Study Group 5
Industrial
Revolution
The causes of Industrial
Revolution
By Dongchul Yang
Study Group 5
The
cause of Industrial Revolution is basically two parts. One of them is demand,
and one of them is supply. On the side of demand, the first of all is the
development of agriculture technology, and it brings the growth of agriculture products.
One of other reason is that people incomes rises, and it increases demand of
products. One of other reason is that the foundation of colonies makes demand
increase in mercantilism time. On the side of supply, the first reason is that
there were many people to work because there was huge population increases. The
second reason is that European countries make colonies, and it brings enough material
for demand. One of other reason is that the development of technology, and the
changing of system in government.
England was huge
influenced country because there was cotton industrial technology, and they had
a lot of colonies to sell, and to get materials. One of the big points is that
England is island country, and they had the routes of trade. The ocean trade
was easy, and cheap to deliver. When the Industrial Revolution happens, they
can easy make factory with little financials.
By
Heather Gabel
Hist
111 – Industrial Revolution
Study
Group 5
Working and
Living during the Industrial Revolution
During the
Industrial Revolution and with the advent of mechanized machinery such as the
cotton gin, and the steam engine, people from the industrializing economies
such as Europe and North America and the farm and plantations of Asia and
Africa, had to work harder because their work schedules grew more demanding. In
addition populations continued to grow throughout London, Leeds, Glasgow,
Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. However, the speed at which
industrialization was moving was less great in the Low Countries and France. In
the midst of impressive growth throughout Europe and their neighboring towns
also developed were unhealthy cities for most urban dwellers.
During the early
nineteenth century, a clean water supply lacked unlike that of ancient towns of
the Roman Empire had at one time. Unfortunately, the water served as a drinking
source also came from the mills that included chemicals. This same water supply
was also used in the dyeing process. It was poured directly back into
waterways; for example, Manchester’s Irk River. It became increasingly filthy
over time. This same river was also the same water source that supplied
thousands of residents. Moreover, with tenant overcrowding came sharing of a
very small number of outhouses in most European cities. By late 1850, no
running water or garbage pickup existed and no such underground sewers were
known. Unfortunately, disease became rampant as a result.
Families
eventually made their way to cities where they found jobs in small and large
factories where they earned wages. This was essential income because it added
to the family’s revenues. Family members who, otherwise, would have stayed home
and sold the goods they produced opted for work outside the home for additional
money. As urban employers began hiring employees to help run their factories
they had find ways for which to pay them. Urban employers experimented with
various ways by paying their workers by the number of tasks performed or goods
produced. Frequently, many were left working upwards of twelve hours or more in
a given day. Children were not the exception, unfortunately. Of the more than
800,000 workers in 1851, England, two-thirds of those employed in mechanized
industries were women and children.
Time eventually became a factor
the affected changes in the workforce. In around the 1800s a more disciplined
regimen came to fruition in the industrial setting. In order for new machinery
to operate, massive clocks were affixed to the top of towers over work sites.
They were put there by factory and mill owners. Clocks were also measured by
the output per hour as well as to compare worker’s performance against other
worker’s. Over time, and after long repeated offenses of fudging the daily
worker’s hours by falsifying the actual time of day, worker’s revolted and
destroyed the clocks in revenge.
As
greater levels of production gained during the Industrial Revolution, so too
were the numbing work routines. As many employees worked excessively throughout
the day their earnings were just as less desirable. It was not until after 1850
that real wages began to rise for most workers. Until then, many had no work at
all. This was essentially the worst of two evils. The choices were drudgery,
low pay or no work at all and the latter was a bad situation for those without
income as families grew dependant on their income.
Authors,
Charlotte Bronte, an English novelist and Charles Dickens described the worst
of times in their books. They depicted deplorable conditions for those working
in factories. In Charlotte Bronte’s book: Shirley,
she described “a moral earthquake and forcing the poor to drink the water
of affliction”. In her book she depicted
“the misfortunes wrought by the power loom”. Other authors, Elizabeth Gaskell,
in England and Emile Zola, in France jump on the bandwagon by describing the
“hardships suffered by women whose children were perpetually malnourished and
forced into the workforce too early”. These novelists and social advocates
eventually pushed for protective legislation for workers which also included
curbing child labor and limiting the work day. This too was to include,
legalization of prostitution in some countries in order that the courtesans’
health could be monitored.
