ELPS 600 - TERMS
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ethnography
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ethnography
ACCULTURATION: Adjusting and adopting to a new and specific culture.ACHIEVEMENT TESTS: Tests that measure knowledge, skills, or behavior
ACTION RESEARCH: Solve classroom problems through the application of scientific method. Local problem, conducted in local setting - solution of given problem, not contribution to science. Applicable only to local setting. Provides immediate answers to problems that cannot wait for theoretical solutions.
ACTIVE - PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION - Researcher is not merely a detached observer of the lives and activities of people under study, but is also a participant in activities.
A-POSTERIORI DESIGN: Done in field and during write-up, inductive
A-PRIORI DESIGN: Before the fact, deductive
APPLIED RESEARCH: Conducted for purpose of applying or testing, theory and evaluating its usefulness in solving educational problems.
ARTIFACTS: Found Objects; material objects of groups
ARTIFICIALLY BOUNDED POPULATIONS: Designated and identified by researchers
ASSESSMENT: Measuring a variable and using the results - for example, testing and reporting scores
ATTRIBUTE VARIABLES: Independent variables that cannot be manipulated. Also called Assigned Variables
AUDIBILITY: Record of data management techniques and decision rules that documents the "chain of evidence" or "decision trail."
AUDIENCES: Persons who will be guided by the evaluation in making decisions
AUTHENTICITY: Faithful reconstruction of participants' multiple perceptions
BAITS: Type of Leading Question that strongly suggest an answer.
BAR GRAPH: Graphical presentation of frequency of nominal variables
BASELINE: First phase of single-subject research in which behavior is recorded before any changes are introduced
BASIC RESEARCH: Conducted solely for purpose of theory development and refinement
CASE STUDY: In-depth investigation., interview and/or observations of an individual group or institution. Can stand on its own within ethnographic studies as individualized case studies
CATEGORICAL VARIABLE: Variable used to divided subjects, objects or Entities into Two or More groups
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE RESEARCH: Establish case-effect relationship; involve group comparisons. When compared to experimental research, these are less expensive, take much less time to conduct and may lead to experimental studies. Alleged "cause" is not manipulated - it has already occurred (e.g. sex, brain damage; effect of broken home, intelligence) or chosen not to be manipulated - method of instruction. Dependent variables are intrinsically different - perhaps one group possess a characteristic the other does not (SES level).
CENSUS SURVEY: Acquire data from each and every member in a population
CHECKLIST: Type of questionnaire item in which subjects check appropriate responses that are provided.
CLASSIFICATION: First step to development of theory - boundaries between classes are not permanent and are easily transferable
CLASSIFY: Cope with environment and organize vast quantities of data to which we are exposed, all people classify their experience according to categories derived from cultural conditioning.
CLUSTER SELECTION/ SAMPLING: Groups rather than individuals are randomly selected
CODE: Abbreviation for atopic or category
CODING: Process of dividing data according to a classification system; a sorting process
COMBINATION RESEARCH: Conduct controlled research in special or simulated classrooms: use school children and involving school-relevant topics and materials
COMPARABLE-CASE SELECTION: Form of replication.
COMPARATIVE: Explanation of national variance. Compare national systems of education, multitude of purposes: Research that is nonexperimental quantitative that examines differences between groups
COMPLETE - ACTIVE - PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: Seeks to do Neither recording everything nor getting it all down are attainable goals for participant observers
COMPLETE NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: Researcher is completely hidden (another room, use of video etc.)
COMPREHENSIVE SELECTION/ SAMPLING: Examine every case/element in the population
CONFIRMATION SURVEYS: Verify applicability of key informant to overall study group
CONSTRUCTIVE STRATEGY: Discover what analytic constructs can be elicited from the stream of behavior; process of abstraction
CONTAMINATION: In quantitative research, a type of observer bias that results from observer knowledge of the study
CONTINGENCY QUESTIONS: Questions that when answered in a certain way provide directions of subsequent questions
CONTINUOUS OBSERVATION: Observational data-gathering technique in which the observer records all important behaviors
CONTRAST QUESTIONS: Questions that throws switch that personalizes or depersonalizes a question
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH - Determine whether, and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables; Use these relationship to make predictions. Focus on various subjects. Holds constant differences between subjects. Random assignment to control for differences in subjects. Assumptions - either know allot about subjects (same cultural backgrounds) or a little about subjects (different cultural backgrounds). Quasi-Naturalistic - to make something happen that is infrequent as unobtrusively as possible - to be able to see effects of acts that would otherwise miss. PROBLEMS: Comparison groups are non-equivalent. Culturally different - can't be sure of the treatment is similar for both groups
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH: Determine whether, and to what degree a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables; Use these relationship to make predictions. Variables found not to be highly related are eliminated from further consideration. Variables that are highly related suggest causal-comparative or experimental studies to determine if relationships are causal. Just because there is a relationship between self-concept and achievement does not imply that self-concept "causes" achievement of reverse. The degree of relationship between two variables is generally expressed as correlation coefficient, which is number between .00 and 1.00.
