AP BIOLOGY OUTLINE FOR BIOCHEMISTRY:

  CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIVING SYSTEMS
	1. 	Atoms, molecules, bonding, pH
	2. 	Energetics: Free energy change and entropy
	3. 	Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids,
	    	proteins, organic acids, and nucleic acids
  ENZYMES:
	1. 	Enzyme-substrate complex
	2. 	Role of coenzymes, inorganic cofactors,
	    	prosthetic groups, and vitamins
	3. 	Factors affecting the rate and/or direction of
	    	enzyme reactions
 
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1965:
	Biologists and biochemists have made outstanding progress within the past quarter 	century in elucidating principles and structures which govern the activities of living matter. 
	These areas of progress include:

	 A. The structure and code of the DNA molecule
	 B. The use of radioactive isotopes as tracers in biological processes
	 C. The citric acid cycle and its relationship to mitochondria
	 D. The use of electron microscopy in revealing the structure of the cell

	Discuss any one of these developments and its impact on biological thought and 	progress. Your answer should include:
	 	a.  a brief account of the development
		b.  the names of the most prominent investigators involved
		c.  the nature of its impact on biology 	 
1968:
	Suppose that you have isolated an extract from a tissue and you
	have found that the extract speeds up the rate of a particular reaction.
	What kind of information would you need to demonstrate that the substance
	responsible for increasing the rate of this reaction is an enzyme? Explain
	how this information would indicate that the catalytic effect is due to an
	enzyme.
1969:
	Proteins functioning as enzymes exhibit precise specifications.
	Discuss the levels of structural organization within proteins which are
	responsible for specific molecular interaction.














1972:
	A class of biology students performed an experiment on the digestion
	of starch by salivary amylase. Each student determined the length of time 
	required for different dilutions of his saliva to digest completely a standard
	concentration of starch. Iodine was used to test for the presence of starch. 
	The results obtained by some of the class are summarized in the table below.

	      TIME REQUIRED FOR THE DISAPPEARANCE OF STARCH WITH VARIOUS
				 SALIVA DILUTIONS
			            Dilutions (saliva: H2O)

            Student	1:9 (10%)	1:19 (5%)	1:49 (2%)	1:99 (1%)
	   A	45 seconds	 50 seconds	100 seconds	135 seconds
	   B	(no end point) ----------------------------                	   
	   C	90 seconds	100 seconds    	200 seconds    	270 seconds
                     D       	260 seconds	300 seconds	600 seconds	800 seconds
		  
	a. 	Present the data for Student A in graphic form.
	b. 	Carefully examine the data collected by the four students above and state 
	     	as many conclusions as you can that are supported by these data.
	c. 	Assuming there have been no errors in techniques, form as many hypotheses 
	    	as you can to explain the differences observed.
	d. 	Design one experiment to test the validity of one hypothesis.

     	Clearly state what data you would want to collect in this  experiment to 
	test your hypothesis.
1973:
	Hypotheses derived from laboratory experiments and field observations
	 have been advanced to explain the origin of life on Earth. Starting with a 
	probable prelife environment, describe the formation and evolution of the
	 various trophic forms (nutrition types) up to and including unicelluar organisms. 
	Describe at least one experiment whose results support one of these scientific 
	hypotheses.
1980:
	Discuss the lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction
	giving a specific example to illustrate the theory. Include in your 
	discussion the effects of each of the following:
		a. Substrate concentration
		b. pH shifts
		c. Temperature shifts
		d. Competititve inhibition
1981:
	Discuss the biological importance of each of the following organic
	compounds in relation to cellular structure and function in plants and
	animals.
		a. Carbohydrates
		b. Proteins
		c. Lipids
		d. Nucleic acids
1985:
	Describe the chemical compositions and configuration of enzymes
	and discuss the factors that modify enzyme structure and/or function.






1988:
	After an enzyme is mixed with its substrate, the amount of product
	formed is determined at 10-second intervals for 1 minute. Data from this
	experiment are shown below.

Time (sec)		0	10	20	30	40	50	60
Product formed (mg)   0.0            0.25        0.50       0.70        0.80       0.85       0.85

	Draw a graph of these data and answer the following questions.

	a. 	What is the initial rate of this enzymatic reaction?
	b. 	What is the rate after 50 seconds? Why is it different from 
		the initial rate?
	c. 	What would be the effect on product formation if the enzyme 
		were heated to a temperature of 100 oC for 10 minutes before 
		repeating the experiment? Why?
	d. 	How might altering the substrate concentration affect the rate of
	     	the reaction? Why?
	e. 	How might altering the pH affect the rate of reaction? Why?
1991:
	ON NEXT PAGE
1994:
	Enzymes are biological catalysts.

	a.  Relate the chemical structure of an enzyme to its specificity and catalytic activity.

	b.  Design a quantitative experiment to investigate the influence of pH or temperature
	      on the activity of an enzyme.

	c.  Describe what information concerning the structure of an enzyme could be inferred
	      from your experiment.  






























1991:
	Carbon is a very important element in living systems.

	a.  	Describe the various characteristics of the carbon atom that makes possible 
	     	the building of a variety of biological molecules.
	b.  	Explain how reactions involving carbon-containing compounds can contribute 
	     	to the greenhouse effect.
	c.  	The following structures are examples of two different categories of biological
	     	compounds. Describe how each category of compounds is important to the 
	     	structure and function of living systems.
				Category I			Category II
		                  +NH3					         H	    
									   O 
			 CH2				             +NH3 - C - C 
									   O-  
			 CH2					         CH2

			  O					         SH

		            O = P - O-	

			  O
			
	                CH2 - CH - CH2

	               O        O

	              C = O  C = O

	              CH2    CH2

	              CH2    CH2

	                  CH2    CH2

	              CH2    CH2

	                 CH2    CH2

	                  CH2    CH2

                                          CH2    CH2

	                  CH2    CH

	                  CH2       CH

	              CH2          CH2

	                  CH2    	   CH2

	                  CH2    	        CH2

	                 CH3   	            CH3