Since the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth century, the economic reordering virtually transformed all aspects
of those who were caught up in it. Because of the reordering
Lives
were altered. The way they traded with each other and what they consumed
changed for good. New methods for mobilizing capital and work routine rhythms
changed for merchants, wage laborers and farmers. All of these changes affected
those of where they worked, where they lived, whom they were going to marry,
how many children they were going to have and how they regarded people whose
lives were different from their own. In the end many Europeans found themselves
moving to far away regions far, far away from where their parents grew up all
in the spirit of starting life over.
Tignor Robert, Aron Stephen, Tsin Michael, Worlds Together Worlds Apart, A History of the World, The Mongol Empire to the present, New York –London ,Copyright 2008,2002 by W.W Norton & Company, Inc.
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds2/contents/summary/ch17.asp, © 2008 W. W. Norton & Company
Amy Morales
Industrial Revolution
·
Transformation
and Expansionism in Japan.
1. Began
in the 1860’s when Japanese rulers wanted to transform their old looking
dynasty to a more modern looking nation.
2. Other
American, Dutch and British nations forced the Tokugawa rulers to sign
humiliating treaties, which opened Japanese ports, slapped limits on Japanese
tariffs, and exempted foreigners from Japanese laws.
3. When
they were forced the shogun to resign, Emperor Mutsuhito, known as the Meiji
Emperor (Enlightened Rule) became the symbol of a new Japan. His reign, from
1868 to 1912, was referred to as the Meiji Restoration.
4. The
reforms in education, the military, local administration, and so forth, quickly
produced a strong national identity among Japanese.
5. In
1871, the government banned the feudal system allowing peasants to become small
landowners, consequently, improved their agrarian techniques and saw their daily
life standards improve.
6. During
the Meiji period, the government sought to improve the modernization by
building railroads, laying telegraph lines, founding a postal system, and
encouraging the formation of giant firms known as zaibatsu, which were family organizations consisting of factories,
import-export businesses, and banks.
7. Like
other growing nations Japan wanted to expand its territory. The Chinese worried
that soon the Japanese would try to take over Korea. These tensions eventually
brought the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in which the Chinese suffered a
dreadful defeat.
8. This
caused the Japan Expansion to increase to a nation-state and colonial power
with no peer in Asia.
·
Transformation
and Expansionism in Russia.
1. Due
to many of the Expanding powers on Russia’s immense border meant that Russia
would have to enlarge its domain as well.
2. The
Russians tried to expand southwest and east, in the late nineteenth century
invading the Ottoman territories.
3. The
invasion provoked opposition from Britain and France, who joined with the
Ottomans to defeat Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856). The defeat exposed
Russia’s military weaknesses, including a lack of modern weapons and problems
supplying troops over long distances without a railway system.
4. In
the 1860s Tsar Alexander II launched a wave of great reforms, modernization
programs to make sure defeat could not happen in the future.
5. While
Russians moved to the lands they had conquered, however, they never made up the
majority there. The new provinces still consisted of multiethnic and
multi-religious communities that were only partially integrated into the
Russian state.
6. The Trans- Siberian Railroad-
Russia’s decisions to build a railway across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean
derived from a desire to expand the empire’s power in East Asia and stall
British advances in Asia. The new railroad ferried Russian troops over long
distances to battles, such as the one at Mukden, in Manchuria, which was then
the largest land battle in the history of warfare and observed by military
attaches from all the great powers.
7. Russia
had many different nationalities, over one hundred that were not treated
equally; Control came by centralized authority as Russia sought to assimilate
these peoples.
Tignor Robert, Aron Stephen, Tsin Michael, Worlds Together Worlds Apart, A History of the World, The Mongol Empire to the present, New York –London ,Copyright 2008,2002 by W.W Norton & Company, Inc.
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds2/contents/summary/ch17.asp, © 2008 W. W. Norton & Company. All rights reserved.
