff policies also affect industrial site location
– Economic Empowerment Zones
– NAFTA
Borders and Trade (fig)
IV. Industrial Cultural Integration
• D. Industrialization and Cultural Change
– industrialization is the most potent ingredient in cultural change over the last 200 years.
– modernism, as a philosophy and way of life is intimately tied to industrialization
– PROGRESS!!!
IV. Industrial Cultural Integration
• E. Environmental Factors in Industrial Location
– there is some measure of environmental concern creeping into industrial site location.
V. Industrial Landscapes
• Utilitarian Landscapes
– function = profit
• Earliest to arrive in Britain
• “hard landscapes”
• reflect primary social values
Primary Landscapes-
Chemical Fields (fig)
Primary Landscapes- Open Pit Mine (fig)
Primary Landscapes- Potash Mine Slag Pile (fig)
Primary Landscape? (fig)
V. Industrial Landscapes
• Service industry landscapes
• highways, bridges
• Trash Mountain skiing
V. Industrial Landscapes
• Automobile landscapes
• Drive Ins
• Parking Lots
• Burrow Pits
• Los Angeles
Secondary and Tertiary Landscapes (fig)
Tourist Landscapes? (fig)