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<CENTER><FONT COLOR="#000092"><B>Seminar: Studies in Contemporary Rhetoric</B><BR>
<B><SMALL>Speech Communication 632<BR>
Department of Speech Communication<BR>
California State University, Northridge
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<P>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>A Glossary of Terms</H3><HR>
<CENTER><SMALL><B>Compiled by students in
<A HREF="http://speech.csun.edu/class/632/index.html">Speech Communication 632</A></B></SMALL></CENTER><HR>
<P>
This glossary, which will evolve over the course of the semester, contains entries gathered by students in Speech Communication 632, Seminar in Contemporary Rhetoric.
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<B>ACCULTURATION</B>: Page 104 in your Reader, "Acculturation, is essentially a
symbolic one in which basic, unlearned needs are linguistically
transformed into socially and culturally acceptable motives"
<P>
Defined as: "mainly an American term meaning the adoption and
assimilation of an alien culture" (p. 191) Oxford English Dictionary 2nd
Edition Volume I.
<P>
<B>Action and Motion</B>:
Burke's distinction between action and motion is in response to
Hobbes notion:
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL> Nature, the art whereby Goth hath made and governs the world, is
by the art (italicized) of man, as is many other things, so in this
also imitated, that it can make an artificial animal. For seeing
life is but a motion of limbs, the beginning whereof is in some
principal part within; why may we not say, that all automata (italicized)
(engines that move themselves by springs and wheels as doth a watch)
have an artificial life? For what is the heart, but a spring;
and the nerves, but so many strings, and the joint, but so many wheels,
giving motion to the whole body, such as was intended by the artificer?
(Grammar of Motives, 1945, p. 132).
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
Burke argues, "when one talks of the will, one is necessarily in the
field of the moral; and the field of the moral is by definition, the
field of action (Ibid., p. 136).
<P>
<B>AD FINITUM</B> (L) ad - in the direction of: toward
finitum (L) having definite limits (Webster's Seventh Collegiate Dictionary)
ad-(L) expressing primary direction (Cassell's Latin-English Dictionary)
<P>
Example:
In your reader,"The productivity of the soil can be increased ad
finitum, by the application of capital, labor, and science" (p. 212)<BR>
1) One may increase his/her live span ad finitum by maintaining a
healthy diet, exercising on a regular basis, and avoiding the abuse of
drugs and alcohol<BR>
2) One may increase his/her personal wealth ad finitum by placing money
in an IRA account.
<P>
<B>anamnesis</B>: (Greek - again) to call to mind, also in medical use the
history of a patient. From the text in reference to the Phaedrus and the
discussion about writing. Writing enables us to repeat and thus remember,
thus it would be a good repetition, "in the service of anamnesis." Later
in text, when talking about the coffee and tobacco "addicts" JD makes
reference to "the anamnesis of allegedly primary or natural processes."
<P>
<B>ANATHEMA</B>:The American Heritage Dictionary n. 1. A formal
ecclesiastical ban, curse, or excommunication. 2. One that is intensely
disliked.("Persuasion as conversion of value and belief would have been
anathema to deme organization")
<P>
<B>ANTHROPOMORPHISMS</B>: An interpretation of what is not human or personal in
terms of human or personalcharacteristics. Ascribing human
characteristics to non human things.
p.180,183
<P>
<B>Antinomy</B>: inconsistency between two apparently reasonable principles or laws.
<P>
<B>Apagogic</B>: Of or pertaining to apagoge or reduction to absurdity. Used by Aristotle in the logical sense.
<OL TYPE="1" START="1">
<LI>The species of syllogism, or syllogistic reasoning, called abduction.
<LI>A demonstration which does not prove a thing directly, but shows the absurdity or impossibility of denying it.
<LI>A process or passage from one proposition to another, when the first having been once demonstrated is afterwards employed to the proving of others.
</OL>
<B>APOTHECARY</B> Old French from Latin - apothecaries meant storekeeper
Greek apotheke storehous
French boutique
<P>
Cassell's Latin- English Dictionary medicus-doctor, physician
<P>
Originally, the word represented shopkeepers who specialized in selling
non-perishable goods such as groceries, spices, herbal and other
remedies. Later the word was distinguished as in the field of drugs. The
year of 1617 marked the separation of Apothecaries Company of London &
the Grocer's Company. It maintained the word used as druggist until the
1800's when chemistry grew in importance and popularity. (p. 30)
Dictionary of Word Origins
<P>
Example:<BR>
In your reader, "Hence, the necessity for monopoly, which many articles
reveal. Apothecaries, etc. must have a monopoly"(p. 223).<BR>
1) I distinctively recall the store signs in Germany which identified
pharmacies; they were called Apotecke.
<P>
<B>archipelago</B>= arch is the Italian root meaning curve; the Greeks took the
root and used it for an architechtural term meaning a convex curve.
Foucault uses it to refer to a form of punitive system that is physically
dispersed yet at the same time covers the entirety of a society, hence
meaning "a continuem convex curve". (dictionary of Contemporary English)
<P>
<B>Art</B>: to accomplish some end, as opposed to nature, special skill, cunning. A system of rules that facilitate the performance of certain actions. (learned skill/creative-inventive)(Ben)
<P>
<B>aseptic</B>= Free from bacteria, to be clean (dictionary of Contemporary
English)
<P>
[<B>avant-la-lettre</B>] (McGee):
(French)
Proof before (all) letters, before the letter
(Harrap's New Standard French and English Dictionary)
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="b">B</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
[<B>bantustan</B>] (P.223) {(Bantu) Homeland}
homeland 3.:<BR>
Any of the thirteen racially and ethnically based regions
created in South Africa by the South African government as normally
independent trivial mini-states to which blacks are assigned.
(Random House Unabridged Dictionary 1993)
<P>
[<B>barrio</B>] (P. 226)
{Sp. fr. Ar barri of the open country, fr. barr exterior, outside,
open country}<P>
1. a ward, quarter, or district of a city or town in Spanish-speaking
countries<BR>
2. a village, or rural community unit in Latin America and the Philippines<BR>
3. a Spanish-speaking quarter or neighborhood in a city or town in the
U.S. esp. in the Southwest.<BR>
(Webster's Third New International Dictionary)
<P>
[<B>Beaux Arts</B>] (P. 230) {F. beaux-arts}
adj.1. archit.: characterized by formalism, the reapplication of historic
forms and details, and a tendency toward monumental conception
e.g.-a beaux arts design<BR>
2. relating to a method of architectural education esp. prominent in the
19th century in which hypothetical problems are solved by individual
students working in a atelier under a master critic and the solutions
are judged by a jury of architects that rates them on a competitive basis
(Webster's Third New International Dictionary)
<P>
<B>BEING</B> (with a capital "B") - The totality of existing things.
The state or quality of having existence.
In context,
"Being as the indeterminate source of all beings and
things being must be considered through rhetorical
auspices, and at long last, rhetoric can be rhetorically
determined" (Holmberg p. 241).
<P>
<B>BEQUEATHED</B> [Old English] "what you say you will leave someone in your
will" ( pg. 60) Dictionary of Word Origins.
<P>
[OE] becwethan was derived out of cwethan, 'say' whose past tense created
quoth. "The original sense 'say, utter' disappeared in the 13th
century, leaving the legal sense of 'transferring by will' (first
recorded in 1066) (p. 60).
<P>
Later, the noun of OE cwethan became -cwiss. In the 14th century, it had
the addition of the letter t, becoming the word currently used as bequest.
