Jacob Okhovat

Pre-World War II Germany and Rise of Hitler

Post World War I

Problems From WWI

v High casualty rate and huge amount of wounded from the war

Ø Huge amount of wounded coming home causes shock to population and exposes them to horrors of the war.

· Causes a huge shock the morale of the population.

Ø High death count is also a huge shock to the population as many young men don’t come home.

· Side effect of this is that it creates an opportunity for women to enter the workforce.

v No satisfactory resolution to the War

Ø No decisive victory.

· Both sides near financial collapse.

· Germany collapses first.

v Treaty of Versailles, Places Huge Restrictions on Germany.

Ø Germany not allowed to re-arm.

· Huge restrictions on the amount of military personnel Germany is allowed to have

· Restrictions also on manufacture of any type of weapons and armed ships, planes etc.

Ø Act 231 – Reparations Clause

· Attributed to Germanys War of attrition.

§ German WWI policy for the bloodiest war possible.

· War Guilt Clause.

§ Germany was to accept all guilt for the war.

§ Causes huge morale shock and widespread embarrassment to German people.

· France and England Demand Huge Amounts of Reparations.

§ Germany must pay huge amount of money to France and England as reparations for war.

§ Germany must also surrender large amount of land to France.

o Demilitarized zone

o Large amount of Germanys Industrialized land.

§ Causes large amounts of damage to Germanys post war economy.

Weirmar Republic

v The Weirmar Republic is Created in Germany

Ø Post WWI government headed by a man named Weirmar.

· Horribly planned form of government, not that effective.

Economy

v German Economy is in a Depression

Ø Germany owes huge amounts of money to France and England as reparations.

· Causes a huge strain on the economy

Ø Germany has also lost a large part of their industrialized land as part of reparations.

· Makes it very hard for German economy to come back after the war.

v German Economy also faces a large amount of Inflation.

Ø Over the span of a few years, inflation rises exponentially

· Small amount of relief seen from Walter Rathenau, a Jewish German Industrialist.

§ Relief stops when Rathenau is assassinated by an anti-semite.

§ Inflation continues.

Rise of Hitler

Adolf Hitler Joins the German Workers Party

v Within a few years, Hitler takes control of Party and boosts membership.

v After failed attempts at overthrow of government, Hitler is jailed.

Ø While in Jail, Hitler writes Mein Kampf

Ø Hitler also plans a legal rather than forceful takeover of the government.

v Hitler increased membership of National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) dramatically.

Ø Hitler’s message appealed to lower and middle working classes and disillusioned German youths.

· Hitler preached anti-semitism and placed blame for past problems in Germany on minorities, especially Jews and other groups like Gypsies.

Ø In 1932 Nazi party was the biggest party in the Reichstag (German Legislature)

· Hitler, who loses bid for president, is appointed chancellor in 1933.

· Nazi controlled Reichstag later passes the Enabling Act in 1933.

§ Enabling Act granted Hitler dictatorial powers

o Hitler used his power to ban all other political parties.

v With new found power, Hitler began to re-arm Germany.

Ø Hitler began to build up German Military.

· This Military build-up was in direct violation of Treaty of Versailles.

§ Military build-up also used as an excuse to build up German economy.

§ This buildup was generally ignored by the rest of the European powers (Appeasement)

v Following his consolidation of power, Hitler began to take back land which was taken from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles.

Ø This was largely ignored again by the rest of the European powers (More Appeasement).

The Holocaust

By Amy Lopez

History 111

The Holocaust, reigns as one of the single most horrendous events of inhumanity, in the length of human history. The term Holocaust is derived from the Greek word “holokauston” meaning, “a burnt sacrifice offered to god.” Instead of this term the many Jews prefer the Hebrew, Shoah “desolation,” to describe their peoples’ genocide carried out, by Nazi Germans and their collaborators. Some scholars refer to the Holocaust, not only to describe the extermination of the Jews, but also of other peoples the Nazis tried to annihilate.

Origins of the Holocaust:

· Anti-Semitism (Jewish discrimination) was common throughout Europe even before the Nazi party came into German power in.

· Before becoming Chancellor on January 1933, Hitler described Jews, as an evil race set on world dominating world, in his book, Mein Kampf (“My Struggle”; 1925–27).

· The Nazis blamed the Jews for Germany’s defeat in the Great War. Jews served as scapegoats for all the devastation Germans were suffering post WWI.

