Sex is a basic physiological need for all people. Just as food and water are basic needs, likewise is sex. Men and women who have been incarcerated for a prolonged length of time have no appropriate outlet for their sexual urges, so they turn to each other. Whether consensual or not, sex behind bars has been proven to be motivated by sexual needs, both by numerous studies and personal testimonials from both victims and perpetrators.

WWW

• Stop Prisoner Rape, Inc.

An organization "dedicated to combating the rape of male and female prisoners and providing such assistance as we can to survivors of jailhouse rape."

• Prisons, Jails, and Reformatories (article for the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality)

Concerns sexual activity behind bars, its causes and its effects on involuntary victims.

• Rape of Males

Discusses the basic issues in male rape, such as shame, silence, rates of incidence and cases. Most interestingly, it discusses the history of the rape of males, and how it has been dealt with.

• Training Americans to Rape: The Role of our Jails, Prisons, and Reformatories

Article concerning awareness and reform within correctional facilities.

• A Punk's Own Story

Personal testimony from a victim of chronic sexual assault when incarcerated. A "punk" is someone befriended by a bigger, stronger, inmate for sexual favors.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

• Brewer, F., & Derrickson, J. (1992). AIDS in prison: A review of epidemiology and preventive policy. AIDS, 6, (7), 623-628.

Discusses rates of incidence of HIV infection and possible preventive measures.

• Eigenberg, M. (1990). Male rape: An empirical examination of correctional officers' attitudes towards rape in prison. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, (11), 374.

Discusses a study in which guards and officers were asked about the incidence of sexual assault and what is done to prevent it.

• McCorkle, R. C. (1993). Living on the edge: Fear in a maximum security prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20, 1-2, 73-91.

Discusses results from a study conducted on 300 inmates in the southeastern US, on factors such as fear of victimization.

• Mitchell, J. & Varley, C. (1990). Insolation and restraint in juvenile correctional facilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, (2), 251-255.

Discusses isolation and restraint as effective punitive and management techniques, but also discusses their negative effect on adolescent inmates.

• Mutchnick, R. J., & Fawcett, M. (1991). Group home environments and victimization of resident juveniles. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 35, (2), 126- 142.

A review of nine juvenile correctional facilities on incidences and effects, or resident assault and victimization.

• Starchild, A. (1996). Rape of youth in prisons and juvenile facilities. The Journal of Psychohistory, 18, (2), 145-150.

Discusses cultural differences in the patterns of rape at correctional institutions in the US, Turkey, South Africa, Latin America, and England.

• Tewsburry, R. (1989). Measures of sexual behavior in an Ohio prison. Sociology and Social Research, 74, (1), 34-36.

Research found that due to the deprivation of heterosexual outlets, most prison inmates are sexually active in a variety of ways.

• Vaughn, M., & Del-Carmen, R. (1995). Civil liability against prison officials for inmate-on- inmate assault: Where are we and where have we been? Prison Journal, 75, (1), 69-89.

Discusses the degree to which guards are liable for inmate assault, and outlines the parameters under which the officials would be held responsible.