AP Biology Enzyme Questions and Standards

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1968 1969 1985 1988

  ENZYME QUESTION - 1968 L. PETERSON/ECHS Suppose that you have isolated an extract from a tissue and you have found that the extract speeds up the rate of a particular reaction. What kind of information would you need to demonstrate that the substance responsible for increasing the rate of this reaction is an enzyme? Explain how this information would indicate that the catalytic effect is due to an enzyme.   STANDARDS: maxiumum points = 13   PROOF THAT IT IS ORGANIC (1/2 PT) PROOF THAT IT IS PROTEIN (1 PT) PROTEIN EVIDENCE: (1 PT EACH/MAX, = 5) DENATURED under different pH or temperatures MACROMOLECULE will diffuse through DIALYSIS TUBING if acted on by protease centrifugation - large molecule - will be in precipitate NINHYDRIN will turn blue in presence of amino acids CHROMATOGRAPHY   RATE OF REACTION (1/2 PT) (2 PTS EACH/MAX. = 4) vary amount of substrate - determine changing rate of reaction; should level-off once maximum turnover rate is reached; vary pH & temperature - rate of reaction will be at maximum & drop off radically on either side;   INTERACTION BETWEEN ENZYME & SUBSTRATE (1/2 PT) X-ray Diffraction proof of changes in shape of "enzyme" (3/2 PTS)      
  ENZYME QUESTION - 1969 L. PETERSON/ECHS Proteins functioning as enzymes exhibit precise specifications. Discuss the levels of structural organization within proteins which are responsible for specific molecular interactions.   STANDARDS: maximum points = 20   PRIMARY STRUCTURE (1/2 PT) (2) amino acid sequence & number / determining other structures peptide bonds SECONDARY STRUCTURE (1/2 PT) folding within polypeptide chain (4) H-bonds Disulfide bonds Alpha Helix - globular proteins Beta Configuration - fibrous proteins TERTIARY STRUCTURE (1/2 PT) further folding of alpha helix (4) H-bonds Disulfide bonds electrostatic forces (interactions) van der Waals forces QUATERNARY STRUCTURE (1/2 PT) (2) Conjugated Proteins - many polypeptide chains   ENZYMES ARE SPECIFIC BECAUSE OF ACTIVE SITE (6) particular shape of molecule particular charge distribution   Coenzymes or cofactors may be required Mention of Lock-Key Hypothesis Mention of Induced-Fit Hypothesis   EXAMPLE      
  ENZYME QUESTION - 1985 L. PETERSON/ECHS Describe the chemical compositions and configuration of enzymes and discuss the factors that modify enzyme structure and/or function.   STANDARDS: maximum points = 20   CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND CONFIGURATION Proteins/Large Molecules/ Polypeptides/CHONS/CN Terminals (2 max) Prosthetic Groups/Metal Atoms/Apoenzyme/Coenzyme/Cofactor (2 max) Primary and Secondary with Discussion (2 max) Tertiary OR Quaternary with Discussion / Globular (2 max) Specificity or "Lock and Key" (1 pt) Peptide Bonds/Covalent Bonds for Primary Folding to Form a Groove, Active Site (1 pt) 3D Configuration due to Van der Waal, R group, ionic, etc. (1 pt) Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic (1 pt) Maximum = 8 FACTORS THAT MODIFY ENZYME ACTION AND/OR FUNCTION: Temperature = 1 Discussion of Effect on Structure = 1 Denatures Protein/3D shape altered = 1 (reaction rate changes) pH = 1 Discussion of Effect on Structure = 1 Breakage of weak bonds changes enzyme's shape = 1 Discussion of Effect on Function = 1 (altering of active site results in inability of substrate to bond at site) Allosteric Inhibition Discussion of Effect on Structure = 1 = 1 (binding of an effector on an enzymes changes shape of enzyme) Discussion of Effect on Function = 1 (results in activation or inactivation) Competitive Inhibition Discussion of Effect on Function = 1 = 1 (competitive molecule binds to active site blocking it/NO reaction) May reverse action by increasing substrate/enzyme concentration = 1 Irreversible or Noncompetitive Inhibition = 1 Discussion of Effect on Function (binding of molecule blocks functional groups at active site) = 1 Activation of an Enzymatic Precursor on structure = 1 (pepsinogen to pepsin) Effect on Functions = 1 (nonfunctional to active) Genetic mistakes Modify Structure/Function of Enzymes = 1 Feedback Inhibition relative to control = 1 Induced Fit - binging of substrate to enzyme alters shape = 1 Amount of substrate to Amount of enzyme - modifies function = 1 Reversible/Irreversible denaturation = 1 Factors may change energy of activation = 1 Ionic Factors affect structure and/or function = 1 Binding of Effector to speed activation/deactivation = 1 Maximum = 12        
ENZYME QUESTION - 1988 L. PETERSON/ECHS After an enzyme is mixed with its substrate, the amount of product formed is determined at 10-second intervals for 1 minute. Data from this experiment are shown below.   Time (sec) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Product formed (mg) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.70 0.80 0.85 0.85   Draw a graph of these data and answer the following questions. a. What is the initial rate of this enzymatic reaction? b. What is the rate after 50 seconds? Why is it different from the initial rate? c. What would be the effect on product formation if the enzyme were heated to a temperature of 100 oC for 10 minutes before repeating the experiment? Why? d. How might altering the substrate concentration affect the rate of the reaction? Why? e. How might altering the pH affect the rate of reaction? Why?   STANDARDS: maximum points = 10   DATA RECORD AND CALCULATIONS GRAPH axis X = Time (ind); Y = Product (dep) 3 pts scale and label axis curve plotted - drawn curve necessary a. initial rate 1 pt. setup (.25-.00)/(10-0) 2 pts 0.025 mg/sec or (.50-.00)/(20-0) .25 mg/10 sec or number 0.025 1.5 mg/min 1 pt. units (mg/sec) or mg/min) 1/40 mg/sec b. rate after 50 sec 1 pt Zero 1 pt. set up (.85-.85)/(60-50) or 1 pt. units if not awarded in part a. net rate equilibrium   Why? 1 pt Substrate gone or reaction at equilibrium other explanation - any are possible Product inhibition Product changes pH or temp optimum Product release time varies Maximum = 7 pts   EXPLANATIONS: c. Temperature variation Change: stops reaction; no product formation; 1 pt rate near or at zero Explanation: Conformational shape change - denaturation 1 pt (inactivation - "kills" in quotes)       d. Substrate concentration variation; Change: 1 pt (Increase) a) no change, initial slope same; longer to level off; or b) increase in reaction rate and/or (Decrease) more gentle slope; decrease rate or take less time to level off; Explanation: 1 pt (Increase) a) Enzyme is working as fast as it can (Vmax) or b) It will approach Vmax or (Decrease) Enzyme no longer saturated; or further from saturation; e. pH variation Change: 1 pt a) Slight change may affect the curve either way b) Drastic change may stop the reaction Explanation: 1 pt a) Enzyme has optimum pH b) Enzyme can be denatured by extremes Maximum = 6 pts