Introduction to Human Geography
Lecture Outline

What is Geography
Geography is a subject.
Geography is a discipline.
Geographers use a set of methodologies.
Geographers have an epistemology.
Geographers ask, “Where?” when they want to know “Why?”
Geography is what geographers do.
Anything that takes place can be studied from a geographic perspective.
What is Geography
Geography is a subject.
Geography is a discipline.
Geographers use a set of methodologies.
Geographers have an epistemology.
Geographers ask, “Where?” when they want to know “Why?”
Geography is what geographers do.
Anything that takes place can be studied from a geographic perspective.
Where?  Where!
“Where?”, is the most important question geographers ask.
Where things are give us important clues about why they are as they are.
Historians tend to ask “When?”…and focus on chronology.
Geographers focus on chorology…or more commonly “distribution”
Diffusion!

The Jedi Major
Padawan Learners must learn to:
See as a Jedi 
landscape interpretation
Think as a Jedi – epistemology
 Use the force!  Ask: “Where?”
Work as a Jedi 
(GIS – light sabers)
Communicate as a Jedi
(cartography)

How this course works
The most important thing for you to learn is how to think…to develop epistemology and methodology.
You will be introduced to a series of subjects (politics, language, ethnicity, industry, etc.)
You will be shown how geographers “see” and understand these topics and how spatial thinking is applied to solve problems.
How this book is organized
Each chapter has a topic (politics, religion, ethnicity, etc.)
Each chapter has the following sections:
Region (Where is it?)
Migration/Diffusion (How’d it get there?)
Cultural Ecology (What’s the interaction with nature?)
Cultural Integration (How does it affect other things?)
Landscape (What does it look like as you drive by?)
Functional Region: TV Markets
Formal Region: German Speakers

Note the German heartland is both Protestant and German speaking, but the periphery is Catholic and more likely to include other languages.
Vernacular Regions
“Dixie” is another word for the southern US, but exactly where is “The South”?
Properties of Distribution
Density – measurement
Number of objects
Land area
Concentration
Clustering
Dispersal
Pattern
Irregular
Linear
Rectangular
Grid
Cholera map…
Payday Lenders vs. Doughnut Shops 
Which industry do you think is more concentrated in the San Fernando Valley?
If one industry is concentrated spatial and the other is not, what inferences can we draw about the competitive nature of each industry?

Diffusion
Diffusion is how people, ideas, the flu, music styles, etc. move from a hearth at the core outward to the periphery.
Different styles of diffusion:
Hierarchical & Reverse-hierarchical
Contagious diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Stimulus (partial diffusion)
Barriers, including time and space intervene

Diffusion: 
Health and Medical Questions?
_
Humans and Environment
Geographers are also very interested in how the natural environment affects our cultural behaviors (and vice verse)
In the book, this relationship is called “Cultural Ecology”
Soils of Alabama
Soils in the blue color are particularly productive, especially for cotton.
Cotton Production: 1860
Note the relationship between cotton production and soil type in Alabama
Voting for Obama/McCain 2008
Do you see the relationship between soils-agriculture-politics?
Landscape
Consider the parking structure across from Sierra Hall.  What does it suggest about the culture that built it?
What symbolic values does it have?
What is not said?
Consider these Landscapes
Environmental Determinism? NO!
figure
Environmental Possibilism?
Earth Modification
figure
Hazard Location: Malibu
figure
Conclusion
Example: the American log house

Geography of Folk Culture
Lecture Outline

California State University, Northridge
What is Folk Culture?
Popular
large and ever changing mass of people
division of labor
money based economy
police and army maintain order
heterogeneity and individualism	
Folk
traditional ways
often rural
cohesive and homogenous
little labor specialization
family maintains order
subsistence economy
Is it so simple to tell?
Exactly what is folk and what is popular is sometimes “a distinction without a difference”.
Consider “Old School” Hip Hop 
What is the role of space and place?
Local is __________
What? - Cultural Features
Material Culture-things that can be touched and tasted (artifacts).
Non-material-things that can’t be seen, touched or tasted such as, songs or folk tales (mentifacts).
Some Geographers study nothing but folk material items.
Raked Cemetery (fig)
Folk Culture Regions
Defined on the basis of their individual cultural elements.
Included among these traits are:
Foodways
Song, dance and stories
Holidays, celebrations
Housing stock

American Folk Regions (fig)
Folk Food Regions
Geography of “spiciness” – Why?
Do any folk food regions still exist in the United States?
What would be a regional specialty for Southern California?
Why do many areas with hot climates have spicy cuisines?  Pick the one that is INCORRECT.
A.  It is easy to grow hot peppers in hot climates.
B.  In hot climates, spoilage is common and pickling with peppers helps prevent spoilage.
C.  In hot climates, sweating helps cool you down.  Hot peppers make you sweat.
D.  In hot climates, spicy peppers help cover the taste of spoiled food.

Folk Medicine 
Roots, barks and fruits of plants used to cure ailments.
Still preserved in parts of Appalachia, Indian reservations and the Hispanic borderlands.
Also in the Asian culture groups.
Digging for Roots (fig)
Why dig?
COLUMBUS, Ohio      (AP) - State wildlife officers have identified dozens of ginseng harvesting violations in their effort to protect the medicinal herb. 

The Ohio Department of Natural Resources      says officers have uncovered over 60 violations involving more than 30 people. No one has been charged. 

Ron Rogers, wildlife law-enforcement supervisor for central Ohio, says the state regulates ginseng to discourage over-harvesting, preserve the wild plants and allow them to reach maturity. 

Last year, 3,626 pounds of ginseng were legally harvested in Ohio's mature woodlands. The dried roots sell for $400 a pound. 

Potential violations include digging ginseng without landowner permission, off-season collecting or possession, failure to maintain accurate records and failure to certify ginseng prior to export.
Geophagy 
Dirt and clay eating
Still practiced in Africa and some parts of the American South.
Why?
Parasites, nutrition, religion.
Distribution of Geophagy (fig)
Geophagy: US Southland
http://whitedirt.samsbiz.com/

Folk Music
Folk music is that music that is produced largely for local consumption.
Profit motive is low.
Often uses homemade, or modest instrumentation (or none)
Often reflects the peculiarities of the local culture, local performance venues and even local climate conditions.
In class, which of these music genres was called “folk”.
A. Opera
B. Heavy Metal
C. Old School (early) Hip Hop
D. Disco
Lining Out – Folk Style Gospel
The  “lining out” style of church singing is an ancient folk singing style brought from the British Isles to the United States.
It has long since died out in New England where it was once most popular.
It can still be found in two types of places:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jByWbxIg7OI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNOIY5lqepA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o0NoCAHpvg 

Diffusion of Yankee Folk Singing (fig)
Why is it “here and not there”
Still most popular in the Upland South and among black churches.  Why?
Camp meetings and Yankee teachers.
Why has this style diminished in the source area?
Why did it not spread to South Louisiana, or Southern California?
Cultural Integration in Folk Geography
Many folk practices are accepted into the larger world, and sometimes money is earned.
Popular culture frequently derived from folk materials.
Folk cultures also absorb popular culture
Example: Mountain Moonshine
Came with the Scots-Irish in the 1700s
Enjoyed much popularity during the prohibition era.
Often most popular in devout Baptist/Methodist areas and in dry counties.
Good money maker-much better than corn!
What is the geographic factor?
Major bust in July 2000 in Carolinas, TN.
Stock car racing and Moonshiners?
Whiskey and Fast Cars (fig)
Map of Moonshine Busts (fig)