CONTROL: Efforts to remove or otherwise take account of a=factors or variables other than the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable
CONTROL GROUP: Subjects in an experiment who receive no treatment
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING: Nonprobability method of selecting subjects who are accessible or available
CORRELATION: Measure of relationship that uses a correlation coefficient
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: Number that is calculated to indicate the size and direction of the degree of relationship between two variables
CREDIBILITY: Extent to which the results approximate reality and are judged to e trustworthy and reasonable
CRITERION-BASED SELECTION: Research based on pre-conceived set of criteria.
CRITICAL STUDIES: Qualitative research in which the researcher is committed to expose social manipulation, change oppressive social structures and may have emancipatory goals
CRITICAL ETHNOGRAPHY: Uncover workings of educational systems in terms of their meanings for the participants, either as teachers or learners.
CROSS-SECTIONAL SAMPLING: Interest in population one point in time only
CULTURE: A shared design for living Learned Behavior. Rules for interacting and for why certain things are done in certain ways.
DATA: Results obtained by research from which interpretations and conclusion are drawnDATABASE: Sources indexed by a particular reference service
DEDUCTIVE REASONING: Arriving at specific conclusions based on generalizations problem. Match theory to data.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: "Effect" is determined to occur or not occur - the difference
DESCRIPTION NOTES: Out of flow of activity, comprehensible account of what was observed
DESCRIPTIVE METHODOLOGY: Form of collecting and analyzing data
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: Collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer questions concerning current status of the subject of the study; determines and reports the way things are, i.e. assessing attitudes or opinion, market research surveys. Typically collected through a questionnaire survey, an interview or observation As they occur naturally.
DEVELOPMENT STUDIES - Research that investigates change of subjects of time
DOUBLE-BARRELED QUESTIONS: Single questions that contain two or more ideas to which the subject must make one response
DURATION RECORDING: Type of observer recording procedure in which the duration of behavior is recorded
ECOLOGICAL EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Refers to the extent to which results of research can be generalized to other conditions or situationsEMERGENT DESIGN: Research plan in which each step depends on the results of the previous field data
EMIC: Study of unique features of cultures (insiders)
EMPIRICAL: Guided by evidence, data, or sources
ERIC: Educational Resources Information Service - comprehensive database and index of education literature
ENTAILMENT: Questions that guide for formation of other questions to check if you've put the new piece of information in the correct contextual place:
ENUMERATION: Process by which the research subjects previously derived or defined units of analysis to systemic counting or enumeration - proceeded by constructive process
ETIC: Study of unique features of cultures (outsiders perspectives)
ETHICS: Informants and subjects are human beings and should be treated as such.
ETHNOCENTRISM: Own culture is center of universe. Attitude that is narrowly bound by cultural bias
ETHNOGRAPHIC NOVELS: Provides descriptions close to insiders point of view (written by native authors).