<P>
Examples:
<P>
In your reader "Science advances in knowledge bequeathed to it, by
previous generations"(p. 222).<BR>
1) Many family feuds arise surrounding the issue of what parents bequeath
their children.<BR>
2) The bequest one makes at a young age are often long forgotten in senility.
<P>
<B>BOMBASTIC</B>- Of the nature of bombast. Inflated or turgid language; high sounding language on a trivial or commonplace subject.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="c">C</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>cathectic</B>- stems from the Greek root "cath" meaning holding or retention.
Investing of an energy into an object, person or activity.
<P>
<B>class</B> (McGee):
"A central concept in Marx referring to groups whose 'economic conditions
of existence compel them to live separately from one another' and who have
a 'mode of life' different from each other. Marx links the existence of
social class to the development of property relations in society, and
defines a class in terms of its relationship to the means of production.
Class is also used in Marx to refer to a historical principle evident in
the laws of economic development and the repetition of class relations
throughout history. Class is a historical social relation in which the
principle of production manifests itself" (Morrison, pp. 310-311).<BR>
Morrison, Ken (1995)" Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social
Thought", London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, SAGE Publications
<P>
<B>COMMONPLACES</B>- A rendering of locus communis. Explained by Cicero (of Aristotle) as a general theme or argument applicable to many particular cases. In later times collections of such general topics were called loci communes. 1. With ancient rhetoricians: a passage of general application, such as may serve as the basis of argument; a leading text cited in argument.
<P>
<B>concept</B> (a device of interpretation): and idea, thought, or abstract
notion. "...concept of drugs presupposes an instituted and an
institutional definition: a history is required, and a culture,
conventions, evaluations, norms, an entire network of intertwined
discourses, a rhetoric" (229)
<P>
<B>Condensation, displacement, and substitution</B>:
<P>
On pg. 130 in your Reader, Burke critiques Freud's notion of
condensation, displacement, and substitution. According to Freud:
<BLOCKQUOTE> It will perhaps not be though too rash to suppose that the
impulses arising from the instincts do not belong to the type of
bound (italicized) nervous processes but of free mobile
(italicized) processes which press towards discharge. The best
part of what we know of these processes is derived from our study of
the dream-work. We there discovered that the processes in the
unconscious systems were fundamentally different from those in the
preconcious(or conscious) systems. In the unconscious, cathexes
can easily be completely transferred, displaced, and condensed. Such
treatment, however, could produce only invalid results if it were
applied to prconscious material; and this accounts for familiar
pecularities exhibited by manifest dreams after the preconscious
residues of the preceding day have been worked over in accordance
with the laws operating in the unconscious" (Beyond the Pleasure
Principle, 1961, pps. 40-41).
</BLOCKQUOTE>
Burke suggests, "Freud laid great stress upon the two processes of
"condensation" and "displacement." His observations are well taken.
But, since we are here using the term "symbolism" in a wider sense, we
might remind ourselves that the processes of "condensation" and
"displacement" are not confined merely to the symbolism of dreams and
neuroses, but are also as aspect of normal symbol systems. A fundamental
resource "natural" to symbolism is substitution (italicized).
Substitution is quite a rational resource of symbolism. Yet it is but a
more genral aspect of what Freud meant by "displacement" (which is a
confused kind of substitution" (Reader, 1997, p. 130).
<P>
[<B>consciousness</B>] (McGee) (* false consciousness)
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL>(1)"A term used by Marx to differentiate human existence from the
existence of animals. Marx believed that human beings are distinct from
animals because they have conscious being, in contrast to animals who
only have physical being. Marx reasoned that individuals distinguish
themselves from animals to the extent that their existence requires them
to produce their physical environment in order to satisfy the primary
economic needs. In this respect, human being are distinct because (i)
they produce their means of subsistence; (ii) they enter into a
conscious relation with nature in order to survive; and (iii) they have
consciousness and are capable of reflecting on their own situations.
This suggests that individuals reflect continually on their own
circumstances, think about themselves in relations to others and to
society, and are impelled to act on behalf of their needs" (Morrison,
p. 311).<P>Morrison, Ken (1995)" Marx, Durkheim, Weber: Formations of Modern Social
Thought", London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, SAGE Publications
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL>(2) "A term designating the region where ideology is located ('false
consciousness') and superseded ('true consciousness'), contaminated by
the pre-Marxist ideology of the Young Marx. In fact, Althusser argues,
ideology is profoundly unconscious - it is a structure imposed
involuntarily on the majority of men" (Althusser 1969, p. 250).
<P>
Althusser, Louis (1969) "For Marx" (Trans. by. Brewster, Ben), NY,
Panthen Books, A Division of Random House
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<B>Consent</B>- The notion underlying 'giving one's consent' is
'feeling together'-that is, 'agreeing,' and hence
'giving approval or permission.' The word comes from Old
French consente, a derivative of the verb consentir.
This was a descendant of Latin consentire 'agree,' a
compound verb formed from the prefix com-'together' and
sentire 'feel' (source of English sense, sentence,
sentiment, etc.). Consensus, orginally the past participle
of Latin consentire, was borrowed into English in the 19th
century.
<P>
CONSUBSTANTIAL- Of one and the same substance or essence.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL><FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Burke states, "A doctrine of _consubstantiality_, either explicit
or implicit, may be necessary to ant way of life. For _substance_, in
the old philosophies, was an _act_; and a way of life is an
_acting-together_; and in acting together, men have common sensations,
concepts, images, ideas, attitudes that make them _consubstantial_"
(Ibid, p. 181).</FONT></SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<B>Context</B>: and...to weave, to connect together. Metaphor of drawing threads together (Text/textile) (Ben)
<P>
[<B>contradiction</B>] (McGee)
"A term for the articulation of a practice into the complex whole of
social formation. Contradiction may be antagonistic or non-antagonistic
according to whether their state of overdetermination is one of fusion or
condensation, or one of displacement"(Althusser, p.250).
<P>
[<B>cultural industry (industries)</B>] (McGee)
"Generally speaking, a cultural industry is held to exist when
cultural goods and services are produced, stored and
distributed on industrial and commercial lines, that is to say
on a large scale and in accordance with a strategy based on
economic considerations rather then any concern for cultural
development. (UNESCO, 1982)<P>
This definition applies both to cultural forms which depend on 'craft
production' and 'mass reproduction' (as in publishing industry
and, to some extent, the music business) and to mass media
which depend on large-scale capital investment and collective
technological production with an elaborate division of labor
(such as the film and television industries)".<P>
"Marxist critique of commodity production in general could (and should) be
applied to the production of symbolic goods in particular, to the
production of goods whose 'use value' was aesthetic, diverting, and
ideological. The cultural industries were thus like any other capitalist
industry: they used 'alienated' labor; they pursued profit;
they looked to technology - to machinery - to provide a
competitive edge; they were primarily in the business of
producing 'consumers' "(Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory
pp. 129-130).<P>A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory (1996), Bayne, Michael (ed.)
Cambridge, MA, Blackwell Publisher
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="d">D</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<B>Daemon</B>: Demon (a rhetor is a demon)
<P>
<B>Deliberative</B>: careful, serious, and thoughtful discussion of issue. (truth (?) future)(Ben)
<P>
<B>DEMOKRATIA</B>: (Dialectical rhetoric and Rhetorical Rhetoric) The word
itself can be broken down into two parts: demos and kratia; demos meaning
"people" and kratia meaning "power"; The word demos at the time of Solon
was intimately connected to the word deme, sharing the same root (dem)
and both suggesting a meaning of "tribal" or "tribe." That is, the word
demokratia may not only mean people-power, it could also mean "tribe-power."