Country & Western Music
We got bof’ kinds of music hyear...
Derived from Scots-Irish roots.
Fiddle heavy-bagpipe substitute?
Stayed in the mountains for decades
Mixed with African elements
Role of Ralph Peer  and WSM.
Popularized, electrified and homogenized by Nashville.
Example: Bluegrass
Bill Monroe
Scottish Church singing
Mountain Jazz
Arnold Shultz and Uncle Pen
Place oriented
Voice pitch and sexual mores?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2XT9u7iw9o&feature=related

Bluegrass Hometowns (fig) 
Folk Landscapes
Folk architecture  is a good indicator of past folk life activity.
Structures built from collective memory.
Functional and often specific to natural conditions
Folk Ecology and Building Materials (fig)
Thatch (fig)
Mud/Log

Dirt/Thatch (fig)
Grasslands and Mountains
Folk Housing in North America 
Little new folk construction today
Balloon framing, professional design emerges in the 1850s….Sears & Robuck Houses
Still many survive
Building Materials 
A sure clue to folk architecture is the local source materials.
Buildings made from distant materials are rarely of folk origins.
Bricks, grass, wood, sod, stone
Climate influences choice of materials
Adobe houses of the Southwest
Floor Plan
The floor plan of a house is another clue to its folk origins.
Many times the exterior of a house has been redone making it hard to determine its folk past.
Certain floor plans are common in certain regions of the United States.
Other clues
Consider the shape and pitch of the roof
Placement of the chimney (s)
Number and location of doors and windows.
Design of the porch…if there is one.
Which of these is a clue your house is NOT a folk house?
A.  It’s made of entirely local materials
B.  The walls were built with 2x4 boards.
C. The house is well designed for the local climate.
D. It was built in 1820.
Main North American Styles
Yankee – 
New England, Upper Great Lakes States
Midwestern /Mid Atlantic –
Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland.
Upland South - Appalachia
Lowland South – “Black South”
Southwest – Adobes (Texas- California)
French
Yankee
Found mostly in New England and the Great Lakes region of the Midwest.
Features typically include: 
Large central chimney
Rooms arranged around central chimney
Steeply pitched roofs
Symmetry is important
Frequent style references to Greece/Rome
New England Large
Yankee-New England Large (fig)
Yankee – New England Large (fig)
Yankee – New England Large (fig)
Yankee – Cape Cod
Similar floor plan to the New England Large.
Story and a half.
Side door.
Yankee – Cape Cod
Yankee – Cape Cod
Yankee - Saltbox
Similar floor plan
Roofline extends over an additional row of rooms across rear of home.
Yankee - Saltbox
Yankee - Saltbox
Yankee -Upright and Wing (fig)
Demonstrates the infusion of popular culture (style) into the more purely functional folk house (type).
This house is in some ways a New England Large, turned sideways, so the gabled end faces the street to give it a Classical Appearance, which became popular in the early 1800.
Later becomes fully “Greek Revival”
Yankee- Upright and Wing (fig)
Yankee -Upright and Wing (fig)
Yankee -Upright and Wing (fig)
Midwest / Mid Atlantic
The Midwest and Mid Atlantic states have only two, similar house types.
Both are one room deep and two rooms wide
Both have gable end chimneys
Both have central hallways
Hall and Parlour
The I house
Named because of the states it was common in…
Book explanation is wrong.
Most common house among farmers in the middle states
Carolina – I House
Illinois – I House
Upland South
The Upland South is the “hillbilly” south, or the part that was not dominated by plantation agriculture.
Scots-Irish and Germanic influences are primary.
The “pen” is the single room cabin.  All other configurations build from the single pen.
Upland South – Cabin and Porch (fig)
Upland South – Saddlebag
Upland South- Saddle Bag
Upland South -Dogtrot (fig)
Lowland South
The old plantation South
African and Caribbean influences are evident
Rare to find middle class housing.  Why?
Lowland South-Shotgun (fig)
Lowland South – Charleston House
What type of house is this?
A.  Cape Cod
B.  Saddlebag
C.  I house
D.  New England Large
Where might you find this house?
A.  Maine
B.  California
C.  Indiana
D.  Tennessee
Other Regional Specialties
In some regions, the ethnic heritage of the local population remained dominant because there was less influence from other ethnicities or nationalities.
They remain distinct today.

Lowland South – Creole Cottage
Pennsylvania Dutch 
Forebay Barn (fig)
North American Styles (fig)
Pennsylvania Dutch- Forebay Barn (fig)
Quebec House (fig)
Value of a porch?
A folk house’s porch design may offer clues to it utility in a variety of climate types.
This house did not have a porch.
Study Guide
http://www.csun.edu/~sg4002/courses/107/107_study_folk.html

THE GEOGRAPHY of POPULAR CULTURE
Chapter Outline 

Introduction
Recall from last chapter the differences between Popular Culture and Folk Culture
If “folk culture” was defined in geographic terms as “local culture for local people”, then popular culture could be defined as..?
Popular Culture and Place
Has Pop Culture destroyed place?
Ed Relph-argues that the world is increasingly characterized by “placelessness”
Have you been to a location that is “placeless”?
Homogeneity of place
Place Product Packaging
Holiday Inn / McDonalds
Why would franchising, and the construction of expectation be valuable to travelers, tourists?
Niche Places/Lifestyle Clusters
The opposite of placelessness 
Perhaps communication and transportation have made more specialized places.
Weiss- “America has become increasingly fragmented”
Robbin – “lifestyle clusters”
What was this?
Clicker Question:
The fact that you recognized the last building as a Taco Bell is proof of what concept?
A. Placelessness
B. Lifestyle Cluster
C.  Place Product Packaging
Food and Drink Consumption
Name some instances of “placelessness” when it comes to food and drink
Name some instances of regional specialties
Are regional specialties dying out or getting stronger?
Utah?
California
Wisconsin?
Wine
Popular as well as folk food custom
Environmental and geographic constraints
Location provides distinctive quality
What pattern is obvious on this map?
Carolina’s Cheerwine (fig)
Carolina Bar-B-Q
Served on a bun
Served off-the-bone
Vinegar and tomato based
Often with red cole slaw
Carolina Bar B Q Sauce (fig)
Folk ways spilling into popular culture.
Why pork and not beef bar b q in the Carolinas?
Where would beef bar b que be more popular?
Other factors in the style of BBQ?
Popular Music
The consumption of music varies from place to place.
The production of music varies from place to place.
Why Memphis – Rock n’ Roll?
Why did so many of the early stars of the rock n’ roll era come from Memphis?
What cultural factors were in situ in 1955 that made Memphis an ideal location?
The invention of magnetic tape a decade earlier made recording music cheap and accessible to more people.  What parallels are there today?
Why Seattle - Grunge?
Why did the city of Seattle have very few bands in the national spotlight from 1970 to 1990, and then suddenly experience an explosion of popularity?
What was the role of Seattle’s isolation on the ability of local bands to secure record contracts?
What was the role of isolation in the creation of the grunge subculture?
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A.  Both Seattle and Memphis had isolated musical cultures
B.  Both Seattle and Memphis had many talented musicians.
C.  Both Seattle and Memphis created musical innovations.
Why Bronx – Hip Hop?
See folk culture notes…
A different kind of isolation from Seattle
Different cultural inputs
Sports
Regions of the country have differing tastes in sport.
Certain regions of country are especially productive in terms of athletes.
Who produces the most football players?, Basketball?, Hockey? Baseball?
Who watches what sports most closely?
Sports (fig)
Sports (fig)
Sports Regions
Clothing and Fashion
Many clothing options have roots in the environmental and/or folk cultural traditions of other countries.
Occupation or work clothes
Some have jumped into popular culture.
Which of the following states would you most likely find folks playing sports non-competitively?
New York
 California
North Dakota
Utah
Blue Jeans
Once exclusively the pants of the working class; popularized in ______ during the _______ _______ by Levi Strauss.
Have become an international symbol of America, and a value system.
Malls
Consider the shopping mall and how it uses place to sell clothing.
Can you think of a company that sells a “place” as it tries to sell clothes?
What places are highly desirable?
What is it about those places that make them desirable?
“Where” are they selling?
Exclusivity?  Escape?  Where can you get that?
Could this be the place?
Where about these guys?
Where?
Place Imagery
Place image is a highly manipulatable and highly contestable notion.
Advertisers use it heavily
Realtors
Chambers of Commerce
Others?
Beauty Pageants 
Popularized in Atlantic City during the 1920s
A beauty queen belt can be discerned stretching from Mississippi to Utah
What do you supposed are the causal factors behind this pattern?
The Beauty Belt (fig)
What might account for the relationship between football fandom and beauty pageant success?
A.  Poverty
B.  Gender Roles
C.  Race/ethnicity
D.  Religious values
Vernacular Culture Regions 
Defined: regions perceived to exist.
Such regions often overlap and have poorly defined borders.
In what region of the country do we live?
Where is Dixie?
Where is “So Cal”?
Where is “the Midwest”?
How would you delimit such a region?
Phone Book Regions (fig)
 Diffusion of Classical Place Names 
Demonstrates an abiding fascination with all things Greek and Roman during the 19th Century
Classical Revival Architecture (fig)
What does this building “say”?
A.  Democracy
B.  Persistence (lasts a long time)
C.  Style (at least in 1830)
D.  All of these