ETHNOGRAPHIC RECORD: Description of events of a society within a given period of time, including, informants' responses to the ethnographer, questions tests and apparatus
EVALUATION RESEARCH - Systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to make decisions. Purpose is make a decision regarding the relative worth of two or more alternative actions:
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - Establish case-effect relationship; involve group comparisons. Manipulation of at least 1 independent variable and observed effects on dependent variables (Team playing; Role Playing etc.) Independent Variable - "Cause" is manipulated and is believed to make a difference . Dependent Variable - "Effect" is determined to occur or not occur - the difference. A study which investigates a cause-effect relationship investigated the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. Researcher creates the situation to be observed and tells subjects what activities they are to engage in (behavior that occurs infrequently in natural situations or not at all). PROBLEM: Not all behavior exhibited by subjects will be "natural" and high risk of "faking it"
EXTENSION OF THE FINDINGS: Qualitative studies which enable others to understand similar situations and apply the findings in subsequent research
EXTERNAL CRITICISM: Determine authenticity of sources
EXTERNAL VALIDITY: Extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other subjects, conditions or situations
EXTREME-CASE SELECTION: Extreme poles become study focus
FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Analysis of variance statistical procedure with two or more independent variables that permits testing each independent variable and the interaction of the variablesFIELD NOTES: Data collected by observers and some interviews: written accounts. Summarized and polished. Used in documents.
Inscription - made in the midst of interactionTranscription - writing something down as it occurs, copying as exactly as possible. Full observation and recording; little participation
Description - out of flow of activity, comprehensible account of what was observed
Scratch - Inscription, rough, fragmented phrases, words and symbols to recall what happened
Field - Summarize and polish - use in analysis: records of collections; documents; questionnaires; public and private documents; censuses; maps etc.
Field notes include: 1) Verbatim recollections; 2) Condensed Accounts; 3) Expanded Accounts, 4) Field Work Journal entries; 5) Diary entries and 6) Analysis and interpretation.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: Fundamental technique to all qualitative research in the form of detailed descriptive field notes of events, people, actions and objects in the field
FOLK ESTIMATES: Asking for proportion or value on part of informants
FORESHADOWED PROBLEMS: Anticipated research problems that will be reformulated during data collection
FORMAL INTERVIEWING: Based on a standardized schedule of questions
FRAME QUESTIONS: Statement with a hole in it that can be filled in a variety of ways
FRAME ELICITATION: Intermediate method on formal-informal continuum. Tested conclusions from informal data, but in a way that allows new information to appear. Standardized frames - more of concern with even sample along white/black lines.
FREQUENCY-COUNT RECORDING: Type of behavior recording procedure in which the frequency of behavior is recorded
GATE KEEPERS: People who have authority to giver the researcher permission to conduct a study
GENERAL STATEMENTS: Describe project
GENERALIZABILITY: Extent to which the findings of one study can be used as knowledge about other populations and situations
GENERATIVE RESEARCH: Discovering constructs and propositions using one or more data bases as the source of evidence (inductive)
GROUNDED THEORIES: Theories grounded in empirical data of cultural description
HAWTHORNE EFFECT: Tendency of people to act differently because they realize they are subjects in a study
HIGH INFERENCE: Type of observation in which observer records judgements about what has occurred.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH - studying, understanding and explaining past events; conclusions concerning causes, effects or trends of past occurrences that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events
HISTORIOGRAPHY: Systematic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past occurrences in order to test hypotheses concerning causes, effects or trends of these events that may help to explain present events and anticipate future events.
HOLISTIC EMPHASIS: Subcases of data are related to the total context of the phenomenon studied
HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION: Most formal. Restricted framework into which responses were forced, with clear outcomes that eithersupported or refuted ethnographic conclusions.
IDEAL-TYPICAL CASE SELECTION: Develops profile/model and find real-world matchINDEPENDENT VARIABLE - "Cause" is manipulated and is believed to make a difference
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW: Use of a general interview guide with a few selected topics and probes (not a set of standardized questions); a conversation with a goal of at least an hour
INDUCTIVE REASONING: Formulation of generalizations based on OBSERVATION of a limited number of specific events . Theory that explains data.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: Procedures that indicate probabilities associated with saying something about populations based on data from samples
INFORMAL INTERVIEWING: Allows interviewee greater freedom in setting the terms of the conversation and structuring its progress. - non-directive
INFORMANTS: People used to gain information regarding specific data - ethnographic research
INFORMED CONSENT: Obtaining permission from individuals to participate in research before the research begins
INSCRIPTION NOTES: Made in the midst of interaction
INSTRUMENTATION: Threat to internal validity in which changes in the instruments and unreliability affect the results
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: Communication manifest through symbols that differ in their meaning according to time, place, culture, or person.