<P>
<B>DESPOTISM</B>: A system of government in which the ruler has unlimited power.
p.55,58 "A revolution may well put an end to autocratic despotism and
to rapacious or power-seeking oppression, but it will never produce a
true reform in ways of thinking."
<P>
<B>DICTUM</B> Fr. of dictus: a formal statement of principle, proposition or
opinion
(Webster's Seventh Collegiate Dictionary). Also defined by Harrops New
Standard French dictionary as "affirmation, maximum sentence, opinion,
judgment" (p. 30).
<P>
Logicians and linguists have often found it necessary to separate the act
of "enunciation, a representative content, from the attitude on the part
of the speaking subject with regard to its content known as the modus"
(p. 313) Science of Language.
<P>
Example:
In your reader, "For as they subscribed to dictum that gold and silver
were wealth only such transactions as would finally bring ready cash into
the country was conspired profitable"(p. 198).
1. Peter will come 2. Let Peter come 3. Peter may come 4. Peter must
come. All the four sentences share the same dictum and only differ by
the message of the intended receiver.
<P>
<B>difference</B>: Althusser's break with a monistic conception of marxism
demanded the theorization of difference--the recognition that there are
different social contradictions which drive the historical process
forward do not always appear in the same place, and will not always have
the same historical effects (278)
<P>
<B>Discourse</B>: to ramble; running over a subject in speech, hence talking together.
<P>
<B>DOGMATISM</B> and HETERONOMY, along with ILLUSION
(p.38, What is Enlightenment?)
According to Kant, the illegitimate use of reason give rise to these
characteristics.
Dogmatic: Characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of
unproved or unprovable principles.
heteronomy: It is the condition of acting on desires, which are not
legislated by reason. Agents are heteronomous if their will is under
the control of another. Heteronomy entails that we are passive under
some command or impulsion which we do not, can not, initiate.
illusion: An erroneous perception of reality or an erroneous concept
or belief.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="e">E</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>ECCLESIASTICAL</B>: Of or relating to church.
p.56,57 "...and to offer suggestions for a better arrangement of
religious and ecclesiastical affairs."
<P>
<B>ENTELECHIAL</B>- In Aristotle's use: The realization of complete
expression of some function; the condition in which
a potentiality has become actuality.
<P>
<SMALL>According to Burke, "We begin with an anecdote of killing,
because _invective, eristic, polemic, and logomachy_ are so pronounced an
aspect of rhetoric" (1969, p. 179). </SMALL>
<P>
<B>Epideictic</B>: for show, eloquent. designed to impress (Seeking trust located in present - praise/blame-)(Ben)
<P>
<PRE><B>ERLIBNIS</B> -
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Meaning:</FONT>
(German) - "What has been lived through" (Turner 12).
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">In context:</FONT>
"The illocutionary force of expressive speech acts, with
which S expresses and experience (Erlebnis) to which he
has privileged access, can be defined neither through the
cognitive nor through the interventionistic
relationship of subject to the world of existing states of
affairs (Toward 73).
</PRE>
<P>
<B>Episteme</B>= This French term stems from the Greek root meaning
"knowledge". Foucault's term for the body of ideas which shape the
perception of knowledge at a paticular period. This is how the word
epistemology originated to mean a theory or science of the method or
grounds of knowledge. (Concise Oxford French dictionary)
<P>
<B>ERISTIC</B>- Of pertaining to controversy or disputation;
adapted for or disposed to controversy.
<P>
<B>Eros</B>- Greek god of love. In Freudian theory, eros refers to the whole
complex of life preservative instincts, especially sexual instincts.
<P>
[<B>exchange value</B>] (Grossberg) (* use value)
"Marx used this to pinpoint the change taking place in the form of value
as a result of the development of capitalism and the emergence of a
market as a medium of exchange. Marx believed that, before capitalism,
value was in the form of use or utility which served directly as a
means of existence".<P>
"Exchange value...arises in capitalist society as a result of the
development of a medium of exchange called the market, and the
dominance of buying and selling. What is produced becomes a 'commodity,'
since its value thus donates the dominance of one form of value over the
other, and the resulting change, which occurs in social relations in
society some to be determined by it. Marx's criticism of exchange centers
on how all social relations in society come to be determined by
it" (Morrison, p. 314).
<P>
<B>EPISTEMOLOGY</B>: The study or theory of the origin, nature, method, and
limits of knowledge.
p.365 "...the effect that men acquire consciousness of structural
conflicts on the level of ideologies should be considered as an
affirmation of epistemological and not simply psychological and moral
value. From this, it follows that the theoretical-practical principle of
hegemony has also epistemological significance,..."
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="f">F</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>FACILE</B>: Easily accomplished or attained.
p.43 "This permanent critique of ourselves has to avoid the always too
facile confusions between humanism and Enlightenment."
<P>
[<B>false consciousness</B>] (Grossberg) (* consciousness)
This term "originates from Frederick Engles...to describe a situation in
which the proletariat are unable to grasp the 'true' nature of their interests
or their historical role as a subordinate class. Engels ascribed 'false
consciousness' to outside forces which he believed impel individuals to
impute false motives to the causes of their hardship and suffering. Later
the terms was adopted by Heorg Lukacs who took the view that false
consciousness could be traced to structural relations in society.
However, because of the ambiguity created in the idea of 'true' vs'
false' consciousness, the term became misleading and theoretically
imprecise"(Morrison, p. 314).
<P>
<B>Feminism</B>- The definition incorporates both a docrtine of equal rights
for women (the organized movement to attain women's rights)
and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a
world for women beyond simple social equality.
<P>
<B>Forensic</B>: from forum, public discussion or debate, concerned with justice. (Seeking truth located in past)(Ben)
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="g">G</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>Gay</B>- 5. homosexual. 6. of, indicating, or supporting homosexual
interests or issues. 7. a homosexual person, especially a male. 8.
in a gay manner.<P>
USAGE-In addition to it orginal and continuing senses of
"merry, lively" and "bright or showy" Gay has had very senses
dealing with sexual conduct since the 17th century. A gay
woman was a prositute, a gay man a womanizer, a gay house a
brothel. This sexual world included homosexuals too and GAY
as an adjective meaning "homosexual" goes back atleast to the
early 1900's. After WWII, as social attitudes towards
sexuality began to change, GAY was applied openly by
homosexuals to themselves, first as an adjective and later as
a noun. Today, the noun often designates only a male
homosexual: gays and lesbians. The word has ceased to be
slang and is not used disparagingly. HOMOSEXUAL as a noun is
sometimes used only in reference to a male.
<P>
[<B>gaze</B>] (P.226) {F. le regard}
In Foucauldian sense, "the eye of power".
"An inspecting gaze, a gaze which each individual under its weight will
end by interiorising to the point that he is his own overseer, each
individual thus exercising this surveillance over, and against,
himself. A superb formula: power exercised continuously and for what
turns out to be a minimal cost "(Foucault , <I>Power/Knowledge</I> P.155).
<P>
[<B>Genealogy</B>] (Grossberg)
"A term which achieves prominence in Michael Foucault's post-Archaeology
of knowledge analyses of relations of power and knowledge.
Genealogy represents a radically different conception of
historical analysis, one that is influenced to a degree by the
work of 'Nietzsche, genealogy, history'(Foucault, 1977). In contrast to
traditional forms of historical analysis which place emphasis on stable
forms and uninterrupted continuities, genealogy emphasizes the
complexity, fragility, and contingency associated with historical
events. Genealogy draws attention to 'local, discontinuous,
illegitimate knowledges' and challenges 'the centralizing powers
which are linked to...organized scientific discourse within a
society such as ours' (Foucault, 'Two lectures' 1980, pp.83-4).
