BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1982			L PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
  	Define and explain the role of each of the following in social behavior:
  		a.  Territoriality
  		b.  Dominance hierarchies
  		c.  Courtship behavior

STANDARDS:
  maximum = 6 points for each section
  note: must answer all 3 sections of question to go above 12 points

TERRITORIALITY - 6 points maximum
DEFINITION:
  	subdivision of resources on a spatial basis 
 	 area established & defended (marking, singing, etc.) 
  	area to raise young & seek food
  	usually involves males of same species 				max 4)

ROLE:
  	influences population density 
 	ritualistic behavior
  	mating or nesting or feeding / elaboration			(max 3)
EXAMPLE: (1 point)
  	
DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES - 6 points maximum
DEFINITION:
  	members of a group ranked according to status or relative superiority 
  	status must be sought on own 
  	status may be changed in course of time
  	behavior suggests size & strength (i.e. large/small, old/young, male/female) 
									(max 4)

 ROLE:
  	reduces aggression, established order & stability 
  	influences resources among popultion (food, water, etc.)
  	first choice of mating 
  	subordinate remains to obtain food, avoid predators, chance to mate											(max 4)
EXAMPLE:  (1 point)
COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR - 6 points maximum
DEFINITION:
  series of programmed displays & movements 
  	may be visual 	 w/elaboration (1)
  	may be auditory 	 w/elaboration (1)
  	may be olfactory  	w/elaboration (1)   			(max 3)
					   
ROLE:
  	advertize sexually receptive individuals
  	inhibit aggression of prospective mate 
  	bring both mating partners to reproductive readiness simultaneously
  	ritualistic behavior
  	maintain distinct species 		  			(max 5)
EXAMPLE: (1 point)
BONUS: mention of survival of fittest (selective advantage) (1 point)  




  
	EHAVIOR QUESTION: 1983			L PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY
  	Describe and give an example of each of the following. Include in your discussion the
  	selective advantage of each:
  		a.  Pheromones
  		b.  Mimicry
  		c.  Stereotyped Behavior (instinct)

STANDARDS:
  maximum of 6 points for each section

PHEROMONES - 6 points maximum
DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION:
  	general description/definition
  	of a releaser
  	of a primer 							
									(max 3)
DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE:
  	explanation 
  	example 
  	releaser example/explanation (ants, urine) 
  	primer example/explanation (locusts, mice, queen bee) 		
									(max 4)
SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE:
  	courtship behavior
  	sexual receptivity 
  	reduce competition / "tidiness" among ants - death pheromone
  	increase food gathering
									(max 4)
						           	Total = 11 (max 6)
MIMICRY - 6 points maximum
DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION:
  	general description/definition
  	of Batesian mimicry
  	of Mullerian mimicry						
									(max 3)
DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE:
  	explanation 
  	example 
  	Batesian example/explanation 
  	Mullerian example/explanation																(max 4) 
SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE:
  	survival/escapes predation 
  	pollination 
  	protection
  	selection pressure 						
									(max 4)
							  	Total = 11 (max 6)










INSTINCT - 6 points maximum
DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION:
  	general description/definition 
  	of releaser/sign stimuli
  	of IRM 
									(max 3)
DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE:
  	explanation 
  	example 
  	releaser explanation/example (chaffinches - instinct & learning) 
  	IRM explanation/example 
									(max 4)
SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE:
  [Survival ability; e.g., species specificity, avoiding predator, genetically passed-on]
  	Stickleback - mating
  	escape predators/survival
  	save energy/need not learn 
  	find food 
  	find shelter 							
									(max 4)
							  	Total = 11 (max 6)





































	BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1985			L PETERSON/AP BIOLOGY

  	Describe releasers, imprinting, and communication, as each of these terms relates to
  	animal behavior. You may include in your answer a discussion of the classical studies 
	of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl vonFrisch.

STANDARDS: 
  maximum of 7 for sections on releasers and imprinting;
  maximum of 8 for section on communication;

RELEASERS: 3 points for definition, if correct and complete
	           2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
	           4  points (max) for Tinbergen				(max 7)
  RELEASERS = sign stimuli  >  behavioral response {innate/stereotyped}
	      (environmental)   (fixed action pattern)
  RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (OTHERS MAY BE GIVEN):
  1) TINBERGEN (3-spined stickle-back) red belly > aggressive behavior
	a. red (color)
	b. underbelly
	c. male aggressive
	d. models 	
  2) pheromones (chemical) > mate attraction
  3) male Aedes - tuning fork > attract female
  4) urine in dogs > avoidance of territory
  5) female digger wasp behavior must run course once triggered
  6) European red robin breast > aggressive behavior
  7) black gulls > white egg shell pieces . egg shell removal
  8) bowerbirds - red pebbles, berries > attract female to nest
  9) Herring gull - red spot on beak > infant feeding response
10) ants > chemicals > trails

IMPRINTING:  3 points for definition
	              2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
	              4 points (Max) for Lorenz					(max 7)
  DEFINITION (in examples)
  RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR:
  1) LORENZ - Ducks & geese
	a. critical period
	b. long lasting
	c. influence mate selection
	d. inheritance influences critical period
	e. imprint on non-species
  2) human (18 months to 3 years) > affect adult behavior
  3) young male zebra finch courts female bengalese finch if raised by them














COMMUNICATION:  3 points for definition
		         2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior
		         4 points (Max) for VonFrisch			(max 8)
  DEFINITION (in examples)
  RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR:
  1) SOUND - moths, bats, arthropods
	a. calling (male and female)
	b. aggressive (male)
	c. alarm (male and female)
  2) CHEMICAL  (pheromones) - gypsy moth
  3) VISUAL DISPLAY - arched backs, puffing up, mating
  4) NON-AGGRESSIVE / NON-SEXUAL {VON FRISCH - Bees....}
	a. dance
		round  - food nearby
		waggle - food at a distance; angle corresponds to distance
	b. straight portion > to food
	c. distance and direction
	d. sound, # turns > distance
	e. speed of dance > relative distance