Scott
DeCurtis
Industrial
Revolution
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Railways or wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea.
The Industrial Revolution improved
Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal, and
waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products
could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation
also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.
Scott
DeCurtis
History
111
Study
Group 5
Industrial
Revolution
I.
Coastal
Sail
Myles Diamond
Industrial Revolution
The Rise of Industry within North America
3 Forms of Industry Revolution
A. Agriculture
-
In 1794 the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This made the
division of the cotton seeds from fiber increasingly faster. By having this
invention, this allowed the south to increase its supply of shipping out raw to
the northerners to be used in the manufacturing of cloth.
B. Transportation
-
In the 1790’s the Lancaster turnpike, or toll roads, were the first
known forms within the advancement of transportation that
served as a connection amongst the Eastern United States.
-
Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807. Before the steamboat was
invented, river travel was conducted by flatboat which had relied on the
current of the river or the strength of the men who would push the boat
upstream.
-
With the invention of the steamboat, people and goods could be easily
and effectively transported.
-
The passage of the Pacific Railway bill allowed for tax money to be
spent on the production of a transcontinental railroad. The railroad provided
jobs and spurred the growth of new industries such as cattle, farming, and
transportation of goods from various other states.
Communication
-
In 1870 the invention of electricity and power gave way to more advances
in the early nineteenth century.
-
In 1866 Cyrus W. Field developed the transatlantic telegram.
Productivity
-
The revolution of iron and steel production came about in the 1870s and
1880s. With the advancement in the railroad industry there was a higher demand
for steel and iron production. The demand led to a new discovery in the
processes of forming iron. They began to blow melton
air through molten iron to burn out impurities and create a stronger product.
The invention of the furnace replaced the old brick stoves. Steam freighters
allowed for an easier shipping of these products. This also created a new
industry for lubrication the oil industry.
-
There was also an increase in research into products, and corporate
laboratories were founded. Engineering became merged with scientists and were
in high demand for corporate laboratories.
- Industrialist
also embraced the idea of taylorism; the concept that
scientific management made human labor compatible to the demands of the machine
and increased control in the workplace.
-
Henry Ford first introduced the assembly line which spend up the process
of manufacturing cars, and lead to a cheaper production rate.
Adrian Sanchez
Industrial
Revolution
South America
I.
Trading and Financing
1. The
Americas were the first region to embrace free trade practices and policies.
a) Merchants
wanted export raw materials and import needed European, especially British,
manufactured goods.
b) After
1810, Latin American countries abolished most tariffs protecting local producers
and removed all special laws covering Spanish and Portuguese commerce
2. Free
trade in the Americas offered European consumers access to cheap foodstuffs and
other primary staples like timber, cotton, and minerals
a) Britain
was the first to take advantage of free trade with the Americas
b) Free
trade became the de facto guiding principle of Atlantic commerce between
Britain and the Americas
II.
Manufacturing
1. Industrial
development occurred as the diffusion and accumulation of technological
knowledge necessary for manufacturing increased.
a) Numerous
inventions applied and diffused across the Atlantic world to build up a stock
of technological knowledge and practice that was widely available
III.
Social and Political Change
1. A
new pattern appeared in the Americas in what were the heartlands of industrial
capitalism, colonialism, and the new nation-states
a) There
was a desire to establish inclusive political systems, and expand territorial
domains
b) Required
government to induct the people into public life with national laws and court
systems, standardized money, and national political parties.
2. The
decades after 1850 saw general expansion and development of nation-states in
the world, but the Americas had the most complete assimilation of new
possessions into old domains.
a) With
the help of rifles, railroads, schools, and land surveys, frontiers became
lucrative and strategic possessions, central to the fabric of South American
societies.
b) While
territorial expansion and high rates of economic growth were happening, these
processes prevented the poor Indians and blacks from participating fully in
market or political like.
i.