Genealogy affirms the perspectivity of knowledge" (A Dictionary of
Cultural and Critical Theory, p. 218).
<P>
<B>Gestalt</B>: recognition of wholeness, understanding all the parts does not necessarily provide an understanding of the total structure.
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="h">H</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>HEADSPRING</B>: Page 101 in your Reader, "Psychology explains the persuasive
ability of humans as "basic unlearned drives universally present in all
human beings, . . .These are the headspring of persuasion which occurs
not on Tintellectual'intellectual' but rather on a motor level"
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL>Head: Indo-European roots from "kaupet" which literally referred to "bowl"
as in skull. Dictionary of Word Origins
Caput: Latin meaning of persons and things "the head leader" or "leading
principle" (p. 91) Cassell's Latin-English Dictionary
Spring: Both the noun and verb forms are traced to Indo-European
sprengh "sprenghs" meaning rapid movement. Dictionary of Word Origins
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE><P>
[<B>heteroglossia</B>] (p. 254)
A term introduced by the Soviet semiotician and cultural theorist Mikhail
Bakhtin. It is derived from the two Greek words for "other" and
"languages," thus yielding the sense:"that within DISCOURSE which cannot
be reduced to the order any any single, self-authorized voice or code."
(Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory PP. 244-245)
<P>
<B>Heuristic</B>: to invent, (Eureka!) helping to learn.
<P>
[<B>homology</B>] (Grossberg)
"A term used by Goldmann in the context of his 'Genetic Structuralism'. It
indicates a similarity of structure between social and cultural phenomena
of different orders, despite outward appearances. Thus Goldmann suggests
homology between a fairy tale and the experience of a social group, or
between the novel and society based on exchange value" (Dictionary of
cultural and critical theory, P. 247).
<P>
<B>Homosexual</B>- 1. of, pertaining to, or exhibiting homosexuality. 2.
of, pertaining to, or noting the same sex. 3. A
homosexual person. See Gay
<P>
<B>Homosexuality</B>- Sexual desire of behavior directed toward a person
or persons of one's own sex.
<P>
The above is from a dictionary in the Oviatt Library, sorry no reference
<P>
<B>HETERONOMY</B>: A lack of moral freedom or self determination.
p.38 "Illegitimate uses of reason are what give rise to dogmatism and
heteronomy, along with illusion; on the hand, it is when the legitimate
use of reason has been clearly defined in its principles that its
autonomy can be assured."
<P>
<B>HUMANISM</B> Doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human
interests or values; a philosophy that asserts the dignity
and worth of man and his capacity for self-realization
through reason and that often rejects supernaturalism.
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL> "Typically, Renaissance humanism assumed the dignity and
central position of human beings in the universe...In our time
'humanist' often connotes a person who bases truth on human
experience and bases values on human nature an culture"
(Abrams, M. H. <I>A Glossary of Literary Terms</I>, 6th ed. Harcourt Brace
College Publishings: New York, 1993 p.82).
</SMALL><P>
One of the factors giving rise to the Renaissance: it was
characterized by an emphasis on human interests rather
that on the natural world or religion.
</BLOCKQUOTE><P>
[<B>humanism</B>] (McGee)
"Humanism is the characteristic feature of the ideological problematic
from which Marx emerged, and more generally, of most modern ideology;
a particularly conscious form of humanism is Feuerbach's anthropology,
which donates Marx's Early Works. As a science, however, historical
materialism, as exposed in Marx's later works, implies a theoretical
anti-humanism. "real-humanism' characterizes the works of the break: the
humanist form is retained, but usages such as 'the ensemble of the
social relations' point forward to the concepts of historical
materialism. However, the ideology of a socialist society may be a
humanism, a proletarian 'class humanism'(an expression I
obviously use in a provisional, half-critical sense)" (Althusser,
pp. 251-252).<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="i">I</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>IDENTIFICATION</B>: Burke defines _IDENTIFICATION_ as a _titular_ (used to indicate a
result) term by stating, "Identification is, by the same token, though
roundabout, to confront the implications of division" (1969 p. 181).
<P>
<B>Ideology:</B>
Burke states in, A Rhetoric of Motives, "Ideology originally
meant but the study of ideas in themselves (as with Socrates' systematic
concern with the problems involved in defining the idea of justice), it
usually refers now to a system of poltical or social ideas, framed and
propounded for an ulterior purpose. In this new usage, "ideology" is
obviously but a kind of rhetoric (since the ideas are so related that
they have in them, either explicitly or implicitly, inducements at some
social and political choices rather than others" (1950, p. 88).
<P>
<B>ideologies</B> (in <I>For Marx</I>): This is where he (Althusser) defined
ideologies as, to paraphrase, systems of representation--composed of
concepts, ideas, myths, or images--in which men and women (my addition)
live their imaginary relations to the real conditions of existence (283).
<SMALL>
<OL TYPE="a" START="1">
<LI><B>systems of representation</B>: designating ideologies as systems of representation, acknowledges their essentially discursive and semiotic character. note that Althusser says systems in the plural, and not system. The important thing about systems of representations is that they are not singular (284).
<LI>the systems of representation <B>in which men and women live</B>: Althusser puts inverted commas around live' because he means not blind biological or genetic life, but the life of experiencing, within culture, meaning and representation (284).
<LI><B>Imaginary relations</B>: Because there is no one to one relationship between the conditions of social existence we are living and how we experience them, it is necessary for Althusser to call these relationships imaginary.' That is, they must on no account be confused with the real (284).
<LI>the <B>real conditions of existence</B>: Althusser's use of this phrase is to be taken as "scandalous (within contemporary cultural theory) because here Althusser commits himself to the notion that social relations actually exist apart from their ideological representations or experiences. Social relations exist, independent of the mind, independent of thought. And yet they can only be conceptualized in thought, in the head. That is how Marx (1953/1973) put it in the 1857 Introduction' to the <I>Grundrisse</I> (284).
</OL>
</SMALL>
<P>
<PRE><B>ILLOCUTIONARY ACT</B>-
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Contextual description:</FONT>
"Are not suppose to have any propositional content, not
even a meaning. In such an act, the speaker does not say
anything that could be true or false but instead performs
a social action. Hello! does not mean anything;
rather, it is a greeting which the speaker can perform
with this expression (Habermas, <I>Toward a Critique</I> 69).
Performance Sentence - Force - Felicitous/Infelicitous"
(Toward 70)
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Contextual definition:</FONT>
An Illocutionary act, to the extent that the production
of the sentence constitutes in itself a certain
act (a certain transformation of the relationship
between the interlocutors) (Ducrot 343).
</PRE>
<P>
<B>IMMANENTIST PHILOSOPHIES</B>: The theory that objects of knowledge are
within the mind.
p.329, 361 "One of the greatest weaknesses of immanentist philosophies
in general consists precisely in the fact that they have not been able to
create an ideological unity between the bottom and the top, between the
"simple" and the intellectuals."
<P>
"Gramsci means Italian idealism of beginning of the century, one of whose
features was its reflection of Catholic transcendentalism; also to
characterize much of the philosophical thought of the Renaissance, which
was in a similar way hermetic and incapable of extending its influence
beyond elite circles. It should be noted however that Gramsci also
describes the philosophy of praxis as in a different sense "immanentist",
in that it offers the most consistent rejection of any form of
transcendence."
