Study Group 5

Industrial Revolution

 

 

The causes of Industrial Revolution

 

By Dongchul Yang

Study Group 5

 

             The cause of Industrial Revolution is basically two parts. One of them is demand, and one of them is supply. On the side of demand, the first of all is the development of agriculture technology, and it brings the growth of agriculture products. One of other reason is that people incomes rises, and it increases demand of products. One of other reason is that the foundation of colonies makes demand increase in mercantilism time. On the side of supply, the first reason is that there were many people to work because there was huge population increases. The second reason is that European countries make colonies, and it brings enough material for demand. One of other reason is that the development of technology, and the changing of system in government.

            

England was huge influenced country because there was cotton industrial technology, and they had a lot of colonies to sell, and to get materials. One of the big points is that England is island country, and they had the routes of trade. The ocean trade was easy, and cheap to deliver. When the Industrial Revolution happens, they can easy make factory with little financials.

 

 

 

By Heather Gabel

Hist 111 – Industrial Revolution

Study Group 5

 

Working and Living during the Industrial Revolution

 

During the Industrial Revolution and with the advent of mechanized machinery such as the cotton gin, and the steam engine, people from the industrializing economies such as Europe and North America and the farm and plantations of Asia and Africa, had to work harder because their work schedules grew more demanding. In addition populations continued to grow throughout London, Leeds, Glasgow, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester. However, the speed at which industrialization was moving was less great in the Low Countries and France. In the midst of impressive growth throughout Europe and their neighboring towns also developed were unhealthy cities for most urban dwellers.

During the early nineteenth century, a clean water supply lacked unlike that of ancient towns of the Roman Empire had at one time. Unfortunately, the water served as a drinking source also came from the mills that included chemicals. This same water supply was also used in the dyeing process. It was poured directly back into waterways; for example, Manchester’s Irk River. It became increasingly filthy over time. This same river was also the same water source that supplied thousands of residents. Moreover, with tenant overcrowding came sharing of a very small number of outhouses in most European cities. By late 1850, no running water or garbage pickup existed and no such underground sewers were known. Unfortunately, disease became rampant as a result.

             Families eventually made their way to cities where they found jobs in small and large factories where they earned wages. This was essential income because it added to the family’s revenues. Family members who, otherwise, would have stayed home and sold the goods they produced opted for work outside the home for additional money. As urban employers began hiring employees to help run their factories they had find ways for which to pay them. Urban employers experimented with various ways by paying their workers by the number of tasks performed or goods produced. Frequently, many were left working upwards of twelve hours or more in a given day. Children were not the exception, unfortunately. Of the more than 800,000 workers in 1851, England, two-thirds of those employed in mechanized industries were women and children.

Time eventually became a factor the affected changes in the workforce. In around the 1800s a more disciplined regimen came to fruition in the industrial setting. In order for new machinery to operate, massive clocks were affixed to the top of towers over work sites. They were put there by factory and mill owners. Clocks were also measured by the output per hour as well as to compare worker’s performance against other worker’s. Over time, and after long repeated offenses of fudging the daily worker’s hours by falsifying the actual time of day, worker’s revolted and destroyed the clocks in revenge.

             As greater levels of production gained during the Industrial Revolution, so too were the numbing work routines. As many employees worked excessively throughout the day their earnings were just as less desirable. It was not until after 1850 that real wages began to rise for most workers. Until then, many had no work at all. This was essentially the worst of two evils. The choices were drudgery, low pay or no work at all and the latter was a bad situation for those without income as families grew dependant on their income.

Authors, Charlotte Bronte, an English novelist and Charles Dickens described the worst of times in their books. They depicted deplorable conditions for those working in factories. In Charlotte Bronte’s book: Shirley, she described “a moral earthquake and forcing the poor to drink the water of affliction”.  In her book she depicted “the misfortunes wrought by the power loom”. Other authors, Elizabeth Gaskell, in England and Emile Zola, in France jump on the bandwagon by describing the “hardships suffered by women whose children were perpetually malnourished and forced into the workforce too early”. These novelists and social advocates eventually pushed for protective legislation for workers which also included curbing child labor and limiting the work day. This too was to include, legalization of prostitution in some countries in order that the courtesans’ health could be monitored.