· They also saw themselves as “Aryan” or as a “pure German,” racially superior, and therefore at odds with “inferior races” for their own survival.

· The Nazis discrimination of the Jews based on race rather than a religion, led to Nazi logic that Jews must be exterminated. After all Jews could not cease being Jews with simple conversion to Christianity.

· Soon repressive legislation started against the Jews such as, boycotting businesses, dismissal from civil service, and quotas of Jews in schools among others.

· The anti-Jewish Nürnberg Laws, where established on September 15, 1935, as a way to protect the German bloodline and honor. The laws included banning Jews from theaters, swimming pools, and prohibiting intermarriage, and sexual relations between Jews and German “Aryans”. It also defined what it meant to be Jewish in all German territories.

· Many Jews made desperate attempts to escape Nazi Germany, but visa quotas were strict. Also most European countries refused to accept them into their borders. Some however were able to immigrate to countries like the U.S. or Palestine.

· Kristallnacht (Crystal Night,” or “Night of Broken Glass”) took place on November 9, 1938. For more than 48 hours anti-Semites burned, or damaged more than 1,000 synagogues. More than 7,500 businesses were looted. Police and firefighters stood by and did nothing to help. Also, 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps.

The Ghettos:

· About 400 Ghettos were established to segregate Jews, in German controlled Poland.

· The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest. In 1940 it housed 30 percent of the Warsaw population (the Jews). There were about 9.2 people per room. In these crowded living conditions disease, malnutrition, and starvation were rampant, many died. At this point however, Jews believed the ghettos were to be their holding place until the end of the war. They could not imagine the large-scale genocide they were to suffer.

· The Judernat, a Jewish council was responsible for the maintenance of the ghettos, and the eventual planning of deportation to the camps, many chose death instead of assisting with the deportation.

· There were several uprisings in the Ghettos. The first in was in1942, at a Lachwa Ghetto. The Warsaw Ghetto uprising and the Bialystok Ghetto uprising occurred in 1943. Unfortunately these revolts failed in against Nazi forces.

· Other Jewish rebellions occurred throughout Europe. Jews both formed their own armed resistance groups, and also joined other resistance groups in German controlled countries including France, Yugoslavia, and Russia.

The Final Solution (the Extermination of the Jews):

In June 1941, the methodical genocide began.

The Einsatzgruppen, were mobile units in charge of killing Jews, Gypsies, Soviet commissars, and other undesirables in newly conquered European territories. They would often receive help from locals. The Einsatzgruppen would take their victims out of their towns, where they would be shoot and buried in mass graves. These killing units are estimated to have murdered more than a million people most of their victims were Jews.

At the Wannsee Conference in Berlin, January 20, 1942, “the final solution” was meticulous planned, by 15 men representing various government agencies. It was understood that “evacuation to the east” would be code for transportation to death camps.

Concentration Camps and Extermination Camps:

Extermination amps were built to make the genocide of the Jews, as efficient as possible. However, concentration and slave labor camps in German territories numbered in the thousands.

All six extermination camps were built in Poland, including Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec built in 1942. They were solely dedicated to the efficient slaughter of its prisoners. In the camps a few German soldiers helped by Ukrainian, Latvian, and others including prisoners of war, were now able to murder tens of thousands of prisoners a month.

Methods of killing were many. At Chelmo, the first extermination camp, Germans used gas vans. Later, gas chambers were built joined to crematoriums to dispose of the bodies. Initially carbon monoxide was used, but replaced with more lethal Zyklon-B.

Auschwitz one of the most infamous concentration camps actually consisted of three camps: Auschwitz I (a prison camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (an extermination camp), and Auschwitz III–Buna-Monowitz (a slave-labor camp).

When prisoners arrived to Auschwitz, they would be inspected. Small children, and those who were sick, elderly, or handicapped, and pregnant women were taken straight to the gas chambers. Prisoners in good health were sent to factories built next to Auschwitz, where they were used as slave labor, and literally worked to death. If they were later deemed unfit to work they would be taken to Auschwitz II–Birkenau and gassed.

Human medical experimentation was also done in the camps. Although there were several Nazi doctors who performed experiments on prisoners, Dr. Josef Mengele at Auschwitz–Birkenau, was one of the most notorious. He was known as “Angel of Death” for his cruel experiments, such as performing surgeries without anesthesia. He emphasized on twins and dwarfs for genetic experimentation. After experimentation, his victims were killed and dissected.