<P>
<B>innervations</B>- distribution of nerve fibers in the body and the
connections to a given organ.
<P>
<B>Integrity</B>: Quality or state of being complete, quality or state of being honest, having behavior in accordance with a code of values.
<P>
<B>interdiction</B>: a prohibition, a law that isolates an area type of action,
speaking between, to forbid. "...no one can deny that the survival of our
culture originarily comprises this interdiction"
(230)
<P>
<B>Intrinsic/inherent</B>: not accidental, belonging to the thing/to be fixed in or exist within something
<P>
INVECTIVE- Using of characterized by denunciatory or railing
language; inclined to inveigh; expressing bitter
denunciation; vituperative, abusive.
<P>
<B>INVETERATE</B> (L) inveterate to age, Fr. in + veter (vetus) old, currently
used as firmly established by long use. (Webster's Seventh Collegiate
Dictionary). According to Cassell's Latin English dictionary "firmly
rooted, long standing" (p. 325).
<P>
Example:
In your reader, "It will become evident that the protagonist of free
trade are more inveterate monopolist than the old mercantilist
themselves" (p. 200).
1. Information is now surfacing that the slain bank robbers of North
Hollywood had an inveterate system in obtaining several million dollars
in other bank robberies in Southern California and Denver according to a
recent Los Angeles Times article.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="j">J</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>jouissance</B>: not just a pleasure or enjoyment, but a possession or use -
perhaps, a having or using that brings pleasure - <FONT COLOR="#0305BC">orgasm</FONT><P>
<I>la jouissance toxicomanique</I> - the pleasure of drug use
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="k">K</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>knowledge</B>: Knowledge, whether ideological or scientific, is the
production of a practice. It is not the reflection of the real in
discourse, in language (281).
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="l">L</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>Lexis</B>: (Dialectical Rhetoric and Rhetorical Rhetoric) this word
originally meant "gathering" and only later did they come to mean
"saying" or "speech"; In the terms original meaning, watching and
visuality were the main parameters of experience. In the later meaning,
this emphasis upon vision became concealed.
<P>
<B>LITOTES</B>: Understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the
negative of the contrary (as in "not a bad singer").
p.40 "To designate this attitude of modernity, Baudelaire sometimes
employs a litotes that is highly significant because it is presented in
the form of a precept: "You have no right to despise the present."<P>
<B>LITOTES</B> (G: small, plain)
(p. 40, What is Enlightenment?)
A litote is a form of understatement in which something is affirmed by
stating the negative of its opposite.
EXAMPLE: To say that a person is Œno amateur¹ affirms the speaker¹s
belief that he is a professional.
<P>
<PRE>
<B>LOCUTIONARY ACT</B>-
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Contextual Description:</FONT>
"The speaker uses locutionary acts in order to say
something (say how things stand) (Habermas, Toward 69).
"Assertoric Sentence - Meaning - True/False"
(Toward 70).
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Contextual Definition:</FONT>
A locutionary act, to the extent that we articulate
and combine sounds and evoke and link
syntactically the notions represented by the words
(Ducrot 343).
</PRE>
<P>
<B>LOGOMACHY</B>- A contestation about words.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="m">M</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>[<B>mediation</B>] (Grossberg)
"A key terms of dialectical logic, denoting the process by which things
come to be what they are through their relations to other things, the
logical expression of the universal interconnectedness of phenomena.
According to Hegel, all knowledge is a movement from the immediate to the
mediate, culminating in the 'absolute' knowledge of the philosophical
system in which the Structure of reality is expounded as a whole"
(Dictionary of cultural and critical theory, p. 341).
<P>
<B>Melioristic bias</B>: (Weaver) meliorate: to te, make better. Weaver had a notion, metaphysical dream, or a "third level of knowledge" where truth lies. (Foss, Foss, Traapp, 1991, p. 60)
<P>
<B>MENDACIOUS</B>: Given to or characterized by deception or falsehood which is
often not intended to genuinely mislead or delude.
p.173 "It was the haughtiest, most mendacious moment in the history of
this world, but yet only a moment."
<P>
<B>MERCANTILE SYSTEM</B> Fr. merchant . Also known as Doctrine Theory.
Originally used by Adam Smith in 1776 and the political economic system
of 1848 concering the economic doctrine and legislative policy based on
the principle that money alone constitutes wealth. The mercantile
doctrine places wealth and money as identical systems of power.
Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition Volume II.
<P>
Harrops New Standard French Dictionary: mercantile - "commercial,
grabbing money -marking mentality" (m-32)
<P>
Example:
In your reader,"...there is no harm in paying A too much for his
commodity, so long as it can be disposed of to B at higher price. On this
basis the mercantile system was built" (p. 197)
1) The idea surrounding the mercantile system were of great importance to
Frederk Engel.
2) A CSUN finance student easily identified with the importance of the
Mercantile System and Adam Smith.
<P>
<B>METAPHOR</B> "A figure of speech in which two unlike object are compared
by identification or by the substitution of one for the other"
(Beckson, Karl and Arthur Ganz. Literary Terms: A Dictionary, 3rd
ed. Noonday Press: New York, 1996 p. 156).
<P>
<B>METAPHYSICAL</B> Of or related to transcendent or supersensible: or or
relating to poetry especially of the early 17th century that
is marked by elaborate subtlies of thought and expression.
(Term first so used by Samuel Johnson).<P>
Beyond material or physical; transcendental or supernatural.
<P>
<B>METONYMIES</B>: A figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one
thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with which it
is associated.
p.180 "A mobile army of metaphors, metonymies, anthropomorphisms: in
short a sum of human relations which became poetically and rhetorically
intensified, metamorphosed, adorned, and long usage seeem to a nation
fixed, canonic and binding."
<P>
<B>METONYMY</B> (G.; 'change of name')
<OL TYPE="1" START="1">
<LI>A figure of speech in which the name of one object or idea is used for another to which it is related or of which it is a part.
<LI>Metonymy works by using a part or element of something to stand for the whole.
</OL>
<UL TYPE=CIRCLE>
<LI>Metonymy and metaphor, are according to Jakobson, the two fundamental modes of communicating meaning. He claims that it is the characteristic mode of the novel, particularly of realism.
</UL>
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL>
<B>EXAMPLES</B>:
<OL TYPE="a" START="1">
<LI>The 'crown' or 'scepter' may refer to a ruling monarch; the 'bottle' may mean milk or an alcoholic beverage.
<LI>The settings of a realistic TV police series act as metonym for the city as a whole, and our view of the city will change according to the metonyms chosen. New York can appear as a seedy, ill-lit breeding ground of crime, or as the sophisticated setting for big business depending on the choice of metonym.
<LI>News is metonymic: a reported event is interpreted as standing for the whole of the reality for which it is a part.
<LI>Myths work metonymically: an image will trigger off a chain of concepts in the same way that a metonym triggers off our construction of the whole of which it is a part.
</OL>
Metonyms work syntagmatically: we construct the rest of the' story' form the part that we have been given, in the same way that we construct the rest of a sentence if a speaker finished in 'mid-air'. More important, they tend to work invisibly because metonyms seem so natural that they are easily taken for granted, and we fail to realize that another metonymy might give a very different picture of the same whole.
<P>
Burke includes metonmymy in his list of four 'master tropes'. Each, he points out, can perform a function considerably wider than its formal
rhetorical definition might indicate:
<UL TYPE=CIRCLE>
<LI>metaphor = perspective
<LI>metonymy = reduction
<LI>synecdoche = representation
<LI>irony = dialectic
</UL>
Metonymy has received considerable attention if postmodern critical
thinking because it concerns scale-manipulation.