INTERNAL CRITICISM: Determine accuracy of sources
INTERVIEW: Oral, in-person administration of a questionnaire to each member of a sample
INTERNAL CONSISTENCY: Type of test reliability in which the homogeneity of the items of an instrument is assess after one administration of the instrument
INTERNAL VALIDITY: Degree to which extraneous variables are controlled
INTERPRETATIVE BIOGRAPHY: Study in which the researcher's presence is acknowledge in the narrative and with his or her standpoint
INTERVAL RECORDING: Type of observer recording procedure in which behavior that occurs during a given time interval is recorded
INTERVAL: Type of measurement scale in which numbers are rank-ordered with equal intervals between ranks
INTERVIEWS: Interviewing strategies help you understand what you've done, even if you didn't know that you were doing at a conscious level. This often becomes apparent when analyzing the transcripts. No survey, questionnaire or interview, no matter how carefully standardized, will be perfectly appropriate in every cultural situation
INTERVIEW ELABORATIONS: Reelections and interviews on their role and rapport, interviewees' reactions, additional information, and extensions of interview meaning
INTERVIEW GUIDE APPROACH: Topics are selected in advance, but the researcher decides the sequence and working of the questions during the interview
INTERVIEW PROBES: Brief questions or phrases that elicit elaboration of detail, further explanations and clarifications of responses
KEY-INFORMANT INTERVIEWING - Atypical individuals - case-study emphasis Individuals who possess special knowledge, status or communicative skillsKINESICS: Study of how people move
KUDER-RICHARDSON: Type of internal-consistency reliability for items scored right or wrong
LEADING BAIT QUESTIONS - Well-worded, leading questions can contain deliberate assumption or overstatement, provoking a complex or elaborate response which otherwise would be missed
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE: Level of probability and confidence. A value selected to indicate the chance that it is wrong to reject the null hypothesis
LIFE HISTORIES: Details of a single person's life and in the process show important parts of the culture
LIFE HISTORY QUESTIONS: Encourage informant to talk about own life in chronologically ordered way
LIKERT SCALE: Type of scale in which subjects express degrees of agreement or disagreement with a statement
LIMITATIONS: Problems with theory, method, or data that are evident or might bias study.
LITERATURE REVIEW: Systematic identification, location and analysis of documents containing information related to the current status of research and its implications
LONGITUDINAL SAMPLING: Over time. Historical Trends
LOW INFERENCE: Type of observation in which observer records occurrence of specific behaviors
MACRO-CULTURES: Larger cultural groups: national, ethnic, racialMANIPULATED VARIABLE: Independent variable in experiments that is determined by the researcher
MAPPING THE FIELD: In qualitative research, acquiring data of the social, spatial, and temporal relationships in the site to gain a sense of the total context
MEMBER CHECKS: Taking data and interpretations back to the people from whom they were derived and asking them if the results are plausible (to be done continuously throughout the study)
METASEARCH ENGINES: Search ENGINES that search multiple Internet search engines at one time
METHODS: Techniques by which you can do research. Emphasis replicable - to develop data; a collection for systematic analysis
METHODOLOGY: Study of methods & appropriateness of using methods in various situations
METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW: Review of literature that discusses methodology
MICRO COMPARISONS: Local level - cultural groups within cultural groups
MODERATE PARTICIPATION: Balance between active and passive
MONO-LINGUAL ETHNOGRAPHIES: Member of the society who is thoroughly enculturated writes the ethnography in the native language and translates it into English
NARRATIVE DESCRIPTIONS - Detailed narrations of people, incidents and processes
NATIVE LANGUAGE EXPLANATION: Explain why you want definitions from their viewpoint
NATURALISTIC RESEARCH/OBSERVATION: Observed as they occur naturally. Observer purposely controls or manipulates nothing and works very hard at not affecting the observed situation. Intent is to record and study behavior as it normally occurs. You change the environment by your presence alone
NATURALLY BOUNDED POPULATIONS: Exist independently of researcher interest
NEGATIVELY SKEWED: Distribution of scores that has a disproportionately large number of high scores
NETWORK OR SNOWBALL SELECTION: Successive groups referred by participants
NOMINAL: Type of measurement scale in which objects or people are named, classified or numbered
NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: Observer purposely controls or manipulates nothing and works very hard at not affecting the observed situation
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING: Sampling procedure in which the probability of the selecting elements form the population is not known.