Language and the Landscape: Linguistic Geography
Introduction
Language is a powerful shaper of who we are, commonly considered the central core of cultural identity.
Where is this evident in a recent “cultural war”?
“Illegal Alien vs. __________?”
Geolinguistics is a growing subdiscipline in geography.
In the last decade, cultural theory has increasingly argued that language and the control of systems of meaning as the primary source of political power.
Some Definitions
What is a language?
Language families are large and old
Language branches are smaller and formed more recently
Language groups are more closely related and aren’t that old
Language Tree
Leaves are languages
Language families are depicted as trunks.
Groups and Branches are in between.
Chart
Note the large percentage of Indo-European speakers.
Includes?
What about Sino-Tibetan?
Map of Languages
Language Families- West
Indo-European Speakers Worldwide
Note the main groups.
English is closely related to what other language?
Germanic Languages
Share both common words and structural similarities.
Romance Languages
Evolved from Latin
Notice the gray patches on the map.
To what do they correspond?
Indo-Iranian Languages
More speakers than other branches.
Very confusing mix of languages and alphabets.
Dravidian?
Hindi

Which of the following languages is LEAST related to English?
A.  German
B.  Farsi
C.  Hindi
D.   French
English
Why is English so widespread?
Technology
English is used for a variety of technical and legal matters world wide.
It’s also good for business!
How did it get this way?
Preservation
Many languages are becoming extinct.
Canada?
United States?
What language was resurrected from the dead? 
Quebecois
Two separatist referenda failed during the last 20 years.
Arête!
Quebec City (Ville de Quebec?)
The irony of the sign?
Basque
What do you know about this linguistic minority here in California?
Spanglish
The US has a number of linguistic challenges as well.
Difficult to preserve culture without language.
Difficult to enter mainstream without language.
Irony?
LA!
How does the size of Los Angeles permit this phenomena?
LA!
The challenge and beauty of living in Los Angeles represented on a sign in Northridge.
Bladerunner?
Which language is nearly extinct in South Louisiana?
A.  French Creole
B.  Cajun French
C.  Cajun Spanish
D.  Gullah/Geechy French

Dialects
What is a dialect?
What is an accent?
In addition to region, what other factors contribute to dialect?
English Dialects in the United States
Three major dialects are spoken by three major subcultural groups.
Northern
Midland
Southern
Consider the various expressions for “highway”
What other words or terms are used in one part of the country but not in others?
Major US Dialect Regions (fig)
Massive Dialect Map 
http://aschmann.net/AmEng/#SmallMapCanada

Linguistic Isoglosses (fig)
 (fig)
Pop vs. Soda
Another Version
http://www.popvssoda.com/ 
A website where you once could vote…
An outstanding data collection device.
Or based on tweets:
http://blog.echen.me/2012/07/06/soda-vs-pop-with-twitter/
Are there other terms that you can think of that you could set up a website about?.
Ebonics
Partly a variant of the Southern Dialect
Many Southerners now speaking Midland English.
Center of a controversy in early 1990s when Oakland school board suggested Ebonics a “language”.
Partly a pidginized English
Why is this geographic?
Ebonics
Multiple Varieties of Ebonics-not just slang
Pulpit Ebonics: the linguistic style of the black churches
Sports Ebonics: the linguistic style of black athletes
Musical Ebonics: the linguistic style of black musicians and singers.
Consider “the dozens” and Hip Hop
Georgia’s Gullah Islanders
Cultural Ecology of Language
The way we speak is also affected by the natural environment in which we live.
Dialects and languages face many of the same barriers other cultural practices do.
Diffusion Barrier (fig)
Tangiers, Virginia 
http://youtu.be/AIZgw09CG9E

Gullah Islands
http://youtu.be/rCYBf-1yHmI?t=27s 
Appalachian Mountains
http://youtu.be/03iwAY4KlIU?t=4s 
Louisiana Swamp
http://youtu.be/BRXcpBIteEM?t=28s

American Plains
http://youtu.be/5tbsiqaqh_4

L.A. Dialect?
What sort of “accent” do Los Angelenos have?
What would account for the dialect of Los Angeles?
Culturo-Linguistic Integration
Language is an important indicator of the health, status and changing nature of wider cultural issues.
Politics, economics, social and cultural movement are all reflected in the linguistic changes of a society
How Does a Language Achieve Dominance
or Die Out?
A. Technology (military)
B. Social Morale
-Doesn’t always happen (Greek, Chinese)
C. The Economic Development Model
-migration out (clearance)
-migration in (changeover).
D. Language and Religion
Do rainforest languages even have a term for “desert”? 
Language and Power
-language is a powerful tool in the maintenance of political arrangements (on both sides of the coin)
Consider the evolution of the term “mugging” in the British press.
Linguistic Landscapes
Toponyms (place names)
-serve as reminders of migration patterns, ethnicity and religion.
-lots of places have Indian names
-what place names in California serve as indicators of past political arrangements?
-can you you name any?
Toponyms as Clue to the Past (fig)
 Linguistic Landscape of PA (fig)
Penn-German Forebay Barn (fig)
What American term did British newspapers begin using in the late 1970s, that sparked British fears about crime?
A.  Rolling
B.  Mugging
C.  Pillaging
D.  Busking
“Center” and duplicate names (fig) 
If you drove into a town called “Woodstock Center”, the first house you would see would most like be a(n):
A.  Saltbox
B.  Dog Trot
C.  Shotgun
D.  I-house
American landscape Project
https://picasaweb.google.com/AmericanLandscapeProject