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
[<B>minimalism</B>] (P. 238)
A minimal theory of a term or concept rejects the idea that it is a
substantial focus for theory. A minimal theory of truth, for example,
holds that there is no general problem about what makes sentences or
propositions true; a minimal theory of value holds that there is nothing
useful to say in general about values and valuing.
(The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy 1994)
<P>
<B>mnemic apparatus</B>- umbrella term covering an instrument for committing
material to memory or for improving one's memory. The term started from
Greek and Roman orators who by virtue of their profession had enormous
memorial burdens placed on them.
<P>
<B>MONOMANIA</B>: N. (Rationality and Rhetoric in Philosophy) 1. Obsession
with one idea. 2. An intense preoccupation with one subject. (" But
the entire rationality of the philosophical enterprise reduces to its
concern--almost an obsession, a monomania--to examine arguments.")
<P>
<B>Moral</B>- Latin mos 'custom' is the starting point of the English family
of 'morality'-words (and its plural mores was acquired by
English as mores in the 20th century). It's derived adjective
moralis was coined, according to some by Cicero, as a direct
translation of Greek ethikos 'ethical,' to denote the 'typical
or proper behaviour of human beings in society,' and was
borrowed directly into English in the 14th century. Moral was
borrowed from French, were it is the feminine form of the
adjective moral. At first it was used in English for
'morality, moral priciples'; it's mordern sense 'condition
with regard to optimism, cheerfulness, etc' is not
recorded until the early 19th century.
<P>
[<B>musak</B>] (P. 254) {Muzak}
Trademark. recorded background music transmitted by radio,
telephone, or satellite to built-in sets in offices, restaurants,
waiting rooms, etc.
(Random House Unabridged Dictionary)
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="n">N</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>negation</B>- in logic the denial of a proposition or any act of dispute.
<P>
[<B>neo-boosterism</B>] (P.236)
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">neo-:</FONT>
a combining form of meaning "new," "recent," "revived," "modified,"
used in the formation of compound words<BR>
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">boosterism:</FONT>
The action or policy of enthusiastically promoting something, as a city,
product, or way of life
(Random House Unabridged Dictionary)
<P>
<B>NIHILISM</B>: A viewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded
and that existence is senseless and useless.
p.187 "And if it is not to be concluded finally that language is
Nietzsche's ultimate means of departure from the isolated world of
nihilism and its denial of our ability to know.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="o">O</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<B>ONTOLOGICAL</B>: On page 130 in your Reader, Aristotle defined it as "man in
terms of his purpose"
<P>
According to, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought the term was
described: "Asserting the unilateral dependence of social upon biological
(and more generally) physical being" (p. 325).
<P>
<B>originarily</B>: origin; to rise, a coming into existence, ar; a suffix
meaning relating to or of the nature, ly; a suffix meaning of sequence
(e.g. firstly), therefore interdiction was one of the ingredients that
gave rise to our culture, or both culture and such laws came into
existence together.
<P>
<B>OTIOSE</B>: The American Heritage Dictionary. (Rationality and Rhetoric in
Philosophy) adj; 1. Indolent. 2. Useless; futile.
>From the Latin otiosus. ("The question remains, however, whether it is
not otiose to talk about validity of this kind.")
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="p">P</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
[<B>Panopticon</B>] (P. 223)
According to Foucault, it is "a machine for dissociating the see/being
seen dyad: in the peripheric ring, one is totally see, without ever
seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything, without ever being
seen" (Discipline and Punish PP. 201-202).
The Panopticon "functions as a kind of laboratory of power. Thanks to
its mechanism of observation, it gains in efficiency and in the
ability to penetrate into men's behavior; knowledge follows the
advances of power, discovering new objects of knowledge over allthe
surfaces on which power is exercised"
(P. 204).
<P>
"The major effect of the Panopticon" is "to induce in the inmate a
state of conscious and permanent visibility that assures the automatic
functioning of power. So to arrange things that the surveillance is
permanent in its effects, even if it is discontinuous in its action;
that the perfection of power should tend to render its actual exercise
unnecessary; that this architectural apparatus should be a machine for
creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who
exercises it; in short, that the inmates should be caught up in a power
situation of which they are themselves the bearers" (P. 201).
<P>
<B>panoptism</B>= The Greek root pano means fully visible, hence leading to a
technological invention in the order of power utilizing all procedures
and being complete. (Oxford Press dictionary)
<P>
<B>PEDANTIC</B>: Unnecessary stress on minor points of learning; displaying a
scholarship lacking in judgment.<BR>
p.327 "The fact of this process goes to show how necessary it is to order
in a systematic, coherent and critical fashion one's own intuitions of
life and the world, and to determine exactly what is to be understood by
the word "systematic", so that it is not taken in the pedantic and
academic sense."
<P>
<B>Perspective</B>: to view through - a looking that produces certain "optical" effects.
<P>
PERSUADABILITY: On page 99 in your Reader, "...the rationalistic
interpretation of human persuadability is a threat to the integrity of
the very discipline it attempts to provide a philosophical basis."
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL>Per: refers to previous
Suade: Latin origin which means Radvise"advise" or urge. The word is also a
derivative of the Indo-European (swad) and translates to English as
"assuage","suave" or sweet.
Able: Latin origin of habere meaning "have" or "hold". Later, the meaning
evolved into "convenient or suitable for holding onto (p. 2).
Dictionary of Word Origins.</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<B>pharmakon</B>: a pharmacopeia, an authoritive book on drugs and medicinal
products.
<P>
<B>Phenomenological</B>: (in the context of this article) a perspective concerned only with whatever is "going on at a given time, in a given place."
<P>
PHOBOSOPHER: (Rationality and rhetoric in Philosophy) "Whoever dismisses
philosophical arguments wholesale, on the ground that he suspects that
they are all invalid, is a phobosopher, not a philosopher.
<P>
<B>physiognomy</B>= A knower of nature; one who would know a person's character
from his features. (Freud's Latin dictionary)
<P>
<B>POLEMIC</B>- Of or pertaining to controversy. Controversial, disputations.
<OL TYPE="1" START="1">
<LI>A controversial argument or discussion; argumentation against some opinion, doctrine, especially as a method of conducting theological controversy.
<LI>One who writes or argues in opposition to another.
</OL>
[<B>political economy</B>] (McGee)
"A term referring to a nineteenth-century economic doctrine espoused by
Adam Smith and David Ricard holding that the primary economic categories
of production, exchange, value and labor can be studied as if theory were
independent economic phenomena that operate above human social and
historical relations."<P>
"Marx thought that political economy was a bourgeois science because it
failed to look beneath appearances to underlying social relations, and
because it mistakenly took production, consumption and exchange as the
reality of economic life, when, as far as Marx was concerned, the essence
of capitalism was the system of unequal social relations".
<P>
<CENTER><TABLE BORDER="3" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="3">
<TR>
<TD>
<B>Political Economists</B>
</TD>
<TD>
<B>Marx</B>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
(1)"The law of economic activity (production, exchange, production, etc.) are analogous to the laws of nature and apply to all societies but only have validity under certain conditions"
</TD>
<TD>
(1)"The economic categories (value, exchange, production, etc.) were not universally valid for all societies but only have validity under certain historical conditions".