Since the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the economic reordering virtually transformed all aspects of those who were caught up in it. Because of the reordering

Lives were altered. The way they traded with each other and what they consumed changed for good. New methods for mobilizing capital and work routine rhythms changed for merchants, wage laborers and farmers. All of these changes affected those of where they worked, where they lived, whom they were going to marry, how many children they were going to have and how they regarded people whose lives were different from their own. In the end many Europeans found themselves moving to far away regions far, far away from where their parents grew up all in the spirit of starting life over.

 

 

Tignor Robert,  Aron Stephen, Tsin Michael, Worlds Together Worlds Apart, A History of the World, The Mongol Empire to the present, New York –London ,Copyright 2008,2002 by W.W Norton & Company, Inc.

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds2/contents/summary/ch17.asp, © 2008 W. W. Norton & Company

Amy Morales

Industrial Revolution

 

·         Transformation and Expansionism in Japan.

1.      Began in the 1860’s when Japanese rulers wanted to transform their old looking dynasty to a more modern looking nation.

2.      Other American, Dutch and British nations forced the Tokugawa rulers to sign humiliating treaties, which opened Japanese ports, slapped limits on Japanese tariffs, and exempted foreigners from Japanese laws.

3.      When they were forced the shogun to resign, Emperor Mutsuhito, known as the Meiji Emperor (Enlightened Rule) became the symbol of a new Japan. His reign, from 1868 to 1912, was referred to as the Meiji Restoration.

4.      The reforms in education, the military, local administration, and so forth, quickly produced a strong national identity among Japanese.

5.      In 1871, the government banned the feudal system allowing peasants to become small landowners, consequently, improved their agrarian techniques and saw their daily life standards improve.

6.      During the Meiji period, the government sought to improve the modernization by building railroads, laying telegraph lines, founding a postal system, and encouraging the formation of giant firms known as zaibatsu, which were family organizations consisting of factories, import-export businesses, and banks.

7.      Like other growing nations Japan wanted to expand its territory. The Chinese worried that soon the Japanese would try to take over Korea. These tensions eventually brought the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in which the Chinese suffered a dreadful defeat. 

8.      This caused the Japan Expansion to increase to a nation-state and colonial power with no peer in Asia.

·         Transformation and Expansionism in Russia.

1.      Due to many of the Expanding powers on Russia’s immense border meant that Russia would have to enlarge its domain as well.

2.      The Russians tried to expand southwest and east, in the late nineteenth century invading the Ottoman territories.

3.      The invasion provoked opposition from Britain and France, who joined with the Ottomans to defeat Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856). The defeat exposed Russia’s military weaknesses, including a lack of modern weapons and problems supplying troops over long distances without a railway system.

4.      In the 1860s Tsar Alexander II launched a wave of great reforms, modernization programs to make sure defeat could not happen in the future.

5.      While Russians moved to the lands they had conquered, however, they never made up the majority there. The new provinces still consisted of multiethnic and multi-religious communities that were only partially integrated into the Russian state.

6.      The Trans- Siberian Railroad- Russia’s decisions to build a railway across Siberia to the Pacific Ocean derived from a desire to expand the empire’s power in East Asia and stall British advances in Asia. The new railroad ferried Russian troops over long distances to battles, such as the one at Mukden, in Manchuria, which was then the largest land battle in the history of warfare and observed by military attaches from all the great powers.

7.      Russia had many different nationalities, over one hundred that were not treated equally; Control came by centralized authority as Russia sought to assimilate these peoples.

Tignor Robert,  Aron Stephen, Tsin Michael, Worlds Together Worlds Apart, A History of the World, The Mongol Empire to the present, New York –London ,Copyright 2008,2002 by W.W Norton & Company, Inc.

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/worlds2/contents/summary/ch17.asp, © 2008 W. W. Norton & Company. All rights reserved.