NULL HYPOTHESIS: Formal statistical statement that usually is a statement of no relationship between two or more variables
OBJECTIVITY: Data collection and analysis procedures from which only one meaning or interpretation can be madeOBSERVATION: Relationship between what people say and what they do
OPEN FORUM: Type of questionnaire item in which subjects write in a response to a question
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: Definition of a variable achieved by assigning meaning to a variable by specifying the activities or operations necessary to measure, catagorize, or manipulate the variable
ORAL HISTORIES: Form of historical research which records spoken words and testimonies of individuals about the past
ORDINAL: Type of measurement scale in which objects or persons are rank- ordered from lowest of highest
ORDERING: Arranging, organizing and sequencing of questions
PARADIGM: World view - picture of universe
PARTICIPANT-CONSTRUCT SURVEY: Measure strength of people's feelings
PASSIVE PARTICIPATION - Bystander, spectator, in large public places. Interviews can supplement
PATH ANALYSIS: Statistical procedure that uses correlations among a set of variables that are logically ordered to reflect causal relationships
PATTERN: Relationship among categories
PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT: Type of test in which student proficiency is assessed by observing performance in an original, authentic context
PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTERVIEWS: Specific type of in-depth interview to examine the meanings or essence of a lived experience
PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY - Research that describes the meanings and "essence" of a lived experience
POLICY ANALYSIS: Evaluates government policies to provide policy makers with practical recommendations
POPULATION: Defined group with one + characteristic that differentiates it from other groups
POSITIONALITY: Qualitative researchers may display their own positions or standpoints by describing their own social, cultural, historical, racial and sexual location in the study
PREDICTIVE: Focusing on examining of effects caused by a specific treatment
PREJUDICE: Denigrates self-esteem of others, especially cultural minorities; hinders cultural relationships from forming.
PRELIMINARY SEARCH: Search limited by use of one or two reference services, number of years to be reviewed, or number of sources desired, usually to select a research program.
PRE-TEST: Assessment of performance given before a treatment is administered
PRIMARY SOURCES: first hand information
PROBABILISTIC SAMPLING: Extracting from an already well-defined population a subset for study approximating the characteristics of the group.
PROPORTIONAL SAMPLING: Type of stratified SAMPLING in which the numbers of subjects selected from each stratum is based on the percentage of subjects in the population of each stratum
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING: Strategy to choose small groups or individuals likely to be knowledgeable and informative about the phenomenon of interest
PROXEMICS: Study of how people use space
PROJECTIVE SURVEYS: Reactions of individuals to photos, drawings, games, etc.
PUBLIC OPINION POLLS: How members of population feel about issues
QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS: Focus on substance to elicit meaning from dataQUANTIFIES QUESTIONS: Check on informant's point of view, go deeper and get a precise connotation of what is being said. Need to define words like "none", "a few", "some" , "many", "all".
QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS: Focus is on coding and counting
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS - Examination inside people - values, interests, things people themselves cause. What people do, think and act. Statement of the quality of things and their interrelationships. Obtain first-hand knowledge about the empirical social world in question - usually through interaction with and observation of participants in the natural, on-going environments in which they live and work. Offers valid insight into functionally relevant definitions of social facts
QUANTIFIES: Check on informant's point of view, go deeper and get a precise connotation of what is being said. Need to define words like "none", "a few", "some" , "many", "all".
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: Strategies that secure data, measurable by an analytic set of criteria that can be rigorously tested for possible correlations by means of mathematical procedures. Use quantitative to demonstrate validity of one's analytic modelsMeasurement, control, prediction
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL: Research that has no random assignment of subjects but investigates cause-and-effect relationship by manipulating the independent variable
QUESTIONNAIRES: Questions, written in advanced and pre-arranged answers are envisioned
QUOTA SELECTION: Restricted to a representative subset of some larger population
RANDOM: Process of selecting a sample so that all individuals in the defined population have an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample; Mathematical baseRANGE: Measure of variability - the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
RATION: Type of measurement scale in which numbers are expressed meaningfully as rations
REAL TIME: Immediate communication via technology
REFLEXIVITY: Rigorous researcher self-scrutiny through the entire qualitative research process
REGRESSION COEFFICIENT: Factor used in multiple regression to weight the contribution of each variable in the equation
RELATED LITERATURE: Literature that is relevant of the problem or related in some essential way to the design
RELIABILITY: Replicability of data offered as evidence. Cornerstone from credibility. Consistency between the data you colelge and report and the empriical world you are studying. Refers more to the accuaracy of the researcher's description of the research site and subjects than with interpretation of what the findings mean or how they relate to other research and theory
REPEATED OBSERVATION: Repeated observations of the same phenomenon - and gathering data over a period of time.