Victims of human experimentation were subjected to various ghastly experiments, including testing pharmaceuticals, being injected with diseases, castrated, and frozen to death to name a few.

Other Victims of the Nazis:

Political and Clergy opposition: Due to their opposition of the Nazi party Communist, Social Democrats, political dissidents, and trade unionist were among the first to be put into concentration camps. In 1933, about 27,000 were being held in concentration camps. Over all the Nazis killed an estimated 1.5 million. The Nazi’s also executed priest, who challenged them in Germany and Poland.

The Disabled: People who were physically handicapped, mentally retarded, or other mental disabilities, were also targeted due to Nazi attempts to create a racially perfect society. In 1934, about 300,000 - 400,000 people, (mostly in institutions or mental hospitals) were forcibly sterilized. The T4 program, started in 1939 was a euthanasia program designed to murder people, who were disabled. An estimated 200,000-300,000 were killed by the Nazis. They were rarely taken to concentration camps.

Homosexuals: Nazis used the notion of keeping Aryan birthrate up, as justification to discriminate against homosexuals. German police attacked gay bars in 1933. In 1934, there was a special Gestapo division created to persecute them. German and Austrian gays were arrested, while some gays landed in prisons, about 5,000-15,000 were taken to concentration camps. In the camps they were made to wear yellow armbands and later pink triangles. They also faced further harassment by other inmates. No attempts were made to send homosexuals, of other German occupied territories to consecration camps. The Nazis killed an estimated 10,000-250,000.

Gypsies (Roma and Sunti): Like the Jews, Gypsies were discriminated on the basis of race, and they suffered the same persecution. A Central Office was opened in 1936, to "Combat the Gypsy Nuisance.” Gypsies were sent to Ghettos, executed by Einsatzgruppen, in east Russia, Poland, and the Balkans. By 1938, they were also sent to camps like Auschwitz. According to Nazi ideology, through their nomadic lifestyles, Gypsies had absorbed Oriental blood, and were thereby racially inferior. An estimated 200,000-800,000 Roma and Sunti were killed.

Jehovah’s Witnesses: Their religious believes soon made them clash with the Nazis, and their religion became outlawed in the Nazi regime in 1935. Jehovah’s Witnesses refused to serve in the army, swear state allegiance, salute the flag, or say “Heil Hitler.” They were sent to camps, and made to wear armbands with a purple triangle. However, they also had the option to renounce their faith, and to be freed, but few of the estimated 10,000 sent to camps did. An estimated 2,000-5,000 died in the various camps.

Poles and other Slavs: They were often seen as obstacles to German expansionism, this was lethal to people in Poland, Ukraine, and Byelorussia. Slavic people were also seen as racially inferior in Nazi eyes. An estimated 10,000-250,000 were killed by the Nazis. The educated intelligentsia, such as teachers, physicians, clergy, business owners, attorneys, engineers, landowners, and writers, were sent to concentration camps or executed publicly. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians were executed by the Einsatzgruppen.

Other victims: African-German children, fathered by African soldiers brought by the French, during French occupation of Rhineland, were forcibly sterilized.

Nazis also targeted social undesirables for eradication, such as prostitutes, alcoholics, and homeless.

The Holocaust ended in 1945, at the end of WWII when allied troops defeated the Nazi regime.

Results of the Holocaust:

Previous to the Holocaust about nine million Jews lived in 21 European countries, but in 1945, two out of three European Jews was dead.

In most German, occupied territories locals aided the genocide of the Jewish people, but Denmark was able to rescue most of their Jewish population, by sending them to Sweden.

German ally, Italy did not participate in the Holocaust until Germany occupied it.

The allied powers did little stop the Holocaust, due to their own Anti-Semitism feelings, as well as fear of massive migrations.

The state of Israel was established in May1948, in British controlled Palestine as a Jewish homeland after WWII.

The Nürnberg Trials (1945-46), were the most famous trials against former Nazis and their supports, who participated in the Holocaust. An International Military Tribunal tried twenty-two military Nazi officers. Also tried were 185, judges, businessmen, Einsatzgruppe leaders, participants of euthanasia and medical experimentation of prisoners, among others. The charges included, the new category of crimes against humanity, “murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian populations…persecution on political, racial, or religious grounds…”

Works Cited

“A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust: Victims.” University of South Florida. 2009.