 

Scott DeCurtis

Industrial Revolution

 

Industrial Revolution
A new era of transportation

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Railways or wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been constructed. Animals supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea.

The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal, and waterway network, and a railway network. Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

Scott DeCurtis

History 111

Study Group 5

Industrial Revolution

 

I.                   Coastal Sail

 

a.       Sailing vessels had long been used for moving goods round the British coast. The trade transporting coal to London from Newcastle had begun in mediaeval times. The transport of goods coastwise by sea within Britain was common during the Industrial Revolution, as for centuries before. This became less important with the growth of the railways at the end of the period.

II.                 Canals and Navagable Rivers

a.       The United Kingdom's navigable water network grew massively as the demand for industrial transport increased.

b.      The canals were key to the pace of the Industrial Revolution: roads at the time were unsuitable for large volumes of traffic.

c.       Canal boats were way quicker, could carry large volumes, and were much safer for fragile items.

d.      Canals began to be built in the late eighteenth century to link the major manufacturing centres in the Midlands and north with seaports and with London, at that time itself the largest manufacturing centre in the country.

e.       Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be easily transported across country. A single canal horse could pull a load dozens of times larger than a cart at a faster pace.

f.        St Helens river has a good claim to the title to be called first canal of the Industrial Revolution

g.       This was followed by the Bridgewater Canal built from the Duke of Bridgwater's coal mine at Worsley to the towns of Manchester and Runcorn on the River Mersey (on the way to Liverpool).

h.       Bridgewater Canal- the first modern artificial canal in Britain, other canals were constructed between industrial centres, cities and ports, and were soon transporting raw materials (esp coal and lumber) and manufactured goods.

i.         There were immediate benefits to households, as well as to commerce: in Manchester, the cost of coal fell by 75% when the Bridgewater Canal arrived.

j.        As the Industrial Revolution took hold in the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the technology allowed canals to be improved.

k.      The early canals contoured round hills and valleys, later ones went straighter. Locks took canals up and down hills, and they strode across valleys on taller and longer aqueducts and through hills in longer and deeper tunnels.

l.         However, from the mid 19th century, railways began to replace canals, especially those built with the standard narrow (7 ft) bridges and locks.

m.     As trains, and later road vehicles, became more advanced, they became cheaper than the narrow canal system, being faster, and able to carry much larger cargoes.

n.       The canal network declined, and many canals were bought by railway companies - in some cases to enable them to penetrate rival companies' areas transhipping to/from canal boats.

o.      They were eventually largely superseded by profitable commercial enterprises due to the spread of the railways from the 1840s on.  Britain's canal network, together with its surviving mill buildings, is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain.

III.               Roads

a.       Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes.

b.      From the 1720s (and occasionally earlier) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads.

c.       Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of some turnpike trust.

d.      New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf, Thomas Telford and John Macadam.

e.       The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country.

f.        Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow, broad wheeled, carts hauled by teams of horses. Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse.

g.       A system of very large pack horse trains had developed, but few roads were suitable for wheeled vehicles able to transport large amounts of materials (especially fragile manufactured goods such as pottery) quickly.

h.       Poor road conditions and corruption within the taxed turnpike system proved that a new form of goods transport needed to be established. Hence the rail system was introduced.

IV.              Railways

a.       Wagon ways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal.

b.      These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity, with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline.

c.       The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways (as they were then often called from the cast iron plates used).

d.      Horse-drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century.

e.       Steam-hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830.

f.        Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution. 

g.       After many of the workers had completed the railways, they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities, providing additional workers for the factories. 

h.       Railways helped Britain's trade enormously, providing a quick and easy way of transport and an easy way to transport mail and news.

Myles Diamond

Industrial Revolution

The Rise of Industry within North America

 3 Forms of Industry Revolution

A. Agriculture

-         In 1794 the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This made the division of the cotton seeds from fiber increasingly faster. By having this invention, this allowed the south to increase its supply of shipping out raw to the northerners to be used in the manufacturing of cloth.