REPORT LITERATURE: Documents other than journals
REPUTATIONAL-CASE SELECTION: Study population on recommendations of experts
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: not to formulate or test theory, but to develop effective products for use in schools including: teacher-training materials, learning materials, sets of behavioral objectives, media materials and management systems. R & D efforts are quite extensive in terms of objectives, personnel and time to completion.
RESEARCHER CONDUCT: When to intervene and When to not
RISK: Possibility of any ill consequences of a research study
SAMPLING: Process of selecting a number of individuals for a study (to gain information about a population) in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selectedSCALE: Questionnaire items that consist of gradations, levels or values describing various degrees of something
SCATTERPLOT: Graphic representation of relationship made by forming a visual array of the intersections of subjects scores on two variables
SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMPONENTS: 1) Define Problem; 2) hypothesis and/or research questions; 3) collect data; 4) analysis of data; 5) verification of implications; and 6) evaluation (conformation or disconfirmation of hypothesis and/or research questions
SCRATCH NOTES: Inscription, rough, fragmented phrases, words and symbols to recall what happened
SCRIPTING QUESTIONS: Guide that determines what questions are asked, in what order, what additional prompting is needed
SEARCH ENGINE: Service that catalogs and retrieves Internet information
SECONDARY SOURCES: Secondhand information
SEGMENT: Part of a data set that is comprehensible by itself and contains one idea, episode, or piece of information relevant to the study
SELECTION: Treat to internal validity in which differences between groups of subjects affect results
SEMI-COMPLETE NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: Observer purposely controls or manipulates nothing and works very hard at not affecting the observed situation. Record behavior as it normally occurs
SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONS: Type of interview question that allows individual, open-ended responses to questions that are fairly specific
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM: Rational for a problem or importance of a study as it relates to developing educational theory, knowledge and/or practice
SIMULATION OBSERVATION: Researcher creates situation to be observed and tells subjects what activities in which to engage
SINGLE-GROUP INTERRUPTED TIME-SERIES DESIGN: Quasi-experimental design in which multiple observations of the dependent variable are made before and after the treatment
SITE SELECTION: Specification of site criteria implied in the foreshadowed problems and of obtaining a suitable and defeasible research site
SOCIALIZATION: Process from generation to generation that teaches culture.
STANDARD DEVIATION: Measure of variability - a numerical index that indicates average dispersion or spread of scores around the mean
STANDARDIZED QUESTIONNAIRE: Create own research instruments in the field - but can base on pre-existing sources. Result of general hypothesis - "If X is present in this community, will we tend to find Y associated with it? Questionnaire finds correlations. SHOULD NEVER BE USE ALONE - this data only supplies a framework for suggesting explanations
STANDARDIZED TESTS: Tests that are administered and scored according to highly structured, prescribed directions
STATISTICAL CONCLUSION: Threat to internal validity of a study because of inappropriate uses of statistical procedures
STEREOTYPES: Viewing and interpreting other cultures in terms of classifications that they have created or others have created rather than in terms of individual uniqueness
STRATIFIED: Process of selecting a sample so that identified subgroups in the population are represented in the sample in the same proportion that they exist in the population;
STREAM-OF-BEHAVIOR CHRONICLES: Minute-by-Minute accounts
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS: Use of a prepared "interview schedule" - a series of questions to which the interviewer requires specific answers. Identify and list of alternatives, distinctly different from the rest. Ask questions in a way the subject will understands and will provide standardized information that can be compared to data collected in other tests. Require interviewee to select from alternatives (multiple choice) are easier to analyze, but defeat purpose of an interview. Ask questions in a way the subject will understands and will provide standardized information that can be compared to data collected in other tests
SUBJECTS: People used to gain information regarding specific data - experimental research.