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
(2) (Smith) "Exchange value was an attribute of a commodity which he believe had been conferred on it. by acts of labor (the labor theory of value)". (Morrison, p. 320)
</TD>
<TD>
(2)"The value is not a universal phenomenon, but is related to a whole set of historical circumstances which come into play only in a capitalist society."
</TD>
</TR></TABLE></CENTER>
<P>
<B>Pragmatic</B>: Philosophy of Pragmatism introduced by William James. impertinent, practical.
<P>
<B>Presence</B>: (Perlman) "displaying of certain elements on which the speaker wishes to center attention in order that they may occupy the foreground of the hearer's consciousness" (Foss, Foss, Trapp, 1991, p. 131)<P>
<B>PRIMACY</B> The state of being first in time or rank.<P>
[<B>problematic</B>] (Grossberg)
"A word or concept cannot be considered in isolation; it only exits in
the theoretical or ideological framework in which it is used: its
problematic."<P>
"It should be stressed that the problematic is not a world-view. It is
not the essence of the thought of an individual or epoch which can be
deduced from a body of texts by an empirical, generalizing reading; it is
centered on the absence of problems and concepts within the problematic as
much as their presence; it can therefore only be reached by a symptomatic
analyst's reading of his patient's utterances"(Althusser, pp 253-254).
<P>
<PRE>
<B>PUBLIC SPHERE</B> -
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">History:</FONT>
Public - "means of the people." It comes via Old French
public from Latin publicus, an alteration (apparently
inspired by puber " adult," source of English
puberty) of poplicus "of the people," which derived
from populus "people" (source of English people,
popular, etc.) (Ayto 418).
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Comparison and Definition:</FONT>
Public vs. Private Sphere - A way of describing the
separation in modern cultures between the "closed" worlds
of the personal, biographical and domestic and the
"open" spaces of work, politics, mass media and the wider
institutional affairs...
Public sphere - open and accessible to all - as a key
component of modern, participatory, democratic life
(O'Sullivan 250-251).
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Contextual definition:</FONT>
"By 'public sphere' we mean first of all a domain of our
social life in which such a thing as public opinion can
be formed (Habermas 231).
</PRE>
<P><HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="q">Q</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="r">R</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>Reality</B>: real, actual, true, opposite of pretense
<P>
<B>Recalcitrance</B> (Burke): recalcitrant: to kick back, to disobey, refusing to obey authority.
<P>
<B>Receptivity</B>: able to take hold or contain, favorable to new information or ideas.
<P>
<B>repudiation</B>- to refuse to recognize or to reject the validity of.
<P>
<B>RHETORIC</B>: "The art of persuasion, or a study of
the means of persuasion available for any given situation" (Burke, 1969, p. 191).
<P>
<B>RIGHT PERCEPTION</B>
(p. 184, On Truth and Falsity)
The adequate expression of an object in the subject. To Nietszche,
the Œright perception¹ is a nonentity full of contradictions. He
further contends that between two utterly different spheres (subject
and object) there is an aesthetical relation.
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="s">S</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>Savoir</B>= From the French verb meaning to know or to be informed of or to
be aware of. Contextually Foucault uses it to mean the skill of learning
about knowledge. (Concise Oxford French dictionary)
dictionary.
<P>
<B>SCHEMATA</B>
(p. 181, On Truth and Falsity)
A schema, plural schemata, is best viewed as a model by which the
individual internalizes, structures and makes sense of an event. The
term is used to explain how established ways of understanding, or ways
of structuring experience, are used to make sense of new events. The
new is made to fit the pattern of the familiar.
<P>
<PRE>
<B>SEMANTIC</B> -
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">History:</FONT>
Sema was the Greek word for "sign." It has been widely
pressed into service in the modern European languages for
coining new terms, including semaphore (borrowed from the
French, which etymologically means "signal-carrier"),
semasiology (a German coinage), and semiology. The
adjective derived from sema was sematique. It was
fleetingly adopted in the mid-17th century as a word for
"interpreting the 'signs' of weather," but it did not come
into its own linguistic term until the end of the 19th
century (Ayto 467).
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Meaning:</FONT>
The study of meaning from a linguistic perspective.
Semantics aims to analyze and explain how meanings are
expressed in language (O'Sullivan 277).
</PRE><P>
<B>Sexual Politics</B>- The political character of sexuality which is based
on the unequal power of sexual relations. A major
premise of feminist theory is that sexual politics
supports patriarchy in its politicisation of the
personal life.
<P>
The above from Modern Feminisms, Maggie Humm
<P>
<B>Sex</B>- Sex comes via Old French sexe from Latin sexus. This has
traditionally been explained as a relative of Latin secare 'cut'
(source of English section, sector, etc.), as if it donoted
etymologically that 'section' of the population which is male or
female, but that view is no longer generally held. The use of sex
for 'sexual intercourse' (first recorded in the works of D H
Lawrence) and the derivative sexy are both 20th century
developments.
<P>
The above from Dictionary of Word Origins, Arcade
<P>
<B>Situation</B>: position with respect to surroundings or conditions.
<P>
<B>SOLIPSISM</B>: The theory that the self can be aware of nothing but his or her
own experiences and states that nothing exists or is real but the self.
p.345, 346 "There is a danger of falling into solipsism, and in fact
every form of idealism necessarily does fall into solipsism."
"It seems that the philosophy of praxis alone has been able to take
philosophy a step forward, basing itself on classical German philosophy
but avoiding any tendency towards solipsism."
<P>
[<B>SPACE</B>] (P.230):
<FONT COLOR="#0305BC">Distinction between "PLACE" and "SPACE"</FONT> (Certeau, Michel de 1984 P.17)
<P>
A "PLACE" (lieu) is the order (of whatever kind) in accord with which
elements are distributed in relationships of coexistence. It thus
excludes the possibility of two things being in the same location
("PLACE"). The law of the "proper"rules in the "PLACE": the elements
taken into consideration are beside one another, each situated in its
own "proper" and distinct location, a location it defines. A "PLACE"
is thus an instantaneous configuration of positions. It implies an
indication of stability.
<P>
A "SPACE" (espace) exists when one takes into consideration vectors of
direction, velocities, and time variables. Thus "SPACE" is composed of
intersections of mobile elements. It is in a sense actuated by the
ensemble of movements deployed within it. "SPACE" occurs as the effect
produced by the operations that orient it, situate it, temporalize it,
and make it function in a polyvalent unity of conflictual programs or
contractual proximities. On this view, in relation to "PLACE", "SPACE"
is like the word when it is spoken, that is, when it is caught in the
ambiguity of an actualization, transformed into a term dependent upon
many different conventions, situated as the act of a present (or of a
time), and modified by the transformations caused by successive
contexts. In contradiction to the place, it has thus non of the
university to stability of a "proper." In, short, "SPACE" is a practiced
"PLACE".
<P>
<B>The State</B>: (according to Hall) The State is a contradictory
formation which means that it has different modes of action, is active in
many different sites: it is pluricentered and multi-dimensional. It has
very distinct and dominant tendencies but it does not have a singly
inscribed class character. On the other hand, the State remains one of
the crucial sites in a modern capitalist social formation where political
practices of different kinds are condensed. The function of the State
is, in part, precisely to bring together or articulate into a complexly
structured instance, a range of political discourses and social practices
which are concerned at different sites with the transmission and
transformation of power... (278).
<P>
<B>SURLY</B> arrogant, imperious " [alternate of Me sirly lordly, imperious]"
(p. 385 ) Webster's Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Also defined as
lordly, majestic and rare. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition Volume II.