 B. Transportation

-         In the 1790’s the Lancaster turnpike, or toll roads, were the first known forms    within the advancement of transportation that served as a connection amongst the Eastern United States.

-         Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807. Before the steamboat was invented, river travel was conducted by flatboat which had relied on the current of the river or the strength of the men who would push the boat upstream.

 

-         With the invention of the steamboat, people and goods could be easily and effectively transported.

-         The passage of the Pacific Railway bill allowed for tax money to be spent on the production of a transcontinental railroad. The railroad provided jobs and spurred the growth of new industries such as cattle, farming, and transportation of goods from various other states.

 Communication

-         In 1870 the invention of electricity and power gave way to more advances in the early nineteenth century.

             -         In 1866 Cyrus W. Field developed the transatlantic telegram.

 Productivity

-         The revolution of iron and steel production came about in the 1870s and 1880s. With the advancement in the railroad industry there was a higher demand for steel and iron production. The demand led to a new discovery in the processes of forming iron. They began to blow melton air through molten iron to burn out impurities and create a stronger product. The invention of the furnace replaced the old brick stoves. Steam freighters allowed for an easier shipping of these products. This also created a new industry for lubrication the oil industry.    

-         There was also an increase in research into products, and corporate laboratories were founded. Engineering became merged with scientists and were in high demand for corporate laboratories.

-         Industrialist also embraced the idea of taylorism; the concept that scientific management made human labor compatible to the demands of the machine and increased control in the workplace.

-         Henry Ford first introduced the assembly line which spend up the process of manufacturing cars, and lead to a cheaper production rate.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adrian Sanchez

Industrial Revolution

South America

       I.            Trading and Financing

1.      The Americas were the first region to embrace free trade practices and policies.

a)      Merchants wanted export raw materials and import needed European, especially British, manufactured goods.

b)      After 1810, Latin American countries abolished most tariffs protecting local producers and removed all special laws covering Spanish and Portuguese commerce

2.      Free trade in the Americas offered European consumers access to cheap foodstuffs and other primary staples like timber, cotton, and minerals

a)      Britain was the first to take advantage of free trade with the Americas

b)      Free trade became the de facto guiding principle of Atlantic commerce between Britain and the Americas

    II.            Manufacturing

1.      Industrial development occurred as the diffusion and accumulation of technological knowledge necessary for manufacturing increased.

a)      Numerous inventions applied and diffused across the Atlantic world to build up a stock of technological knowledge and practice that was widely available

 III.            Social and Political Change

1.      A new pattern appeared in the Americas in what were the heartlands of industrial capitalism, colonialism, and the new nation-states

a)      There was a desire to establish inclusive political systems, and expand territorial domains

b)      Required government to induct the people into public life with national laws and court systems, standardized money, and national political parties.

2.      The decades after 1850 saw general expansion and development of nation-states in the world, but the Americas had the most complete assimilation of new possessions into old domains. 

a)      With the help of rifles, railroads, schools, and land surveys, frontiers became lucrative and strategic possessions, central to the fabric of South American societies.

b)      While territorial expansion and high rates of economic growth were happening, these processes prevented the poor Indians and blacks from participating fully in market or political like.

                                                                                i.            Fear of uprising kept the elites in a state in alarm

3.      Brazil

a)      Abolished slavery in 1830, but allowed illegal slave imports for 2 more decades

b)      In 1888 the Brazilian emperor abolished slavery for good

c)      Elites created new labor force for their estates by importing workers from Italy, Spain and Portugal as seasonal migrant workers or poor, indentured tenant farmers.

d)     In 1891 a federal system was established and proclaimed Brazil a republic.

e)      Became the world exclusive exporter of rubber for bicycle and automobile industries so merchants, planters and workers prospered

                                                                                i.            Rich merchants became the lenders and financiers to workers and landowners

f)       The rubber boom ended due to the diversified biomass that could not tolerate a regimented, agrarian form of production at the expense of other vegetation

g)      Brazilian producers went bankrupt as competition increased and prices were reduced

 

 