ETHNIC GEOGRAPHY
Chapter Outline 
California State University, Northridge 
Introduction
How do you define “ethnic”?
How does one become “ethnic”? (birth-migration)
The census is partly responsible for creating ethnic identities
Host Culture
What does “race” mean then?
What does “nationality” mean?
Geography matters
Place Makes Race
If there was not the friction of distance, races and ethnicities would not develop.
Without spatially enforced separation erosion of ethnicity and racial identity occurs.
Maintaining Ethnicity
The Good and The Bad
Keep alive cultural traditions and maintain group cohesion
Family, kinship, courtship, friendship
Recreation, political power, business
Suspicion, distrust, clannishness and violence
Q: According to lecture, scientific evidence now suggests which of the following is not a valid method of grouping people:
A. Ethnicity
B. Race
C. Nationality
D. Religion
Merge now...
Acculturation -adoption of enough host culture ways to blend in economically and socially
Assimilation - complete blending and loss of distinctive ethnic traits.
Marriage the most effective assimilative tool
Groups may choose not to assimilate 
Groups may not be permitted to assimilate.
Chinatown (fig)
Ethnic Regions
Ethnic Groups arrange themselves or are arranged in a variety of patterns on the landscape that can be mapped.
They may be large, covering many states as “ethnic homelands”
They may be small, comprising just few blocks as an ethnic neighborhood or ghetto.
American Ethnic Regions (fig)
Ethnic Homelands (fig)
Francophone Louisiana (fig)
Ethnic Islands
Much smaller than a “homeland”
May be only a county or town
Often rural
All over the upper Midwest
Midwestern Ethnic Island (fig)
Ethnic Island Landscapes (fig)
Ethnic Substrate
Is akin to an extinct ethnic homeland or a huge assimilated ethnic island.
The German feel to the upper Midwest is an example.
No one really seems too German, but there is a lot of beer and brats.
Why would such a place die out?
Q: More Americans self-report this as their ethnic heritage than any other:
A.  English
B.  French
C.  Mexican
D.  German
Ethnic Neighborhoods and Ghettos 
Ghetto vs. Ethnic Neighborhood
Ancient history and globality
Difficulties with definition
Slums vs. ghetto
Discriminatory housing practices include redlining, steering and block busting
Suburban Ghettos?
Ethnicities in Los Angeles
Whites are now a minority-majority in Los Angeles at 40% of the population and inhabit the edges.
Blacks in South LA
Latinos in East LA
Asians are scattered in various locations
Black Ghettos
The most well known of American ghettos are reserved for African Americans
The oldest are in the Deep South and are characterized by close integration among whites and blacks – “Early Southern”
After the Civil War, the “Classic Southern” version evolves and is more segregated and features the “across the tracks” ghetto
Northern ghettos are concentrated near the Central Business District in the “inner city”.
Western ghettos generally trend along a transportation corridor.
Black Migration
Though the South still has many blacks, millions left.
Why?
Clarksdale, Miss.
Route 61
Chicago
Black Ghetto Typology (fig)
Detroit (fig)
Charlotte (fig)
Houston (fig)
Why live in a ghetto?
Support
Defense and Safety
Preservation
Attack
Who are our “Ethnics”?
In 1840s- Germans, Chinese and Irish came in large numbers
Italians, Poles, and Eastern European Jews came in the latter half of the 19thc
Intra-American migration brought Blacks and hillbillies into the city
Later still: Puerto Ricans and other Latin Americans, Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese, etc.
Cities have Ethnic “specialties”
New York and ____________
Miami and _____________
DC and ___________________
Providence and __________________
Boston and _______________
Little Havana (fig)
There goes the neighborhood…
Most ethnic neighborhoods grow and change.  Eventually they lose their character and acquire a new one.
Invasion Succession (fig)
We’re not the only ones…
Each country has a different ethnic mix.  It is what makes for the national character of a country.  
One of the main reasons that the United States, Canada and Mexico are different is our different ethnic mixes.
There are also different emphases on acculturation.
Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl
Canadian cooking?
 Cultural Diffusion and Ethnicity 
Migration is what makes many “ethnic”
chain migration
channelized migration
return migration
Chain Migration (fig)
Ethnic Ecology 
Cultural Preadaptation 
Ethnic Environmental Perception
maladaptation 
Doctrine of First Effective Settlement
Q: Where is the largest source of migrants to the California today?
A. Latin America
B. Europe
C. Asia
D. Africa 
Ethnic Ecology (fig)
Ethnicity and Business Activity 
Different groups have different levels of entrepreneurial spirit.
Some groups who remain poor are not necessarily lazy, but may not prioritize life toward business
Ethnicity and Business
or Morality? (fig)
Ethnicity and Type of Employment
Ethnicities often specialize in a handful of business practices.
Irish and __________
Chinese and __________
Koreans and ____________
Italians and _____________
Jews and ____________
others?
Ethnicity and Employment (fig)
Ethnic Food Regions (fig)
Ethnicity and Disease (fig)
 Ethnic Landscapes 
There are a great variety of clues to the ethnicity  (current or vestigal) of any location
Houses, cemetery markers, recreational amenities
Ethnic Settlement Patterns 
The layout of towns and villages often recall an ethnic past or present
Germanic Landscape Values (fig)
German or Scots-Irish? (fig)
Urban Ethnic Landscapes 
Some of the easiest places to see these items is in the city, but frequently you can be fooled because of the rapid ethnic turnover of cities.
Sal’s Pizzeria
Water Street
Color preferences
Urban Ethnic Landscapes (fig)
Hispanic Mural (fig)
We’re Proud of Our Heritage...
Please Spend lots of money in our quaint overpriced shoppes.

Political Geography
Lecture Outline

Political Culture Regions
What is territoriality?
Are we humans territorial by nature? 
How much like animals are we?

What evidence speaks of our territoriality?
Gang Graffiti

Upper Middle Class and Working Class neighborhoods
US – Mexico Border
Countries fence others out as well…or try.

Or to keep people in…
Relic Boundaries (fig)
 Othering
Politics is an expression of how people’s territoriality plays out spatially.  Our territory gives us a sense of who we are….and who “others” are.
Othering
Jigsaw Globe
There are approximately 190 countries in the world.
Africa has about 50 of them.
Europe has about 50.
Many hundreds more possible as nations demand self-determination.
Boundaries – Old School Geopolitics
Compact and round countries have less trouble with unity than oddly shaped countries.
Enclaves, Peneclaves, Exclaves.
Prorupt countries
Archipelagos
Marchlands (define “march”)
Buffer States and Satellites
Natural, Ethnographic, Geometric and Relic
Country Shapes (fig)
Azerbaijan-Armenia (fig)
Strategies for Dividing Power
Unitary governments
France
Federal governments
Switzerland, Canada
Semiautonomous regions
Hong Kong
Which system does the United States employ?
One World Government?
Supranational organizations, such as the United Nations, NATO; and treaties, such as NAFTA, challenge territoriality.
Some fear them…
Other countries complain that the US manipulates such organizations to their own benefit.
Electoral Geography
Voting patterns can be mapped and they show very interesting patterns, some of which hold up for many decades.
Red vs. Blue
The characterization of presidential elections with maps has misled many into thinking the country was divided in a way that it may not be.
Red vs. Blue 
Note that these now commonly accepted colors are opposite the traditional scheme where red was associated with the political left.
Suggests political polarity.
By County
Cartogram by County
Does a much better job of showing urban population
Purple vs. Violet
White?
Purple vs. Violet
Purple vs. Violet in a Cartogram by County
NPR Animation of Electoral Politics
http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2012/11/01/163632378/a-campaign-map-morphed-by-money?ft=3&f=111787346&sc=nl&cc=es-20121104 
What does the Red vs. Blue electoral map incorrectly suggest?
A.  That we are really a multi-polar society
B.  That we have no political centrists
C.  That the conservatives are largely in the South
D.  That the liberals are largely on the coasts.
Elazar’s American Political Regions
Traditionalistic
Laws based on tradition
Moralistic
Laws based on moral imperatives
Individualistic
Individual rights over group needs
Which Region?
Diffusion of Recycling Programs (fig)
Elazar’s Political Subcultures (fig)
Figure
Social Conservatives and Libertarians 
Note that Social Conservatives are not in the same location as the “less-government” conservatives.
Cartoon
Geography of Marital Privacy
figure
Gay vs. Cousin Marriage Laws
Partly humorous, but also offers a glimpse into the relationship between politics, religion and tradition.
Note the patterns in the Southeast and Southwest.
Which state doesn’t fit its own pattern?
In Las Vegas, almost everything  is legal.  It’s following which of these political traditions?
A. Traditionalistic (Social Conservative)
B. Moralistic (Good Government)
C. Hedonistic (Everything goes!)
D.  Individualistic (Libertarian)
Functional Electoral Regions
Redistricting
Every 10 years electoral districts must be redrawn.
Gerrymandering
The practice of constructing electoral districts that favor one party/race/religion/etc. over another
Gerrymandering (fig)
Gerrymandered Louisiana
District created to ensure a black representative in Congress
Is ethnicity a sufficient issue to create such a boundary?
Gerrymandering
Note the two hypothetical maps on the right.
See how the electoral boundaries of this “town” can be manipulated to change the outcome of an election.
According to lecture, which of the following is the most unfortunate outcome gerrymandering for everyone is:
A.  It keeps minorities from getting votes in congress
B.  It helps extremists get elected.
C.  It ensure imcumbents get re-elected
D. All of the above.
Diffusion of  Suffrage (fig)
Religion and Politics
In many parts of the world, religion is a good indicator of party affiliation.
Many countries in Europe have parties with names like “Christian Democrats”
In the United States, conservative religious groups have entered into a precarious alliance with the Republican party in the last 20 years.  
Abortion is the key issue, but others are hidden
Balkanization
What is balkanization?
What causes it?
“shatterbelt”
Other than the Balkans, what other part of the world has Balkan-like potential?
There will….
Be a test question over the previous slide.