SUBSTANTIVE REVIEW: Review of literature that discusses the issue itself
SUMMATIVE EVALUATION: Evaluation designed to determine the merit, worth or both of a developed practice and to make recommendations regarding its adoption and widespread use
SURVEY: Maps out data from large groups of people that represents the population at large
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONS: People act toward things on the basis of the meanings that the things have for them
SYSTEMATIC: Individuals are selected from a list by taking every Kth name, where K equals the number of individuals on the list divided by the number of subjects desired for the sample
T-SCORES: Type of standard score with mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10TACIT KNOWLEDGE: Things that we cannot talk about or express in direct Ways. Knowledge gained from what people say; way people act; from artifacts people use. Learning from inferences
TARGET GROUP: Group whose behavior is expected to change as a result of a practice
THEORETICAL REVIEW: Review of literature hat discusses related and contrasting theory
TIME SAMPLING: Type of observer recording procedure in which specific time periods are used in order to observe behavior
TRANSCRIPTION NOTES: Writing something down as it occurs, copying as exactly as possible. Full observation and recording; little participation
TRIANGULATION: Using multiple methods to establish validity
TYPICAL-CASE SELECTION: Develop profile of attributes; find "real-world match"
UNIQUE-CASE SELECTION: Cases that are unusual or rare on some dimensionUNOBTRUSIVE MEASURES: Use of methods to collect information so that the subject is unaware of being a participant in the research
UNSTRUCTURED QUESTIONS: Starts with general questions going more and more specific. Allows absolute freedom of response.Open-ended questions (use of digression methods). Completely unstructured questions allow absolute freedom of response, can yield in-depth response, and provide otherwise unobtainable insights, but produce data that are very difficult to quantify and tabulate. Permits greater depth of response and insight into reasons for responses. Provides information extraneous to objectives of study, are difficult to analyze but are insightful. Facilitates explanation and understanding of the responses to structured questions. Techniques involve attentive listening and questioning .
Semi-structured approach - structured questions followed by clarifying unstructured, or open-ended questions (use of digression methods)
VALIDITY: Provide complete portrayal of information
VALIDITY OF QUALITATIVE DESIGNS: Degree to which the interpretations and concepts have mutual meaning between the participants and researcher
VALUES: System of culturally acquired beliefs and habits
VALUE ORIENTATION: World view and a preference for a way of life: social relations; activity; time; relationships with nature or the supernatural; morals
VARIABLE: Concept that can assume any one of a range of values. Examples include height, weight, income, achievement, motivation etc.
VARIANCE: Generically, the degree of spread or dispersion of scores; mathematically, the square of the standard deviation
VERIFICATIVE RESEARCH: Verifies or tests propositions developed elsewhere (deductive)
VULNERABILITY: Characteristics of participants whose freedom to choose may be limited
WORTH: Value of a practice in a relationship to the values standards, and practical constraints of a potential adoption site.
1) Start off with background information about the subject
a) Who is informant; b) Where does informant fit into the community
2) Without being authoritarian, interviewer gradually takes control of the talk, directing it to channels that lead to discovering cultural knowledge
3) Get informant to tell anecdotal about experiences as they relate to the questions
4) ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPLANATIONS-Build up knowledge: asking same question in various ways
5) Repeatedly offer explanation to informant
5.1 - General Statements - Describe project
5.2 - Recording Explanations - include all statements about writing things down, reasons for video, etc.
5.3 - Native Language Explanation - explain why you want definitions from their viewpoint
5.4 - Interview Explanation - when something new is being introduced - explain the technique and the reason for it
5.5 - Question explanations - when introducing new question topics or formats - explain
6) Be aware of cultural rules for a) beginning and ending sessions; b) taking turns; c) asking questions; d) pausing; e) how close to stand to other people etc.
7) Ethnographic Questions - introduced in stages
7.1 - descriptive questions - "tell me what you do" - "describe an event"
7.2 - structural questions - enable ethnographer to cover information about domains - basic unit in an informant's cultural knowledge. HOW informants have organized knowledge "What are . . ."
Structural questions are often repeated so that an informant identified 6 types of activities
7.3 - Contrast questions - find out meanings by discovering the dimension of the meaning which informal apply
(B)
1) Ask friendly questions 8) Ask structural questions
2) Express cultural ignorance 9) Explain a question
3) Ask descriptive questions 10) Ask a contrast question
4) Express interest 11) Create a hypothetical situation
5) Restate 12) Take leave
6) Incorporate 13) Express interest
7) Mini-tour question