Matt Regalado

Study Group 5

Industrial Revolution
Technology Advances and Economic Development

 

             During the Industrial Revolution there were many new materials and new technologies that played a vital role in the economy and the economic development. A new material that played a vital role was the production of steel which was more malleable and stronger than iron. Steel was essential for industries such as shipbuilding and railways. Since more railroads were built due to steel the economy of these countries grew and developed tremendously because their goods were able to travel longer distances in shorter amounts of time. Since ships were also made of steel the country’s goods were able to travel overseas in a reliable ship allowing the insurance of the delivery of the goods. From 1870 to 1900 the output of steel went from half a million tons to 28 million tons. One example of the miracle of steel was the construction of the Eifel Tower in 1889 in Paris, France. The construction of the Eifel Tower was Paris’s example to the world of how powerful they had become and how economically sound their economy was. Steel was not the only new technology developed, new technologies such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and mass transportation vehicles like trolleys and automobiles added to the Revolution as well.

             The production of electricity as a cheap energy source throughout the nineteenth century only added to new technologies as it was perfected. Many manufacturers and owners of factories found out that they no longer needed to be close to their energy source because previous factories needed to be close to coal deposits or some source of running water. Not only did this help with being able to put their factories in cheaper places but it cut their costs of energy in half, thus allowing them to produce more and add to the economy. This also allowed for more factories to be able to open up and produce only further adding to the economy and job opportunities.

             Scientific research also played a vital role in the economic growth and industrial development. German companies led the way in scientific research with the development of laboratories where university chemists and physicists performed research to serve industrial production. These scientists found new materials and chemicals that could be used in factories further cutting costs and adding to the economy. The United States followed in the footsteps of the Germans but that was called the Second Industrial Revolution.

 

 

 

Ronald Alexander

Study Group 5


American Industrial Revolution:
 How it affected Europe.

-What is the American Industrial Revolution and when did it occur?
-How did the American Industrial revolution affect the government of Europe?
-Why did American technologies have such a big impact on the European
population?
-What was the main cause of the American industrial revolution? And
how would that affect Europe in the way that it did?
-Trade was one reason the industrial Revolution in America affected
Europe. What was another reason?
-Examine how the industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of the
European economy.
-What is the Textile Manufacturing? And how did that affect Europe?
-Steam power, textile manufacturing, are some of the innovations that
were invented. What were some other innovations that were made during
the American revolution that were also used  by Europe?
-Name two reasons why the economy of Europe change after the America
industrial revolution.
-Name some of the people behind the start of the IR.
-What types of inventions were created during the industrial revolution?
-Some would say that the industrial revolution was started by
accident, while some say that there were key events leading up to it.
What it your position and why?
-The American Industrial Revolution was important because?

 

 

 

Keith Little

The Qing Empire

Qing dynasty takes power in china in1644

The Chinese were largely unaware of the revolutionary events in north America, France, and Britain

They felt no great need to change the fundamentals of their society

The Qing carefully adapted Chinese institutions and philosophies. Thus the Chinese elites didn’t challenge the prerogatives of the dynasty- unlike the delegates to the Estates-General in France

 

Expansion of the Empire

The Qing extend boundaries of the empire

Qianlong Emperor marched a quarter million men against the powerful West Mongol Oirats, who where utterly decimated.

Ending Russian efforts to take southern Siberia

New crops from the Americas help spread China’s population

Like their European counterparts, Chinese peasants were on the move

 

Problems of the Empire

Despite their success in expanding boundaries the Qing faced a number of problems

Rapid growth in population

Population surpassed 300 million putting severe pressure on various resources

The people came to see the bureaucrats as corrupt

The Qing rulers could not even put an end to the corruption of their court officials

The White Lotus Rebellion was a series of uprisings inspired by beliefs in Buddhism

Much of northern China thought to restoring the ideas of the Ming dynasty

The Chinese felt little need to acquire European manufactures, but by mid-nineteenth century the Qing had lost their ability to dismiss Europeans and their manufactures.