<http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/People/victims.htm>

"Holocaust." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 06 Dec. 2009.

<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269548/Holocaust>.

Perez de Cruet, R.H. “The Holocaust Project: An Historical Overview.” 14 February 2008.

<http://www.humanitas-international.org/holocaust/histovew.htm>

Tignor, Robert, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Stephen Kotkin, Suzanne Marchand, Gyan

Prakash, and Michael Tsin. Worlds Together Worlds Apart. Second ed. Vol. 2. New York,

NY: Norton. Print.

Causes of the Second World War

By:Ana Maria Avila

International conflict principally between the Axis Powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allied Powers—France, Britain, the U.S., the Soviet Union, and China. (Brittanica)

I. Effects of Treaty of Versailles

· Placed full blame for the war on Germany and Austria-Hungary

· Hitler’s aims

· Exacted harsh financial reparations and led to territorial dismemberment.

· Made worse with the Great depression

· Germany demanded the right to rearm itself.

II. Aggressive ambitions and racial theories

· Germany and Japan

· Racial hierarchy

III. Germany’s invasion of Poland and Soviet Union

· Hitler over ran Poland, France, Norway, Belgium, and Holland

· Within less than two years Germans controlled mostly all of Western Europe

· blitzkrieg

IV. Invasion of the Republic of China by the Empire of Japan

V. Mussolini wanted a Fascist-Roman empire in the Mediterranean and Africa

Pre-WWII “Japan and China”

By: Rayan Abuzinadah

Militarist Japan:

· Unlike in other states, Japan benefited from WWI.

· Japan managed to expand production, exportation munitions, textiles, and consumer goods to Asian and western markets. And they built the world’s third largest navy. By 1920 the economy expanded tremendously.

· Post-WWI Japan initially headed down the liberal road. Mass political parties emerged, and by 1925 suffrage expanded to all males over 25.

· A major catalyst in the eventual shift was the Great Depression. After 1929 China and the United States imposed barriers on Japanese exports in preference for domestic products. Japanese exports declined by 50 percent and unemployment surged.

· The Japanese military commanders were eager to provide stronger leadership.

· The leaders of Japan’s armed forces were free of civilian control and used patriotic organizations to force prime ministers out of office. These organizations professed dedication to the emperor and nation; they used violence to intimidate political opponents.

· In 1931, military officers arranged an explosion on the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railroad, using this as a pretext to conquer Manchuria. The following year, add it to the empire.

· At home, “Patriots” continued their campaign of terror against opponents of the military and its expansionist goals.

· Japan promoted the traditional Shinto religion which revered the state.

· By 1940, political parties were banned, and the military effectively ruled an authoritarian state.

Chinese Nationalism:

· China was never formally colonized, but its sovereignty was compromised by substantial “concession areas” established by various foreign powers on Chinese soil.

· Foreign nationals enjoyed many privileges, including the right to be tried by their own consuls and to be immune from the Chinese law.

· Chinese nationalists thus identified ridding the nation of foreign domination as their number one priority.

· The fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911 led to high hopes among nationalists that a new modern nation would emerge.

· Quickly, the new Chinese government disintegrated as military men competed for power. In 1912, a military strongman, Yuan Shikai, forced Sun Yat-sen to concede the presidency to him. Only Yuan’s death in 1916 ended his attempt to establish a new personal dynasty.

· In 1919, the May Fourth Movement blossomed in urban areas to protest the treaty of Versailles's award of Germany's concession rights in Shandong to Japan. Across the country, the Chinese boycotted Japanese goods.

· The beneficiaries of this emerging nationalism were the Guomindang, founded by Sun Yat-sen.

· In 1923 Sun reached agreement with the Russians and admitted Chinese Communists to the Goumindang as individual members. The Guomindang also began to organize workers' unions, peasant leagues, and women's associations.

· In 1926, one year after the death of Sun, Chiang Kai-shek seized control of the party. Chiang launched a military campaign to unify the country under Guomindang leadership. Although his efforts were a partial success, he formed a new national government with its capital in Nanjing. In 1927, Chiang broke with the Soviets and the Chinese Communists, Whom he viewed as more threat than ally.

· Chiang attempted to mobilize the Chinese masses behind his efforts into the 1930s. The New Life Movement, launched in 1934, attempted to instill discipline and moral purpose into a unified citizenry.

Peasant Populism in China “White Wolf”:

· Guomindang leadership viewed the peasantry as backwards bereft of revolutionary potential.