Were you awake? 

Did you understand any of that?

Afghanistan
Pashtun
Baluch
Tajik
Uzbek
Turkmen
Brahul
Hazara
Pashai
Nuristani
 Political Imprint on Economic Geography
Some borders are easier to see because of various governmental policies that encourage differing economic pursuits.
Borders are economically disruptive-NAFTA
US-Canadian Border (fig)
US-Mexico Border
 (fig)

Which side is which?
Political Landscapes
Politics are expressed on the landscape in a variety of fashions.
Some are blatant, some are less obvious.
Government Building
How do we know that government buildings ought to look like this?
What are we referencing with this style?
Fair Trial Here?
Here?
The Impress of Central Authority
The evidence of a strong central government is everywhere!
Patterns of highways, rail, communication lines
Suppression of internal borders
Military bases
Central Authority
National Iconography on the Landscape
National symbols are easy to find.
What sort of national symbolism do we have in the US?
Statues, flags, eagles, monuments, etc.
What is their function?
Do they tell the whole story?
National Iconography
Whose story is being told?
Whose story is not being told?
Stone Mountain
How does this monument to the Confederacy speak to Black people who visit?
Why do / don’t we build these?
Vietnam Memorial

Geography of Religion
Lecture Outline
Introduction
Religion can be defined as a set of beliefs and practices through which people seek mental and physical harmony with the powers of the universe, through which they attempt to influence and accommodate the awesome forces of nature, life and death
Or…
Put more simply
Religion is a means by which many people make sense of their world and cope with life’s issues.
Can be wonderful and can be a source of great conflict.
Two Kinds of Religion
Proselytic
-- go out and seek new members
generally want to convert the 
entire world
Christianity, Islam
Ethnic
-do not seek converts, must be born into these religions
many tribal religions, Hinduism, Judaism
World Religious Regions (fig)
World Religions – Pie Chart
Christianity
-World’s largest faith in area and adherents
Eastern Christians
-Includes Greek and Eastern Orthodox
Western Christians
-Catholics
-Protestants
Other Christians
-Coptics, Maronites, Nestorians
-The Armenian Church
American Christianity
Bible Belt Baptists
Mormon West
Catholic Borderlands
Lutheran Upper Midwest
Mixed Midwest
American Religion Regions (fig)
Divergence or Convergence?
The American West and religious proliferation.  Why?
Some suggest a homogenization of American religion.
Roger Stump (book) suggests an increasing regionalization of American religion.

If you moved to Minnesota, your neighbors are likely to be:
A.  Baptists
B.  Catholics
C.  Lutherans
D.  Mormons
And…they’d be more like the other Minnesota Christians in terms of their beliefs than they would Hank Hill from Texas.
Islam (fig)
Islam
Monotheistic
Mostly across Northern Africa, Southwest Asia and into Southeast Asia
Shares many commonalties with Judaism and Christianity
Muhammad is the main prophet
The Koran is the Holy Text of Islam
Five Pillars
Ramadan
Daily prayer (five times)
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Statement of Faith
Alms giving
Two Major Sects
1. Shiite
-smaller in number of the two groups
-dominate in Iran and southern Iraq
-strong fundamentalist movement during the 1980s

2. Sunni
-Covers much of the Arabic speaking 
Muslim world
-Also includes Indonesia
-Orthodox
Mosque in Eastern Europe (fig)
US Muslims
1.5 to 7 million American Muslims 
(hard to count obviously)
Racially and ethnically diverse 
American Black Muslims
Immigrants (new and old)
Mostly urban

Judaism
Also monotheistic, parent faith of Christianity and Islam (?)
Suffered a diaspora, therefore has many regional subgroups.
Sephardim in the Mediterranean lands
Ashkenazim in Europe (now US)
1/3 of Jews worldwide killed during holocaust
14 million Jews.  Half in USA
Hinduism
Polytheistic and Ethnic (today)
about 750 million adherents
tied to the caste system
believe in reincarnation
many local forms
Bathing in the Ganges (fig)
Hindu Temple in Malibu
Hindu Temple in Malibu
Sikhism
Sikhs  -Adi Granth
-attempt at reconciling Islam and Hinduism
-in the Punjab and Southern California
-19 million or so, 500,000 in the US.
Buddhism
Broke away from Hinduism 2500 years ago
founded by Prince Siddhartha (Buddha)
Widespread in Asia
Many composite faiths as conversion spread
Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism
Lamaism is popular in Tibet and Mongolia
500 million adherents?
2 to 6 million in the United States, behind perhaps only Christianity and Judaism?
Mostly West Coast.
Los Angeles Temple
Wat Thai Of Los Angeles, originally known as "Theravada Buddhist Center", is the largest Thai Theravada Buddhist Temple in the United States. 
8225 Coldwater 
Canyon Ave 
North Hollywood
Monk at the feet of Buddha (fig)
Four Noble Truths
Life is full of suffering
Desire is the cause of suffering
Elimination of suffering requires the quelling of desire
An eight-fold path can lead one to the quelling of desire
Nirvana -a state of peace and calm reached by few is attained by those able to successfully navigate the path. 
Animism
Thousands of versions
100 million adherents
Most popular in Sub-Saharan Africa
Umbanda in Brazil, Santeria in Cuba
Omnipresent God, often found in nature
Don’t underestimate the potential complexity and subtlety of animist faiths
Animism in Africa (fig)
Gris Gris
Ethnocentric
Americans
Frequently we fail to take seriously the religious beliefs of others, making them into caricatures of reality.
This Totem Pole is part of a tacky-tourist attraction in Tennessee
Secularization
A faith?  1 billion secularists worldwide
Europeans are most secular (American are not even close)
Why? _ Government and Modernization of cultures
Christian or Secular?
Religious Diffusion
Religions can spread by a variety of plans and actions
How has much of the world’s religious map been shaped?
What is the primary manner in which Christianity spread into the US?
What about other American religions?
Religious Diffusion (map)
Religious Ecology
Religion, like other cultural elements help people cope with their environment.
Environmental factors loom large in the basic nature of many religions.
Different religions treat “mother nature” differently.
Ahisma (figure)
Jains, Sikhs and Hindus
Nature and Religions
Christmas Trees
Earthquakes and God’s wrath?
Tornados and threat preparations.
Christmas
The Environment and  Religion
Is it coincidence that the World’s major monotheistic faiths all were born in the desert?
Few polytheistic nomads
All early adherents were nomadic herders
Semple- out in the open and the sky is dominant.
Cont.
Social organization of nomads lends itself to patriarchal, hierarchy.
most of the female deities are in farming societies
most of the nomads lived on the edge of established farming cultures, and may have innovated in response to these groups.
Poll Results
-72 % of Spanish American Catholics feel people subject to nature
-55% of Mormons think humans are in harmony with nature
-48% of Texas Protestants think humans control nature and can overcome natural hazards
Link with politics? Perception of E.P.A.?
Cultural Integration in Religion
Religion affects a great number of other components of culture, including agriculture, economy, family sociology, politics, etc.
Religion and Economy
Food and beverage taboos are common
viticulture, pork, alcohol, drugs, fish
Proscriptions for making loans
Payday lending?  Usury Law?
Gambling, Prostitution, etc.