Fear of uprising kept the elites in a
state in alarm
3. Brazil
a) Abolished
slavery in 1830, but allowed illegal slave imports for 2 more decades
b) In
1888 the Brazilian emperor abolished slavery for good
c) Elites
created new labor force for their estates by importing workers from Italy,
Spain and Portugal as seasonal migrant workers or poor, indentured tenant
farmers.
d) In
1891 a federal system was established and proclaimed Brazil a republic.
e) Became
the world exclusive exporter of rubber for bicycle and automobile industries so
merchants, planters and workers prospered
i.
Rich merchants became the lenders and
financiers to workers and landowners
f) The
rubber boom ended due to the diversified biomass that could not tolerate a
regimented, agrarian form of production at the expense of other vegetation
g) Brazilian
producers went bankrupt as competition increased and prices were reduced
Matt Regalado
Study Group 5
Industrial Revolution
Technology Advances and Economic Development
During the Industrial Revolution there were many new
materials and new technologies that played a vital role in the economy and the
economic development. A new material that played a vital role was the production
of steel which was more malleable and stronger than iron. Steel was essential
for industries such as shipbuilding and railways. Since more railroads were
built due to steel the economy of these countries
grew and developed tremendously because their goods were able to travel longer
distances in shorter amounts of time. Since ships were also made of steel the
country’s goods were able to travel overseas in a reliable ship allowing the
insurance of the delivery of the goods. From 1870 to 1900 the output of steel
went from half a million tons to 28 million tons. One example of the miracle of
steel was the construction of the Eifel Tower in 1889 in Paris, France. The
construction of the Eifel Tower was Paris’s example to the world of how
powerful they had become and how economically sound their economy was. Steel
was not the only new technology developed, new technologies such as chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, and mass transportation vehicles like trolleys and automobiles
added to the Revolution as well.
The production of electricity as a cheap energy source
throughout the nineteenth century only added to new technologies as it was
perfected. Many manufacturers and owners of factories found out that they no
longer needed to be close to their energy source because previous factories
needed to be close to coal deposits or some source of running water. Not only
did this help with being able to put their factories in cheaper places but it
cut their costs of energy in half, thus allowing them to produce more and add
to the economy. This also allowed for more factories to be able to open up and
produce only further adding to the economy and job opportunities.
Scientific research also played a vital role in the
economic growth and industrial development. German companies led the way in
scientific research with the development of laboratories where university
chemists and physicists performed research to serve industrial production.
These scientists found new materials and chemicals that could be used in
factories further cutting costs and adding to the economy. The United States
followed in the footsteps of the Germans but that was called the Second
Industrial Revolution.
Ronald
Alexander
Study Group
5
American Industrial Revolution:
How it affected Europe.
-What is the American Industrial Revolution and when did it occur?
-How did the American Industrial revolution affect the government of Europe?
-Why did American technologies have such a big impact on the European
population?
-What was the main cause of the American industrial revolution? And
how would that affect Europe in the way that it did?
-Trade was one reason the industrial Revolution in America affected
Europe. What was another reason?
-Examine how the industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of the
European economy.
-What is the Textile Manufacturing? And how did that affect Europe?
-Steam power, textile manufacturing, are some of the innovations that
were invented. What were some other innovations that were made during
the American revolution that were also used by
Europe?
-Name two reasons why the economy of Europe change
after the America
industrial revolution.
-Name some of the people behind the start of the IR.
-What types of inventions were created during the industrial revolution?
-Some would say that the industrial revolution was started by
accident, while some say that there were key events leading up to it.
What it your position and why?
-The American Industrial Revolution was important because?
Keith Little
The
Qing Empire
Qing
dynasty takes power in china in1644
The
Chinese were largely unaware of the revolutionary events in north
America, France, and Britain
They
felt no great need to change the fundamentals of their society
The
Qing carefully adapted Chinese institutions and philosophies. Thus the Chinese
elites didn’t challenge the prerogatives of the dynasty- unlike the delegates
to the Estates-General in France
Expansion
of the Empire
The
Qing extend boundaries of the empire
Qianlong
Emperor marched a quarter million men against the powerful West Mongol Oirats, who where utterly decimated.