· In 1913 to 1914, a peasant movement emerged that challenged the existing order. The White Wolf movement had more than 20,000 members and devoted itself to raiding trade routes and market towns in order to rob from the rich and aid the poor. The White Wolf movement gained its greatest support in rural areas where peasants were experiencing the disruption of new market forces.

· The Guomindang never managed to bridge the differences between themselves and rural-based movement such as the White Wolf army showed the limits of their nationalist visions.

· The Communists learned that the passivity and vulnerability of the peasants were illusions and that the rural population could be turned into a mass political force, a lesson that served them well during the subsequent war and Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s.

Japan in World War II

By Alain Perez-Cordova

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Japan vs China

- For a long time there was much tension between both countries.

- Before the official start of the WW2 in Sep. of 1939 Japan and China were already at War.

- There were tensions left over from the first Sino-Japanese War where Japan came out as the victor.

- Japan invaded Manchuria. It saw it as a good source of resources and as a market.

- There were many active Warlords sided with the Japanese. There was an overall division in China that the Japanese used in their favor.

- There was already a Civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT.

- After Japan took over Beiping and Tianjin, the Chinese troops mobilized to attack Japanese troops and that was the Battle of Shanghai.

- The Rape of Nanking hundreds of thousands of Chinese were murdered.

- China suffered a large amount of loss. The troops lacked training and supplies but persistently refused to give up.

- This was part of strategy to show China could fight and encourage foreign aid against Japan.

- Eventually China succeeded in this. They received aid from Soviets and ultimately from the Western Allies and the USA.

- With this, the entrance of the Pacific Theater into World War 2 would turn things around for the Chinese and for Japan.

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Japan vs. Allies

- After the invasion of Manchuria and later to French Indonesia by China, then the US declared an embargo on Japan.

- Before any formal declaration of War the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor to destroy the Naval base as well as American Battle ships.

- After Pearl Harbor the United States officially declared war on Japan and so did the UK and Australia.

- Japan took over the Philippines and bombed a military base in Darwin, Australia.

- Allies were able to fight off the Japanese offense in the Battle of Midway and forced Japanese troops to retreat.

- Americans counter-attacked in the Battle of Guadalcanal. There Japan was again forced to retreat.

- In August of 1945 the Soviet Union also declares war on Japan.

- In the same month atomic bombs are dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

- August 14, 1945 Japan unconditionally surrenders.

by Stephanie

Imperialism

o Expansion affirmed national greatness

India and the Imperial Model

o Raj Rule

§ British sovereignty in India

§ Integrating India into a modern state

· Transportation and communication

o Railways, telegraph, postage stamps

o Lord Dalhousie

§ Governor of East India Company

§ In charge of modernization

§ Left office in 1856

o 1857 Northern India rebellion

o Construction

§ Railways had grown to 30,627 miles

§ Military engineers built dams, workers installed telegraph lines

Dutch Colonial Rule in Indonesia

o 1930s the Dutch government assumed direct administrative responsibility over Indonesian affairs.

o Increased production of coffee beans, sugar, and tobacco led to a reduction of food production. By the 1840s and 1850s, famine spread across Java.

o Disgruntled villagers complaints led the Dutch government to introduce in the 1860s what is called an ethical policy for governing Asian colonies. This policy reduced governmental exploitation and encouraged Dutch settlement of the islands and more private enterprise.

Colonizing Africa

o By 1914 seven European states (Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium) had carved almost all of Africa into colonial possessions.

§ Two corners remained independent: Liberia (thanks to American protection for this home for freed American slaves) and Ethiopia (because emperor Menelik 2 had a strong army.

§ As European powers joined the scramble for Africa, Portugal called for an international conference to discuss claims to Africa

· They agreed to carve up Africa and to recognize the acquisitions of any European power that had achieved occupation on the ground.

· The consequences for Africa and the European partition were devastating: Nearly 70 percent of the newly drawn borders failed to correspond to older demarcations of ethnicity, language, culture and commerce.

Imperialism and Culture

o Imperialism did change European consumption patterns and introduced new content into familiar media.

o It is quite clear that imperialism gave new legitimacy to ideas of European and American racial superiority and such ideas, in turn, also helped make imperialism seem natural and even just.

o K

Japanese Transformation and Expansion

o Starting in the 1860s, Japanese rulers sought to recast their country to look less like an old dynasty and more like a modern nation-state.

o By founding schools, initiating an active propaganda campaign, and revamping the army to create a single “national” fighting force, the new government put forward a new model of political community.

o In 1871, the government banned the feudal system and allowed peasants to become small landowners.