The Opium War exposed China’s vulnerability in a new era of European ascendancy

 

The Opium War and the “opening” of China

Europeans had been selling intoxicants, such as tobacco, in china for a long time

Tobacco smoking paved the ground for the widespread use of opium, crude opium was mixed with tobacco and smoked in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and along the southern coast of China

The Qing banned opium imports though it was illegally imported

The Chinese showed an eagerness for Indian goods such as cotton and opium- permitting the British to export very little silver 

1821- 5,000 chest of opium per year increased to 16,500 in 1831 and to 40,000 in 1838

Impact of opium on the Qing’s trade balance was devastating, silver began to flow out of instead of into China.

1838 Lin Zexu was appointed to eradicate the influx of opium.  Lin demanded that foreigners surrender their opium socks to the Chinese government for destruction.  He ordered the arrest of Lancelot Dent, president of the British Chamber of Commerce.  After forty-seven days Dent gave up 20,283 chest of opium an estimated value of $9 million.

British government representative promised to compensate the merchants for their losses and a British fleet entered Chinese waters in June 1840.  British warships bombarded Chinese coastal regions.  The British seized the tiny island of Hong Kong and with the Treaty of Nanjing the British received the right to trade in 5 treaty ports and forced China to “indemnity” for the war plus compensation for the opium destroyed by Lin.

China did not suffer the fate of becoming a formal colony.

 

Tignor, Robert, et al., . Worlds Together Worlds Apart. 2nd Edition. Vol. 2. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2008.

 

LATER  ATTACHMENTS: 

 

Daniel Kim

 

The Effect the Industrial Revolution had on Europe

 

I.        Results of the Transformation

A.      What caused the transformation or what is known as the Industrial Revolution was the downfall of the mercantilist system.

B.      Western Europe and North America experienced a great change when people began to become wealthy

C.      Britain was one of the super powers that used the Industrial Revolution to increase its power and wealth

                           i.      Britain had coal, iron, new technologies, capital, internal markets, water transportation, and labor

1.       All of these innovations would later help produce goods or inventions

                          ii.      Because they had such a big population, the advances in agriculture helped them feed  several cities

1.       Most of the large cities were able to acquire the agriculture

                        iii.      Britain began to export their manufactured goods for certain amenities

1.       Britain would trade with outside countries in order to gain certain goods that they could not get within their own country

D.      Trades started to begin from all over the globe

                           i.      Due to the Industrial Revolution, even the poor could afford to trade certain goods with others

                          ii.      Lawyers and accountants emerged due to the fact that Britain was becoming huge in this period of time because of all the amenities they had

                        iii.      A new class had emerged due to the fortunes that were being made, the Bourgeoisie

1.       the Bourgeoisie assumed all the highest positions within the political and social structure of Britain

                        iv.      Trade between the United States and Latin America had occurred

1.       all of the protective tariffs against Britain had to be removed so that trade could occur

2.       Britain believed that in order to gain the most wealth, they had to trade without outside countries

                         v.      Britain was not that fair in trades with the US and Latin America because he would trade simple items for freshly produced goods

1.       the British got a lot of goods for cheap or basically for free

E.       Manufacturing increased

                           i.      James Watt invented the steam engine

1.       The steam engine can be run off of three or possibly more resources; water, coal, and wood

2.       The water, coal or wood would burn at a high temperature and create steam. The steam would then run through the engine and create a combustion that would get the train, boat, etc moving

                          ii.      Due to his invention, rail ways ships were created for people to travel to where they want in a short amount of time

1.       people were able to get around everywhere due to these inventions

2.       a great advantage steam had over horses was, short distances and less traveling

                        iii.      The Cotton Gin was created so that textile production would increase

1.       cotton was produced faster so sales would increase

F.       Life as a laborer

                           i.      All laborers, slaves included had to increase their workload so they could make more money

1.         urbanization increased but, the downfall was that unhealthy conditions emerged

                          ii.      Most of the laborers would not get paid that much

                        iii.      They lived in the worst conditions possible

                        iv.      If you were unemployed, your life was even worse

1.       unemployed worked in harsh conditions