Why the ban on pork among “Big 3”
Trichinosis, pigs are dirty, nomadic sour grapes.
God and Pork
Texas and Beer (fig)
Is beer evil?
Ben Franklin’s quote?
What role has alcohol played in religions?
Religion and Political Geography 
More common than one generally thinks
Nationalism-Religion intertwined
India-Pakistan / Ireland
Yugoslavia / Cyprus/ Chad
State Churches
Theocracy
In the United States
Religion informs many people’s political beliefs
Mormonism and Utah- 
Solid South
Catholics (Massachusetts vs. New Mexico)
Episcopalians
Sacred Spaces
Areas and sites that inspire sublime devotion, loyalty or fear
Pilgrimage sites, Churches, ritualized spaces, cemeteries can all be sacred.
Some are ancient, some are otherwise mundane
Any in the US?
Sacred Space?
Religious Landscapes
Religious Structures
Roman Catholic 
Amish
Bathtub Mary’s
Square Puritan Church
Cemeteries
Which group tends to build the most elaborate churches because they have more traditionally believed in their church as the “house of God”
A.  Baptists			B.  Catholics
C.  Mormons			D.  Presbyterians
Burying the Dead in South Louisiana
Religious Place Names
Many towns, cities and landscape features bear witness to the religious beliefs of the people who named them.
Can you think of any?
Religious Toponymy-Canada (map)
Axis Mundi (fig)
Axis Mundi ? (fig)

Economic Geography
Lecture Outline

Two Great Revolutions
The first agricultural revolution…the domestication of plants
The Industrial Revolution
urbanization, transportation, philosophy, science, demography revolutions
The Information Revolution?
Three Types of Industry
Primary - extractive
Secondary - manufacturing
Tertiary – retailing and services
Some authors also include as subsections of tertiary
Quaternary – information sector, research
Quinary – Government 
(teaching, police, government activity)
Primary Industry
extractive industries of all sorts
Farming, drilling, mining
“from the ground”
sometimes spurs on manufacturing
frequently environmentally destructive
sometimes controlled by outsiders
What is one of Los Angeles’ primary industries?
Los Angeles
Primary Landscapes- Open Pit Mine (fig)
Primary Landscapes-
Chemical Fields (fig)
Primary Landscapes- Potash Mine Slag Pile (fig)
Primary Industry-Oil Drilling (fig)
Oil Spill (fig)
Rainforest Destruction (fig)
Primary Landscape? (fig)
Secondary Industry
Essentially the processing of products produced by primary industries.
Frequently considered synonymous with manufacturing
Value added
Shows core and periphery patterns and may lead to uneven development
Regions specialize in types of manufacturing.
Name a secondary industry in Los Angeles
LA Manufacturing
Primary and Secondary Centers- West (fig)
Good jobs, but often with pollution 
(fig)
Secondary and Tertiary Landscapes (fig)
Acid Rain’s Effects (fig)
US Environmental Pollution (fig)
Tertiary Industry
Service sector 
Now much more important in the United States than before 1970
Includes retail, research, transportation, communication, utilities, tourism, etc.
Multiplier leakage & increasing concentration of power and wealth
Bifurcation of service sector
Retail Site Location
Some students get jobs locating the “next McDonalds” or helping decide which stores go with which others in the mall.
Essentially involves mapping and analyzing demographic, traffic and shopping patterns.
Excellent earning potential.

Tourism
Tourism is world’s largest business
It’s a “basic industry”
Well spread, but often suffers from multiplier leakage
Seacoasts, mountains, rural areas benefit
Las Vegas, Yosemite, Big Sur
Historical and cultural locations also big
Los Angeles
Industrial Landscapes? (fig)
Tourism-West (fig)
Tourism-East (fig)
Q:  Multiplier leakage is a problem with which of the following local businesses?
A.  The Northridge Medical Center
B.  A local farmer’s market
C.  Rite-Aid Pharmacy
D.  Taco Llama #5
Quaternary Industry
Subsection of the service sector
“services required by producers”
trade, wholesaling, retailing, advertising, banking, legal, insurance, real estate
information production & management
major growth sector today
Quaternary Industry
High skill labor
Locate near major universities
Amenity seeking
“silicon landscapes”
Richard Florida’s thesis
High quality of life, not low taxes, is key to the promotion of new economy jobs.
US Manufacturing Zones and Technopoles (fig)
Industrial Site Location
Alfred Weber: the father of industrial location theory, a career path that can be very lucrative.
Site location considerations include:
Land
Capital
Labor Costs
Labor Skill
worker productivity also considered
Markets
Materials
Q:  According to Richard Florida, locations high taxes actually help attract good paying jobs.  Which location is an example?
A.  Silicon Valley, California
B.  Atlanta, Georgia
C.  Lexington, Kentucky
D.  Boise, Idaho
The Industrial Revolution
Where did the industrial revolution begin?
Why there?  Where in the US?
England with cottage & guild industries during the 1700s
Early products were crafted by machines powered by inanimate sources.
What is an example of an inanimate source?
Textiling, metallurgy, mining industries were early to capitalize on machine power.
Markets and Materials
Some industries need to locate close to their market, especially if their product is bulk gaining.
Some industries have a raw materials orientation, particularly when they are producing bulk reducing commodities.
Some industries need to be close to others, and produce agglomeration economics
Can you think why?  Examples?
Bud and Miller Plants
Westward Steel
Bulk reducing
Note the westward migration of steel production in the US.
What factors account for this movement?
Automobile Production
Bulk gaining activity
Michigan/Detroit losing share
What factors account for the location patterns?
Where locally did there once exist a car factory?
Chevy Plants – 1950s vs. 2008
Local loser?
Loss pattern?
Delivery - Transportation
Ship, rail, truck, or air?
Depends on perishability, bulk and distance
Longer-distance transport is cheaper per mile due to loading labor (short haul penalty)
Trucks short-distance; trains longer
Boats very long; cost per mile very low
Air most expensive; speedy, high-value
Saint Louis – Break of Bulk
Break-of-Bulk Points
Costs rise each time products are transferred – labor costs
Break-of-Bulk – a location where transfer among  transportation modes is possible
Temporary warehousing
Multiple mode may be cheaper
Seaports and airports
Intermodal / containerization
Just-in-Time Delivery
Delivered when needed without warehousing
No inventory
What implications for workers in such plants?
Can you think of another instance of “just in time delivery” that affects you, perhaps when you are shopping?
Industries on the Move
Movement has accelerated since 1970
What is a footloose industry?
What types of industry are less likely to move?
What is effect on wages and benefits?
NAFTA
Hourly Wages
Q: Footloose industries tend to have which qualities?
A.  Low wages
B.  Job insecurity
C.  Poor Benefits
D.  All of these
NAFTA
What has been the effect of NAFTA on the textiling industry?
Which states have fared worst?
The Political Element 
Politics also effects industrial location.
Many defense industries are sited with political and strategic priorities in mind
Industrial location is often affected by regulatory climate
Tax and tariff policies also affect industrial site location
Environmental Factors in Industrial Location
There is some measure of environmental concern creeping into  industrial site location.
Some companies avoid locations with environmental regulation.
Some companies seek those locations.
Industrialization and Cultural Change
Industrialization is the most potent ingredient in cultural change over the last 200 years.
Modernism, as a philosophy and way of life is intimately tied to industrialization
PROGRESS!!!