§ Farmers subsequently improved their agrarian techniques and saw their standard of living rise.

o Under the slogan “rich country, strong army”, it unified the currency around the yen, created a postal system, introduced tax reforms, laid telegraph lines, formed compulsory foreign trade associations, launched savings and export campaigns, established an advanced civil service system, began to build railroads and hired thousands of foreign consultants.

o The Sino-Japanese War accelerated Japan’s rapid transformation to a nation-state and colonial power with no peer in Asia. China lost the war and was forced to cede the province of Taiwan to the Japanese. Japan also annexed Korea in 1910.

Russian Transformation and Expansion

o Looking to expand to the west and the south, Russia invaded the Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Walachia (present day Romania) in 1853.

§ The invasion provoked opposition from Britain and France, who joined with the Ottomans to defeat Russia in the Crimean War.

· Russia’s defeat spurred the authorities on a course of aggressive modernization and expansion. In the 1860s, Tsar Alexander launched a wave of “Great Reforms”.

o The reforms revealed a fundamental problem: officials were more interested in reforming society than in reforming government. This caused many to question the state-led modernizing mission.

§ Russia butted heads with the British over the areas between Turkestan and British India, such as Persia and Afghanistan, in a competition that became known as the “Great Game”.

§ Russia faced a more daunting task of assimilating new peoples. State treatment of the empire’s peoples was inconsistent, ranging from outright repression (Poles, Jews) to favoritism (Baltic Germans, Finns).

China Under Pressure

o The Chinese were not inclined to see the Europeans as serious threats. Historically, they were much more worried about internal revolts and overland threats from the dynasty’s northern borders.

o Starting in the 1860s, reformist Chinese bureaucrats sought to adopt elements of western learning and technological skills but with the intention of keeping the core of Chinese culture intact.

§ Collectively known as the Self-Strengthening movement, these measures included a variety of new ventures: arsenals, shipyards, coal mines, a steamship company to contest the foreign domination of coastal shipping, and schools for learning foreign ways and languages.

o China’s defeat by Japan in the Sino-Japanese War, sparked a quarreling over Korea, provided the impetus for the first serious attempt at comprehensive reform by the Qing.

§ Known as the Hundred Day’s Reform the episode lasted only from June to September 1989.

Charlie Giron

Study Guide

Group #9

U.S.S.R. and Stalin

The Soviet Union:

Between the early nineteenth century Russia was under control by a radical political party known as the Bolsheviks after the Civil War. While Vladimir Lenin was under control at the time during 1921 and 1923 Russia would go through a sever famine which would kill 7 to 10 million people from both hunger and disease. The country of Russia would have to figure out a way to rebuild its economy after being in such bad shape especially after the civil war. Some of the steps in order to do so would be to enact “The New Economic Policy” which would in turn authorize private trade and private property.

Joseph Stalin:

Joseph Stalin would become the newest leader of the communist party to follow Vladimir Lenin. By 1922 the Communist party of Russia would come to be known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or U.S.S.R. Stalin worked rigorously to build the system of socialism within Russia. Capitalism would be greatly refused by the citizens within Russia because of “bourgeois” and the economy would be greatly in the rich or upper classes favor. Stalin would argue that the system of Socialism would benefit Russia because it would rebuild their economy and guarantee employment. Another significant change that would take place because of this system would be the outlaw of private trade and private property which was enacted under Vladimir Lenin. The end result that Stalin hoped to achieve from socialism was that this system would transform every aspect of Russian culture from fashion to morals and ethics. Peasants or farm workers would be the first to overturn their capitalistic society into a socialistic one. Most of these farmers would burn their livestock and land to make a radical statement towards the current political system in use. Because of this sudden decline within livestock Russia would go through another Famine which would kill millions of lives. Within the cities they would announce a “catch and overtake” plan which would overthrow capitalist countries. This would enact the Soviet Union to grow in power because of the projects that were done to rebuild the cities to show a new change that would become socialism. From 1936 to 1938 Joseph Stalin would name them “enemies of the people” and commit mass executions of 750,000 people and arrest several million more people. This would create a strong sense of fear within the citizens of U.S.S.R. and may be argued that the series of murders and arrests were a conspiracy.