Ending
Russian efforts to take southern Siberia
New
crops from the Americas help spread China’s population
Like
their European counterparts, Chinese peasants were on the move
Problems
of the Empire
Despite
their success in expanding boundaries the Qing faced a number of problems
Rapid
growth in population
Population
surpassed 300 million putting severe pressure on various resources
The
people came to see the bureaucrats as corrupt
The
Qing rulers could not even put an end to the corruption of their court
officials
The
White Lotus Rebellion was a series of uprisings inspired by beliefs in Buddhism
Much
of northern China thought to restoring the ideas of
the Ming dynasty
The
Chinese felt little need to acquire European manufactures, but by
mid-nineteenth century the Qing had lost their ability to dismiss Europeans and
their manufactures.
The
Opium War exposed China’s vulnerability in a new era of European ascendancy
The
Opium War and the “opening” of China
Europeans
had been selling intoxicants, such as tobacco, in china for a long time
Tobacco
smoking paved the ground for the widespread use of opium,
crude opium was mixed with tobacco and smoked in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and
along the southern coast of China
The
Qing banned opium imports though it was illegally imported
The
Chinese showed an eagerness for Indian goods such as cotton and opium-
permitting the British to export very little silver
1821-
5,000 chest of opium per year increased to 16,500 in 1831 and to 40,000 in 1838
Impact
of opium on the Qing’s trade balance was devastating,
silver began to flow out of instead of into China.
1838
Lin Zexu was appointed to eradicate the influx of
opium. Lin demanded that foreigners
surrender their opium socks to the Chinese government for destruction. He ordered the arrest of Lancelot Dent,
president of the British Chamber of Commerce.
After forty-seven days Dent gave up 20,283 chest of opium an estimated
value of $9 million.
British
government representative promised to compensate the merchants for their losses
and a British fleet entered Chinese waters in June 1840. British warships bombarded Chinese coastal
regions. The British seized the tiny
island of Hong Kong and with the Treaty of Nanjing the British received the
right to trade in 5 treaty ports and forced China to “indemnity” for the war
plus compensation for the opium destroyed by Lin.
China
did not suffer the fate of becoming a formal colony.
Tignor,
Robert, et al., . Worlds Together Worlds Apart. 2nd Edition. Vol. 2. New
York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2008.
LATER
ATTACHMENTS:
Daniel
Kim
The
Effect the Industrial Revolution had on
I.
Results of the Transformation
A.
What caused the transformation or what is known
as the Industrial Revolution was the downfall of the mercantilist system.
B.
Western Europe and
C.
i.
1.
All of these innovations would later help
produce goods or inventions
ii.
Because they had such a big population, the
advances in agriculture helped them feed
several cities
1.
Most of the large cities were able to acquire
the agriculture
iii.
1.
D.
Trades started to begin from all over the globe
i.
Due to the Industrial Revolution, even the poor
could afford to trade certain goods with others
ii.
Lawyers and accountants emerged due to the fact
that
iii.
A new class had emerged due to the fortunes
that were being made, the Bourgeoisie
1.
the Bourgeoisie assumed all the highest
positions within the political and social structure of
iv.
Trade between the
1.
all of the protective tariffs against
2.
v.
1.
the British got a lot of goods for cheap or basically
for free
E.
Manufacturing increased
i.
James Watt invented the steam engine
1.
The steam engine can be run off of three or
possibly more resources; water, coal, and wood
2.
The water, coal or wood would burn at a high
temperature and create steam. The steam would then run through the engine and
create a combustion that would get the train, boat, etc moving
ii.
Due to his invention, rail ways ships were created
for people to travel to where they want in a short amount of time
1.
people were able to get around everywhere due
to these inventions
2.
a great advantage steam had over horses was,
short distances and less traveling
iii.
The Cotton Gin was created so that textile
production would increase
1.
cotton was produced faster so sales would
increase
F.
Life as a laborer
i.
All laborers, slaves included had to increase
their workload so they could make more money
1.
urbanization increased but, the downfall was
that unhealthy conditions emerged
ii.
Most of the laborers would not get paid that
much
iii.
They lived in the worst conditions possible
iv.
If you were unemployed, your life was even
worse
1.
unemployed worked in harsh conditions