<P>
Example:
In your reader, "The century has been humanized; reason has asserted
itself, morality began to claim its external right. The extorted trade
treaties, the commercial wars, the surly isolation of rations, offended
greatly."(p. 202).
<P>
1)"How he dothe, decke, and dighe his surly corps in rytche aroy" (p.
1162) Oxford English Dictionary 2nd Edition Volume II.
2) High school athletes frequently display a surly demeanor.
<P>
<B>Symbol</B>:
In the Rhetoric of Religion, Burke states, "A distinction between
the thing tree (nonsymbolic) and the word for tree (a symbol) makes the
cut at a difference place. By the "symbolic" we have in mind that king
of distinction first of all. As regards "symbolic" in the other sense
(the sense in which an object possesses motivational ingredients not
intrinsic to it in its sheer materiality), even the things of nature
become "symbolic" (insofar as they "stand for" ideas over and above their
descritption as concepts-as some particular house might be conceptually
(italicized) described in terms of the architecht's drawings, but it
might "stand for" and idea of parental security, or of confinement, or of
a human body, etc., (1961, p. 9).
<P>
<B>Symbol-using</B>:
Burke states, "To say that man is symbol-using is by the same
token to say that he is a "transcending animal." Thus, there is in
language itself a motive force calling man to transcend the "state of
nature" (that is, the order of motives that would prevail in a world
without language, Logos, "reason"). And in this sense, we can recognize
even the cult of commodities (which is an outgrowth of language-guided
invention), as a mode of transcendance (italicized) (Rhetoric of Motives,
1950, p. 192). Burke further states, "Subsitution sets the condition for
"transcendance," since there is a technical sense in which the name for
the thing can be said to "transcend" the thing named (by making a kind of
"ascent" from the realm of motion and matter to the realm of essence and
spirit" (LASA, 1966. p. 9).
<P>
<B>SYNECDOCHIC</B>: A partial representation of things.
p.185 "...language is a synecdochic or partial representation of things."
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="t">T</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
<B>TAUTOLOGY</B>: The American Heritage Dictionary. (From Rationality and
Rhetoric in Philosophy) n., pl.,--gies. 1a. Needless repetition of the
same sense in different words; redundancy. B. An instance of such
repetition. 2. A statement that includes all logical possibilities and
is therefore always true. (From the Greek tautologos)
<P>
Needless repetition of an idea, statement, or word.
p.177 "If he does not mean to content himself with truth in the shape of
tautology, that is, with empty husks, he will always obtain illusions
instead of truth."
<P>
<B>TELEOLOGY</B>: The study of evidences of design in nature.
p.38 "The latter, for the most part, seek to define the internal
teleology of time and the point toward which history of humanity is moving."
<P>
<B>THING-IN-ITSELF</B> (also called NOUMENON)
(p 178, On Truth and Falsity)
This is Kant¹s expression for the object considered as it is
independently of its cognitive relation to the human mind. In other
words, it is a term denoting things as they are in themselves, as
opposed to things as they are for us, knowable by the senses. It is
contrasted with the object as it appears, or phenomenon, which is the
object given to the mind in accordance with its sensible forms.
Although Kant denies that we can know the thing-in-itself, he
maintains that we must think of it as the ground of appearance.
<P>
<B>Topic</B>: local, concerning commonplaces, a category of considerations or arguments.
<P>
<B>Tragedy</B>:
Burke begins this essay by referring to Aristotle's defintion of
tragedy. According to Aristotle, "Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an
action that is serious, complete, and of certain magnitude; in language
embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being
found in separate parts of theplay; in the form of action, not the
narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these
emotions" (Aristotle's Poetics, 1961, p. 7). Burke notes, "When used in
an essay, as with Aristotle's definition of tragedy, a defintion so sum
things up that all the properties atrributed to the thing defined can be
as though "derived" from the defintion. In actual development, the
defintion may be the last thing a writer hits upon. Or it may be
formulated somewhere along the line. But logically it is prior to the
observations that it summarizes." (Reader, 1997, p. 128).
<P>
<B>TRANSCENDENCE</B>: Page 104 in your Reader, "The motive forces within
language which arise from its nature as an instrument of
transcendence...(p.104).
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>Latin word derived from "transendere" which meant to pass over, go
beyond, exceed the limit. Oxford English Dictionary
<P>
Cassell's Latin English Dictionary described the word as "of a time
before" (p. 588).
<P>
Peter Senge described the word as a "fundamental shift or exchang exchange"
(1996, p. 12) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning
Organization.
</BLOCKQUOTE><P>
<B>TRANSCENDENTAL</B> (Kantiansim) - Of or relating to experience as determined
by the mind's makeup. Transcending experience but not
human knowledge. Supernatural; Abtruse; Abstract.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><SMALL> "Kant had confined the expression ' transcendental
knowledge' to the cognizance of those forms and categories--
such as space, time, quantity, causality--which, in his
view, are imposed on perception by the constitution of
all human minds; he regarded these aspects as the universal
conditions of sense perception. Emerson and others,
however, extended the concept of transcendental
knowledge, in a way whose validity Kant had specifically
denied, to include an intuitive cognizance of moral and
other truths that transcend the limits of human sense-
experience."<P>
(Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 6th ed. Harcourt Brace
College Publishings: New York, 1993 p. 216)
</SMALL></BLOCKQUOTE><P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="u">U</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
[<B>use value</B>] (Grossberg) (* exchange value)
"A central terms used by Marx in his discussion of capitalism which can be
defined as the particular quality a commodity has to satisfy human needs.
Understood in this sense, use value refer to the ability of a commodity
to render a particular service to an individual by satisfying some need
or want and by sustaining life." <P>
"In addition, the use value of a commodity is capable of filling only one
particular function which is not interchangeable with other commodities.
Becauses each commodity has a unique use value and serves a particular
human function, use values of commodities cannot be compared. What
happens in exchange value is that a common element is found between
commodities which has to do with their quantitative 'value in exchange.
As soon as one commodity is compared to another in terms of value, the
qualitative element of use drops out of the questions" (Morrison, p. 325).
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="v">V</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR><P>
<B>Vorstellung</B>- presentation or representation of an idea, image or notion.
<P>
[<B>vox populi</B>] (McGee)
(Latin)
<I>vox</I> - a voice, sound, tone, cry, call.<BR>
(Transf.)<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>A. That which is uttered by the voice, i.e. a word, saying, speech,
sentence, proverb, maxim; sing<BR>
B. Speech, language, in general<BR>
C. Accent tone</BLOCKQUOTE>
<I>populi</I> - a people, as forming a political community, a nation<BR>
(Transf.)<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>(1). A section of the community, the people<BR>
(2). In general, the people, the public<BR>
(3). Any crowd, host, multitude<BR>
(4). A distinct</BLOCKQUOTE>
(Cassell's Latin Dictionary)
<P>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="w">W</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<B>WELTANSCHAUUNG</B>: (Plato) Ben..World View
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="x">X</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="y">Y</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<HR><CENTER><B><A NAME="z">Z</A></B></CENTER><HR WIDTH="14"><HR>
<P>
[<B>zeitgeist</B>] (P. 223)
{G. Zeit time fr. OHG zit geist spirit, fr. OHG-more at TIDE, GHOST}
The spirit of the time; the general intellectual and moral state or the
trend of culture and taste. characteristic of an era
e.g.-1 The zeitgeist of these centuries...operated against the
development of a pure science - J.K. Robertson
e.g.-2 Speed is a part of our zeitgeist; it is a basic...to our
ability to produce - V.E. Leichty
(Webster's Third New International Dictionary)
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