Agricultural Geography
Lecture Outline
Introduction
Effective agricultural practice is the taproot of civilization.
Without agricultural surplus, urbanization and industrialization is not possible.
Political and military power is often rooted in the ability to produce agricultural surpluses.
Subsistence Farming
Most of the world’s farmers plant only enough for themselves and their family.
Many of these subsistence systems are sustainable.
Some are not.
In some parts of Asia and Africa 80% of the people are subsistence farmers.
What percent of US workers are farming?
Agricultural Regions 
Defined by the type of crops grown, the style of labor and the use of land.
fig
figure
Shifting Cultivation 
(Slash and Burn, Swidden, Milpa)
Mostly in the tropical and equatorial areas of Latin America and Africa.  Some in the rainforests of Southeast Asia.
Required because of the poor soils of the rainforests, but very energy efficient.
A “land rotation” system.  Requires few, supports few.  Fallow periods must be maintained.
Sustainable, Healthy. Intertillage is common.
fig
Paddy Rice Farming
Mostly found in South/Southeast Asia
Flooded rice fields.
Supports many, requires many.
Double cropping (single, double grain)
Intercropping
Green Revolution technologies
Implications for economics, culture and standardized math scores?
Fig: Paddy Rice Terrace-Bali Indonesia
Peasant Grain, Root, and Livestock Farming
Where it is really dry, ranching and dry land grains are the agricultural practices.
Where it is wetter, root crops, like manioc/cassava are staples.
Nutritionally unbalanced.
Unaffected by green revolution technologies. 
Sorghum and Millet
Cassava (manioc/yuca)
Sweet Potato Field-New Guinea
Mediterranean Agriculture
Almost non existent in subsistence form.
Specialized crops that include?
Now similar to market gardening.
Where in the U.S.?
Who settled this part of the US?
What is the controlling variable?
Mediterranean Agriculture-Crete Greece
Nomadic Herding
Practiced in very dry areas of Africa and Asia, but dying out.
Also in parts of frozen world.
Africans raise cattle, Asians raise water buffalo…Others?
Characterized by the constant search for food for livestock.
Who else were nomadic herders?
Nomadic Herding-Kurdistan
Commercial Agricultural Systems
Marked by profit seeking farmers
Characterizes much of 1st World Farming
Can produce enormous food surpluses
Can wreak environmental havoc
Frequently come with intense social injustices in the Third World
Plantation Agriculture
Commercial agriculture that focuses on non-staple, export-oriented crops at the expense of traditional agricultural systems and food crops.
Developed in the Americas, exported to Africa and Asia.  
Tends to be coastal.
Plantation Agriculture
Socially and economically unjust.  Becoming more so as labor is replaced by machinery.
Coffee, Sugar Cane, Bananas, Tea, Cacao, Tobacco and Spices
Plantation Sign-Costa Rica
Welcome to Freehold Plantation: Where labor harmony reigns...
Tea Plantation-Papua New Guinea
Banana Plantation
We are the world!
Recorded to help Ethiopians suffering through famine in the mid-1980s.
We thought it was drought, but it was in reality war and capitalism.
Juan Valdez
Plantation agriculture and mono cropping are prone to wild market swings, competition and ecological disaster.
American Response
The Iran Contra affair of the mid-1980s  also points to the challenges of changing the agricultural / land used policies in the Third World.
It’s why many of you are here.
Q: It rains here every day!  What’s for dinner?
A.  Rice and Fish
B.  Corn, Squash and Beans
C.  Steak and bread
D.  Cheese and goat meat.
Von Thunen’s Model
Von Thunen’s Model
Von Thunen in Practice-Uruguay
Grand Central Market: LA
More profitable than farming?
Market (Truck)Gardening
Mostly in the first world
Generally specialized for urban markets
Dependent upon seasonal (immigrant) labor
New Jersey, Michigan, California
Where in California?
What crops are “local”?
Perishables: Truck Gardening
Commercial Livestock Fattening
Hogs and Cattle brought in for fattening
In areas of the Great Plains of the US
Much of the corn and soybeans grown in the US goes to feed cattle.
Is this efficient?
Expansion of production areas in environmentally sensitive rainforest.
Feedlot – San Joaquin Valley
Commercial Grain Farming
Much of the grain grown in the US is grown to feed livestock.  Efficiency?
Where is the corn belt; wheat belt; rice belt in the United States?
Are there international competitors?
Suitcase farming
Agribusiness vs. the family farmer
What grain?  Where?
Wheat Harvesting-Kansas?
Commercial Dairying
Also near large urban areas.  Upstate New York, Wisconsin, New England.
Butter, Cheese or Milk?  
Depends on where your cows are and markets are.
Where in California?
Also employs the feedlot system
Chino, California
San Joaquin Valley
Upstate New York
Upstate New York
Dairying: Vermont
Livestock Ranching 
Cattle and Sheep ranching
US and Canada (Beef) also in the Pampas of South America
Sheep ranching popular in Australia, NZ, Argentina and South Africa
South of Bakersfield
Hay Farming
Urban Agriculture
Big city people also have tiny little farms or backyard plots, especially in the Third World.
A very important source of food in China.
Becoming more prevalent in the US as “localvores” demand locally grown food.
Cultural Integration in Agriculture 
What we grow and eat is dependent upon many things:
 A. Culture (Dietary Preferences) 
 B. Politics
 C. Economics
Agricultural Landscapes 
Cadastral and Field Patterns 
Different strategies for dividing land, each with different political aims and outcomes; each with different ecological costs and benefits.
Land survey patterns
Metes and Bounds
Characterized by irregular patterns on the land.
Created in a nearly random pattern by surveyors, land speculators and buyers.
Can be found in much of the 13 original colonies, except in New England where they had a village farms system.
Township and Range
Devised in the US by Thomas Jefferson who wanted to promote democracy through equitable distribution of land.
(6)40 acres and a mule ideology…
Found in much of the US west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Not particularly environment-friendly.
Dominates landscapes in the Midwest.
Cadastral Systems
What cadastral system?
What Cadastral System?
A symbol of Jeffersonian Democracy on a rural landscape
Longlots
Found in many regions of Europe and introduced into North America by the French.
Provides access to transportation (esp. rivers) for each.
Egalitarian as well.
Longlots-Montreal
What US River is that?
Longlots-Germany
Question
What cadastral pattern is this?
What political value is represented by this pattern?
Which president is most associated with this?
Match this to a city name:

Urban Geography
Lecture Outline
Acropolis (fig)
Where is this? 
What is it’s name?
What’s the significance?
Cities
Why do cities form?
What are the necessary preconditions behind the rise of cities?
the Agricultural Revolutions
industrial Revolutions
Rise of Cities
Why cities?
Single-Factor and Multiple-Factor Models for the Rise of Cities 
Technical (e.g., irrigation)
Defense
Religious
Political
Beer, Others

Defining Cities
How do know when you are in city?
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Big City
Think about what amenities a city has that a town does not.
Trouble with counting populations
First world and Third World patterns
World Cities

Edge Cities
Term coined by Joel Garreau to describe peripheral areas of the city where people now increasingly work, play and live.  Functionally similar to older center cities, but less dense and planned around the automobile.
Can you think of local edge cities?
Problems?   Most of them are linked to transportation.
Edge City Landscape (fig)
Edge City Landscape: New York City (fig)
The Ecology of Urban Location
Where cities are located are key indicators of their original purpose.
Each city’s original purpose is a product of its location and the possibilities afforded by that location.
Site and Situation 
Site refers to a set of factors that deal with a location’s advantages or disadvantages at that place.
Situation refers to a set of factors that deal with a location’s advantages or disadvantages relative to other places.
Singapore
New York
San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego
Defensive Sites (fig)
Mt. St. Michel and Paris (fig)
Trade-Route Sites (fig)
What city is this?
What has been it’s great advantage?  Changed?
Christhaller’s Central Place Theory 
describes the pattern of cities in space.  It relies upon the following notions:
Threshold-size of population
Range-distance for good
Hinterland-trade area
Order of a good and order of a place
Central Place Theory
Higher order goods have a greater range, need smaller threshold
These facts build urban hierarchies
Regional metropolises are at the top of the hierarchy
Market villages are at the bottom.
Requires an “all things held equal” clause
Central Place Theory 1 (fig)
Central Place Theory 2 (fig)
Central Place Theory (fig)
with transportation routes
Satellite Image of Central Places (fig) 
Satellite Image of Central Places (fig) 
Urban Culture Regions
A. Social Regions
Socioeconomic traits
Ethnographic traits
Census Tracts, Block Groups
Census Tracts, Berkeley
Neighborhoods 
Small social region where people share values and interact daily
May lead to a reduction in social conflict.
Territoriality?
Social cohesion in face of diversity
Implication of permanence of residence
Derelict D.C. (fig)
The Burbs (fig)
Homelessness
Unknown number of homeless 
Three million?
Census debate in congress
Multiple problems of homelessness
Reagan’s legacy
Shelters, Los Angles (fig)
Cultural Diffusion in the City
There are constantly at work forces that work to collapse the city around the CBD and there are others at work that tend to spread the city out.
What you see in each city is a result of this contest.
A.  Centralization
1. Economic and Social Advantages
Accessibility
Transportation routes
Agglomeration (residence)
Historical momentum
Prestige
B.  Decentralization
Clearly the most powerful of the forces since 1945
Many cities have been hollowed out by the forces of decentralization, which are the same forces driving forth suburbanization.
Investment capital moving from one to other.
Uneven development
The Decentralized City (fig)
Socioeconomic Factors
Accessibility is now greater in suburbs.
Agglomeration economies in suburbs.
Taking advantage of the diseconomies of scale and location of the inner city.
Some terms
Bedroom Communities
Lateral Commuters
How’d it happen?
Federal Highway Acts 1916/1954
FHA established in 1937
GI Bill 1944
FHA practices
Housing Act of 1937
Red Lining and Restrictive Covenants
Other government actions
The Costs of Decentralization
Massive loss of investment and inner city capital.
Sprawl
Checkerboard vs. Gap Toothed
In filling legislation
Sprawl (fig)
Gentrification 
Counter action to suburbanization
Often began by alternative lifestyle crowd
Has had major impact on some downtown areas and their residents
How does it work?
Economics
Rent Gap Theory
The downtown areas become so devalued that investors now think these areas have a good risk to return potential.
Overall shift in the economic structure of the United States: Post-Modernity.
Demographics
The baby boomers frequently delayed entry into parenthood, but felt unsure about moving into the suburbs without children.
Status of historical areas difficult to erase.
Proximity to new economy jobs in downtown area
Nightlife for those in courtship life cycle.
Politics and Taxes
Some cities have actively encouraged gentrification through systems of tax breaks and other development incentives in order to prop up flagging downtown economies.
Rainbow Neighborhoods
Gays, Bisexuals and a variety of Bohemian types frequently led the charge into gentrification.
Access to amenities catering to alternative lifestyles.
Defensive strategy.
Where else to go?
Cost of Gentrification
Tax boost often small or non-existent
Displacement of lower income residents
Ethnic tensions
See Focus Box
Society Hill (fig)
The Cultural Ecology of the City   
A. The Urban Ecosystem
B. The Urban Geologic Environment
C. Urban Weather and Climate
D. Urban Hydrology
E. Urban Vegetation 

Urban Heat Island (fig)
Dust Dome-Cincinnati (fig)
Green Space-NYC (fig)
Models of the City  
A.  Concentric Zone Model
B.  Sector Model 
C.  Multiple Nuclei Model
D.  Feminist Critiques
E.  Apartheid and Post apartheid cities 
F.  Soviet and Post-Soviet cities
G.  Latin American Model 

Chicago (fig)
Concentric Zone Model (fig)
What Zone? (fig)
Sector Model (fig)
Multiple Nuclei Model (fig)
Latin America Model (fig)
Boston (fig)
Urban Landscapes
Urban Landscapes reveal much about the processes of the city.
A. Themes in Cityscape Study
1. Landscape dynamics
Where is the city changing most?
Where is change not occurring?
2. The City as Palimpsest
The city landscape can be read as if it were an old parchment, containing bits and pieces of former text un-erased by the passage of time.
Good clues to the former life of a city.
What is saved and what is lost underscores the value system of the culture.
3. Symbolic Cityscapes
There are lots of symbolic, metaphorical meanings lodged in the landscape of the city.
Think of skyscrapers, historic landscapes.
Landscapes act upon us.  They help maintain social order.
How do these meanings get created?
Meinig’s Three Symbolic Landscapes:
New England Village       
Main St. USA
California Suburb
New England Village (fig)
The New Urban Landscape
Shopping Malls-an interior experience, that is made to appear exterior.
Location: on the interstate near suburbs
Forms changing over the years
Malls serve multiple functions, including social ones.
The Mall (fig)
Office Parks: Atlanta (fig)
Office Parks
Out on the edge of town, they have replaced some of the functions of the CBD
Cheaper, more accessible, convenient.
Horizontal, not vertical.
“Park”
Homogenous
High Tech Corridors
Edge City Office Park (fig)
Gated Community (fig)
Master Planned Communities
The totally-planned neighborhood
Social engineering?
Multiple regulations
Scary as hell?
Quincy Market-Festival (fig)
Festival Setting
Frequently part of a gentrification or urban renewal effort
Surround natural or historical amenities
Staging the “spectacular”
Fake and consumptive
May stand next to grinding poverty, but seemingly unaware of it.
Militarized Space
Consciously planned areas that are designed to separate the unsavory elements of society from the “nice” people.
Gated downtown areas, removal of park benches, spikes for fire hydrants, elevated walkways, etc.
Hyper segregation of class and race.
Reduction of truly public spaces
Internet?
Dade, Co Library (fig)